3235efadaf1e163117bdbed4eec86c29 287806.pdf 63ae471ce5d6d5e8a828ba19aa913d8dbf4ca412 287806.pdf 471c6aa1b8850d1ebc62654b8753f271f418b706245b1c26df308b24a79279b2 287806.pdf Title: Variation in the Protein Composition of Human Milk during Extended Lactation: A Narrative Review Subject: The aim of this review is to evaluate changes in protein parameters in the second year postpartum. There is considerable agreement among authors about the declining trend of human milk protein concentrations, but most research on protein content in breast milk focuses on the first year of life and comes from developed countries. Whereas this is the case for exclusive breastfeeding or for breastfeeding into the first year of life, the opposite applies to weaning or extended breastfeeding. This review is predominantly based on observational epidemiological evidence and on comparative research linking breast milk composition with cutting down on breastfeeding. Studies dating back several decades have shown an increase in the proportion of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and serum albumin during weaning. According to the limited data available, it seems likely that the regulation of milk protein composition during involution can be ascribed to alterations in tight junctions. In studies on humans and other mammalian species, offspring suckle more from mothers that produce more dilute milk and the increase in milk protein concentration is positively correlated to a decrease in suckling frequency during weaning. High milk protein contents were first reported in nonindustrial communities where breastfeeding is sustained the longest, but recent papers from urbanized communities have taken credit for rediscovering the increase in protein content of human milk that becomes evident with prolonged breastfeeding. This review presents an overview of the changes in breast milk protein parameters in the second year postpartum to enable milk banks’ practitioners to make informed nutritional decisions on preterm infants. Keywords: milk bank; premature infant; breastfeeding; human milk physiology; lactation chemistry; nutritional requirements Author: Sergio Verd, Gemma Ginovart, Javier Calvo, Jaume Ponce-Taylor and Antoni Gaya Creator: LaTeX with hyperref package Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.18 CreationDate: Mon Aug 20 09:26:20 2018 CEST ModDate: Mon Aug 20 09:26:20 2018 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 10 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 261907 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- DSWABU+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 66 0 LTSZVV+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 67 0 OXBKYU+TeXGyreAdventor-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 68 0 EQNSWJ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 69 0 HGMNRX+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 74 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 87 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 88 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 89 0 IOLAWT+PazoMath-Italic Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 162 0 FXXUVH+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 223 0 BHYNPS+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 276 0 RYVCUX+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes no 277 0 LWLIVD+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 279 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-07-19 02:47:50 CEST RepresentationInformation: 287806.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-07-16 10:44:00 CEST Size: 261907 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 0 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: ぉのぴひはつふっぴどはの〠 Item: Title: きづぴとはつび〠 Item: Title: ぐちぴとはばとべびどはぬはでべ〠 Children: Item: Title: ごどでとぴ〠おふのっぴどはの〠げづでふぬちぴどはの〠 Item: Title: きどぬに〠ぐひはぴづどの〠ぃはねばはびどぴどはの〠 Item: Title: こふっにぬどので〠ぐちぴぴづひのび〠 Item: Title: ざちひどちぴどはの〠どの〠ぴとづ〠ぐひはぴづどの〠ぃはのぴづのぴ〠はて〠きどぬに〺〠ぁ〠ぃはねばちひちぴどぶづ〠ぐづひびばづっぴどぶづ〠 Item: Title: ぅばどつづねどはぬはでどっちぬ〠ぅぶどつづのっづ〠 Item: Title: ぃはのっぬふびどはのび〠 Item: Title: げづてづひづのっづび Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: DSWABU+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 44 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: DSWABU+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: IOLAWT+PazoMath-Italic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 97 LastChar: 97 FontDescriptor: FontName: IOLAWT+PazoMath-Italic Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -70, -277, 902, 733 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: LTSZVV+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: LTSZVV+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: OXBKYU+TeXGyreAdventor-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 68 LastChar: 73 FontDescriptor: FontName: OXBKYU+TeXGyreAdventor-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -679, -304, 1661, 1236 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: BHYNPS+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: BHYNPS+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: EQNSWJ+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 248 FontDescriptor: FontName: EQNSWJ+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: RYVCUX+VnURWPalladioL-Italic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 243 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: RYVCUX+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: LWLIVD+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 12 LastChar: 12 FontDescriptor: FontName: LWLIVD+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: FXXUVH+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 0 FontDescriptor: FontName: FXXUVH+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 75, 757, 210, 793 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 757, 519, 793 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 142, 659, 155, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 244, 659, 257, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 659, 444, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 146, 645, 159, 660 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 504, 519, 526 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 324, 117, 331, 126 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 139, 90, 146, 99 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 377, 76, 384, 85 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 174, 38, 248, 50 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 393, 38, 519, 50 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 332, 715, 339, 724 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 318, 580, 325, 589 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 328, 580, 335, 589 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 501, 553, 508, 562 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 508, 553, 515, 562 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 388, 526, 395, 535 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 513, 455, 522 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 445, 231, 454 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 238, 337, 250, 346 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 253, 337, 265, 346 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 