df724e8cdca09d0fb5148bb211971974 pmc_28773306.pdf 5802cfbbd570706d26063e16e10e630f0fa8600e pmc_28773306.pdf c9e6a0642d5ebd979bdc7c51de548d0759cbdaa192bfc4f68cf0205d5c0a8266 pmc_28773306.pdf Title: Imaging Water Thin Films in Ambient Conditions Using Atomic Force Microscopy Subject: All surfaces exposed to ambient conditions are covered by a thin film of water. Other than at high humidity conditions, i.e., relative humidity higher than 80%, those water films have nanoscale thickness. Nevertheless, even the thinnest film can profoundly affect the physical and chemical properties of the substrate. Information on the structure of these water films can be obtained from spectroscopic techniques based on photons, but these usually have poor lateral resolution. When information with nanometer resolution in the three dimensions is needed, for example for surfaces showing heterogeneity in water affinity at the nanoscale, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is the preferred tool since it can provide such resolution while being operated in ambient conditions. A complication in the interpretation of the data arises when using AFM, however, since, in most cases, direct interaction between a solid probe and a solid surface occurs. This induces strong perturbations of the liquid by the probe that should be controlled or avoided. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of different AFM methods developed to overcome this problem, measuring different interactions between the AFM probe and the water films, and to discuss the type of information about the water film that can be obtained from these interactions. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; water; thin films; adsorption Author: Sergio Santos and Albert Verdaguer Creator: LaTeX with hyperref package Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.15 CreationDate: Wed Mar 9 02:05:00 2016 CET ModDate: Wed Mar 9 02:05:00 2016 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 16 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 10419243 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- YQHRBH+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 68 0 KZBNDH+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 69 0 VFRKDE+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 70 0 YOTXCC+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 75 0 KSCDNB+TeX-matha10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 102 0 UCUECB+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 103 0 YSGNHN+TeX-matha8 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 141 0 ONAJIH+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID 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yes yes no 672 0 ONAKDJ+TimesNewRomanPSMT TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 673 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-02-16 02:39:52 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_28773306.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2018-02-06 09:07:36 CET Size: 10419243 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 0 FreeObjects: 12 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: None Outlines: Item: Title: ぉのぴひはつふっぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸲ Item: Title: ぅぬづっぴひはびぴちぴどっぜ〴ぜ〰ぁうきぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮ㄩ‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぉねちでどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰きづちびふひどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ごとどっにのづびびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㈩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぉはのどっぜ〴ぜ〰きはぢどぬどぴべぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰きはぬづっふぬちひぜ〴ぜ〰くひどづのぴちぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸳ Children: Item: Title: ぉねちでどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰きづちびふひどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ごとどっにのづびびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㈩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぉはのどっぜ〴ぜ〰きはぢどぬどぴべぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰きはぬづっふぬちひぜ〴ぜ〰くひどづのぴちぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸳ Item: Title: ぉはのどっぜ〴ぜ〰きはぢどぬどぴべぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰きはぬづっふぬちひぜ〴ぜ〰くひどづのぴちぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸳ Item: Title: きはぬづっふぬちひぜ〴ぜ〰くひどづのぴちぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸳ Item: Title: いべのちねどっぜ〴ぜ〰ぁうきぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㌮ㄩ‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぉねちでどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰きづちびふひどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ごとどっにのづびびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㌮㈩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰こばづっぴひはびっはばべぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸴ Children: Item: Title: ぉねちでどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰きづちびふひどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ごとどっにのづびびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㌮㈩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰こばづっぴひはびっはばべぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸴ Item: Title: こばづっぴひはびっはばべぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸴ Item: Title: ぇひちばとづのづぜ〴ぜ〰ごづねばぬちぴづぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸵ Item: Title: 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