58c4d5c324e3f440e3cc4340d1db185d water_a2012v4p389.pdf 64b5e1aff1c75f72de578978c5eadbff99c1690e water_a2012v4p389.pdf 98f9105c49eaa11cdf961bc56306fff65bd7ab2dad4b5ef4450d3b17db18183f water_a2012v4p389.pdf Title: Golf Course Irrigation with Reclaimed Water in the Mediterranean: A Risk Management Matter Subject: Controversy regarding the amount of water consumed or saved as a result of human activity is currently paramount in water-scarce areas. In recent decades, golf—a land and water consuming activity—has been implanted in several areas of the Mediterranean basin, where the scarcity of water resources is well-known. As a result, the use of conventional water resources for golf course irrigation is increasingly contested and its replacement by reclaimed water has become essential. This paper examines the wide range of issues involved in its use on golf courses, including hazards—due to the presence of microorganisms and pollutants—and the corresponding risks that can appear. The resulting biological, chemical and physical water quality concerns are analyzed. Legal aspects related to the use of reclaimed water are also discussed and good reuse practices are suggested, including a detailed examination of risk assessment procedures and tools through observation or chemical, physical and microbiological analysis. The HACCP system—which focuses on quality determination in water samples from relevant control points—is described in detail, as it is generally accepted as one of the most scientific ways to detect health problems on a golf course. The paper concludes that, given the increasing availability of treated and reclaimed water and the water needs of golf courses, the future development of the sport in areas without surplus water resources—such as the Mediterranean basin—will predictably depend upon the use of reclaimed water. In recent years, risk assessment or analysis has emerged as an essential tool to guarantee the application of reclaimed water at an acceptable risk level. There certainly have been considerable advances and improvements in the tools that guarantee the safe use of reclaimed water, although current methods available require simplification for their practical application. Nevertheless, protocols applied at present seem to be adequate in order to address the key issue of enhancing the development of reclaimed water use on golf courses. Keywords: golf; golf courses; reclaimed water; reclamation; reuse; wastewater Author: Miquel Salgot 1 Creator: PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2 Producer: Acrobat Distiller 9.0.0 (Windows) CreationDate: Wed Apr 11 18:39:58 2012 ModDate: Wed Mar 2 14:37:42 2016 Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 41 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.22 x 842 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 672342 bytes Optimized: yes PDF version: 1.4 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- DCONEO+TimesNewRoman,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 158 0 DCONFA+TimesNewRoman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 159 0 DCONGC+TimesNewRoman,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 160 0 DCONGE+TimesNewRoman,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 161 0 DCPAJB+Symbol Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 134 0 DCPAKD+Arial TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 129 0 DCONEP+TimesNewRoman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 137 0 DCPHMI+Wingdings CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 142 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.6, 2011-01-04) Date: 2016-03-04 04:12:13 CET RepresentationInformation: water_a2012v4p389.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.8 (2009-05-22) LastModified: 2016-03-02 14:37:50 CET Size: 672342 Format: PDF Version: 1.4 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf Profile: Linearized PDF, ISO PDF/A-1, Level B PDFMetadata: Objects: 173 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 1 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseThumbs Info: Title: Golf Course Irrigation with Reclaimed Water in the Mediterranean: A Risk Management Matter Author: Miquel Salgot 1 Subject: Controversy regarding the amount of water consumed or saved as a result of human activity is currently paramount in water-scarce areas. In recent decades, golf a land and water consuming activity has been implanted in several areas of the Mediterranean basin, where the scarcity of water resources is well-known. As a result, the use of conventional water resources for golf course irrigation is increasingly contested and its replacement by reclaimed water has become essential. This paper examines the wide range of issues involved in its use on golf courses, including hazards due to the presence of microorganisms and pollutants and the corresponding risks that can appear. The resulting biological, chemical and physical water quality concerns are analyzed. Legal aspects related to the use of reclaimed water are also discussed and good reuse practices are suggested, including a detailed examination of risk assessment procedures and tools through observation or chemical, physical and microbiological analysis. The HACCP system which focuses on quality determination in water samples from relevant control points is described in detail, as it is generally accepted as one of the most scientific ways to detect health problems on a golf course. The paper concludes that, given the increasing availability of treated and reclaimed water and the water needs of golf courses, the future development of the sport in areas without surplus water resources such as the Mediterranean basin will predictably depend upon the use of reclaimed water. In recent years, risk assessment or analysis has emerged as an essential tool to guarantee the application of reclaimed water at an acceptable risk level. There certainly have been considerable advances and improvements in the tools that guarantee the safe use of reclaimed water, although current methods available require simplification for their practical application. Nevertheless, protocols applied at present seem to be adequate in order to address the key issue of enhancing the development of reclaimed water use on golf courses. Keywords: golf; golf courses; reclaimed water; reclamation; reuse; wastewater Creator: PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2 