779aa9c97d0f9f9629d1be84fba90849 pmc_28832555.pdf 22f6504cde2561535577c39255fccf2aa81bc4ed pmc_28832555.pdf d9e9ab01034567cfdc9391e4bf704c1410403f89cd4468aafabb0af698a6bc36 pmc_28832555.pdf Title: Impact of Soil Warming on the Plant Metabolome of Icelandic Grasslands Subject: Climate change is stronger at high than at temperate and tropical latitudes. The natural geothermal conditions in southern Iceland provide an opportunity to study the impact of warming on plants, because of the geothermal bedrock channels that induce stable gradients of soil temperature. We studied two valleys, one where such gradients have been present for centuries (long-term treatment), and another where new gradients were created in 2008 after a shallow crustal earthquake (short-term treatment). We studied the impact of soil warming (0 to +15 C) on the foliar metabolomes of two common plant species of high northern latitudes: Agrostis capillaris, a monocotyledon grass; and Ranunculus acris, a dicotyledonous herb, and evaluated the dependence of shifts in their metabolomes on the length of the warming treatment. The two species responded differently to warming, depending on the length of exposure. The grass metabolome clearly shifted at the site of long-term warming, but the herb metabolome did not. The main up-regulated compounds at the highest temperatures at the long-term site were saccharides and amino acids, both involved in heat-shock metabolic pathways. Moreover, some secondary metabolites, such as phenolic acids and terpenes, associated with a wide array of stresses, were also up-regulated. Most current climatic models predict an increase in annual average temperature between 2–8 C over land masses in the Arctic towards the end of this century. The metabolomes of A. capillaris and R. acris shifted abruptly and nonlinearly to soil warming >5 C above the control temperature for the coming decades. These results thus suggest that a slight warming increase may not imply substantial changes in plant function, but if the temperature rises more than 5 C, warming may end up triggering metabolic pathways associated with heat stress in some plant species currently dominant in this region. Keywords: climate change; warming; geothermal bedrock channels; grassland; metabolome; Iceland Author: Albert Gargallo-Garriga, Marta Ayala-Roque, Jordi Sardans, Mireia Bartrons, Victor Granda, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Niki I. W. Leblans, Michal Oravec, Otmar Urban, Ivan A. 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