34af9aa1f2ca586ef7d6470932e3f42f pmc_28287495.pdf e137c8e48c92302575d44e2c08e18d01dc2b588d pmc_28287495.pdf 0d3385e7c3a9ef6ac993c41ffac9c764fadb5ff0a8958344c2bb2787c241168d pmc_28287495.pdf Title: A Self-Powered and Autonomous Fringing Field Capacitive Sensor Integrated into a Micro Sprinkler Spinner to Measure Soil Water Content Subject: We present here the design and fabrication of a self-powered and autonomous fringing field capacitive sensor to measure soil water content. The sensor is manufactured using a conventional printed circuit board and includes a porous ceramic. To read the sensor, we use a circuit that includes a 10 kHz triangle wave generator, an AC amplifier, a precision rectifier and a microcontroller. In terms of performance, the sensor's capacitance (measured in a laboratory prototype) increases up to 5% when the volumetric water content of the porous ceramic changed from 3% to 36%, resulting in a sensitivity of S = 15.5 pF per unity change. Repeatability tests for capacitance measurement showed that the v sensor's root mean square error is 0.13%. The average current consumption of the system (sensor and signal conditioning circuit) is less than 1.5 A, which demonstrates its suitability for being powered by energy harvesting systems. We developed a complete irrigation control system that integrates the sensor, an energy harvesting module composed of a microgenerator installed on the top of a micro sprinkler spinner, and a DC/DC converter circuit that charges a 1 F supercapacitor. The energy harvesting module operates only when the micro sprinkler spinner is irrigating the soil, and the supercapacitor is fully charged to 5 V in about 3 h during the first irrigation. After the first irrigation, with the supercap fully charged, the system can operate powered only by the supercapacitor for approximately 23 days, without any energy being harvested. Keywords: autonomous sensors; soil water content sensors; capacitive soil water content sensor; energy harvesting; micro sprinkler spinner generator; ultra-low-power circuits Author: Creator: LaTeX with hyperref package Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.15 CreationDate: Sun Mar 12 06:52:54 2017 CET ModDate: Sun Mar 12 06:52:54 2017 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 16 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 3170424 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- AAYZGK+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 61 0 HSDZRB+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 62 0 HUZBII+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 63 0 CQEKYI+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 64 0 QMYSSC+PazoMath-Italic Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 65 0 OVNEXW+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 66 0 JETRTL+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C 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