Producer: Acrobat Distiller 9.0.0 (Windows) CreationDate: Wed Apr 11 12:39:58 CEST 2012 ModDate: Wed Mar 02 14:37:42 CET 2016 ID: 0xcfdd220efde5c50a3ab63519a37e7eb6, 0xdef158ef86777a4c8ddce6957b01c9be Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode FilterPipeline: DCTDecode Images: Image: NisoImageMetadata: CompressionScheme: JPEG ImageWidth: 909 ImageHeight: 922 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Image: NisoImageMetadata: CompressionScheme: JPEG ImageWidth: 960 ImageHeight: 720 ColorSpace: black is zero BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Fonts: Type0: Font: BaseFont: DCONEP+TimesNewRoman Encoding: Identity-H ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: DCPHMI+Wingdings Encoding: Identity-H ToUnicode: true Type1: Font: BaseFont: DCPAJB+Symbol FontSubset: true FirstChar: 128 LastChar: 128 FontDescriptor: FontName: DCPAJB+Symbol Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -180, -293, 1090, 1010 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true TrueType: Font: BaseFont: DCONEO+TimesNewRoman,Italic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 32 LastChar: 250 FontDescriptor: FontName: DCONEO+TimesNewRoman,Italic Flags: Serif, Nonsymbolic, Italic FontBBox: -498, -307, 1120, 1023 FontFile2: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding Font: BaseFont: DCONFA+TimesNewRoman FontSubset: true FirstChar: 32 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: DCONFA+TimesNewRoman Flags: Serif, Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -568, -307, 2000, 1007 FontFile2: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding Font: BaseFont: DCPAKD+Arial FontSubset: true FirstChar: 32 LastChar: 32 FontDescriptor: FontName: DCPAKD+Arial Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -665, -325, 2000, 1006 FontFile2: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding Font: BaseFont: DCONGE+TimesNewRoman,BoldItalic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 97 LastChar: 119 FontDescriptor: FontName: DCONGE+TimesNewRoman,BoldItalic Flags: Serif, Nonsymbolic, Italic FontBBox: -547, -307, 1206, 1032 FontFile2: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding Font: BaseFont: DCONGC+TimesNewRoman,Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 32 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: DCONGC+TimesNewRoman,Bold Flags: Serif, Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -558, -307, 2000, 1026 FontFile2: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding CIDFontType2: Font: BaseFont: DCONEP+TimesNewRoman CIDSystemInfo: Registry: Adobe Registry: Identity Supplement: 0 FontDescriptor: FontName: DCONEP+TimesNewRoman Flags: Serif, Symbolic FontBBox: -568, -307, 2000, 1007 FontFile2: true Font: BaseFont: DCPHMI+Wingdings CIDSystemInfo: Registry: Adobe Registry: Identity Supplement: 0 FontDescriptor: FontName: DCPHMI+Wingdings Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: 0, -211, 1359, 899 FontFile2: true XMP: application/pdf Miquel Salgot 1 * Gerda K. Priestley2 and Montserrat Folch 1 Golf Course Irrigation with Reclaimed Water in the Mediterranean: A Risk Management Matter Controversy regarding the amount of water consumed or saved as a result of human activity is currently paramount in water-scarce areas. In recent decades, golf—a land and water consuming activity—has been implanted in several areas of the Mediterranean basin, where the scarcity of water resources is well-known. As a result, the use of conventional water resources for golf course irrigation is increasingly contested and its replacement by reclaimed water has become essential. This paper examines the wide range of issues involved in its use on golf courses, including hazards—due to the presence of microorganisms and pollutants—and the corresponding risks that can appear. The resulting biological, chemical and physical water quality concerns are analyzed. Legal aspects related to the use of reclaimed water are also discussed and good reuse practices are suggested, including a detailed examination of risk assessment procedures and tools through observation or chemical, physical and microbiological analysis. The HACCP system—which focuses on quality determination in water samples from relevant control points—is described in detail, as it is generally accepted as one of the most scientific ways to detect health problems on a golf course. The paper concludes that, given the increasing availability of treated and reclaimed water and the water needs of golf courses, the future development of the sport in areas without surplus water resources—such as the Mediterranean basin—will predictably depend upon the use of reclaimed water. In recent years, risk assessment or analysis has emerged as an essential tool to guarantee the application of reclaimed water at an acceptable risk level. There certainly have been considerable advances and improvements in the tools that guarantee the safe use of reclaimed water, although current methods available require simplification for their practical application. Nevertheless, protocols applied at present seem to be adequate in order to address the key issue of enhancing the development of reclaimed water use on golf courses. golf golf courses reclaimed water reclamation reuse wastewater 2012-04-11T18:39:58+08:00 PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2 2016-03-02T14:37:42+01:00 2016-03-02T14:37:42+01:00 Acrobat Distiller 9.0.0 (Windows) golf; golf courses; reclaimed water; reclamation; reuse; wastewater uuid:f4c1c05f-9dbf-464f-9967-9cf5029385b7 uuid:681154d6-5f0b-4ffe-93b3-e07cc82ff122 False Pages: Page: Label: 1 Page: Label: 2 Page: Label: 3 Page: Label: 4 Page: Label: 5 Page: Label: 6 Page: Label: 7 Page: Label: 8 Page: Label: 9 Page: Label: 10 Page: Label: 11 Page: Label: 12 Page: Label: 13 Page: Label: 14 Page: Label: 15 Page: Label: 16 Page: Label: 17 Page: Label: 18 Page: Label: 19 Page: Label: 20 Page: Label: 21 Page: Label: 22 Page: Label: 23 Page: Label: 24 Page: Label: 25 Page: Label: 26 Page: Label: 27 Page: Label: 28 Page: Label: 29 Page: Label: 30 Page: Label: 31 Page: Label: 32 Page: Label: 33 Page: Label: 34 Page: Label: 35 Page: Label: 36 Page: Label: 37 Page: Label: 38 Page: Label: 39 Page: Label: 40 Page: Label: 41 Checksum: bd7d8b05 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 58c4d5c324e3f440e3cc4340d1db185d Type: MD5 Checksum: 64b5e1aff1c75f72de578978c5eadbff99c1690e Type: SHA-1