230, 197, 237, 209 ActionDest: 138 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 136, 509, 143, 518 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 342, 509, 354, 518 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 396, 455, 408, 464 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 370, 415, 382, 424 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 243, 280, 255, 289 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 212, 491, 221 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 170, 131, 182, 140 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 91, 252, 100 ActionDest: 316 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 702, 463, 711 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 359, 621, 371, 630 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 253, 511, 260, 520 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 212, 403, 219, 412 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 265, 465, 274 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 237, 238, 249, 247 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 206, 211, 218, 220 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 143, 144, 154, 153 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 140, 90, 152, 99 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 416, 90, 428, 99 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 302, 76, 314, 85 ActionDest: 316 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 129, 729, 140, 738 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 124, 456, 136, 466 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 162, 375, 174, 385 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 321, 215, 330 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 244, 281, 256, 290 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 254, 143, 263 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 144, 254, 156, 263 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 240, 377, 249 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 417, 200, 429, 209 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 117, 119, 128, 128 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 78, 515, 87 ActionDest: 316 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 462, 688, 474, 697 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 107, 621, 119, 630 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 441, 594, 453, 603 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 594, 465, 603 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 230, 567, 237, 576 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 430, 567, 442, 576 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 567, 455, 576 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 125, 513, 137, 522 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 445, 298, 454 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 335, 125, 344 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 125, 335, 137, 344 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 280, 335, 287, 344 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 247, 322, 254, 330 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 117, 281, 129, 290 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 130, 281, 142, 290 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 188, 240, 195, 249 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 351, 227, 358, 236 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 358, 227, 365, 236 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 461, 173, 473, 182 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 144, 132, 156, 141 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 119, 165, 128 ActionDest: 340 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 442, 634, 454, 643 ActionDest: 316 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 154, 621, 166, 630 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 513, 486, 522 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 371, 432, 383, 441 ActionDest: 340 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 509, 405, 516, 414 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 324, 242, 333 ActionDest: 272 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 521, 137, 531 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 143, 521, 179, 531 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 322, 494, 360, 505 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 366, 494, 402, 505 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 206, 456, 244, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 456, 286, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 418, 137, 428 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 143, 418, 179, 428 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 122, 379, 160, 389 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 166, 379, 202, 389 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 127, 353, 164, 363 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 171, 353, 207, 363 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 314, 191, 325 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 314, 233, 325 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 347, 250, 384, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 250, 427, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 136, 224, 173, 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 282, 198, 319, 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 325, 198, 361, 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 172, 261, 183 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 267, 172, 303, 183 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 237, 134, 275, 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 281, 134, 317, 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 300, 94, 337, 105 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 344, 94, 380, 105 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 715, 261, 725 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 267, 715, 303, 725 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 688, 516, 699 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 676, 136, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 335, 650, 372, 661 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 378, 650, 414, 661 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 230, 624, 267, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 598, 516, 609 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 586, 136, 596 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 324, 559, 361, 570 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 367, 559, 403, 570 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 343, 534, 381, 544 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 387, 534, 423, 544 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 218, 483, 254, 493 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 469, 516, 480 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 457, 136, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 167, 379, 205, 390 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 353, 516, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 341, 136, 351 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 299, 314, 337, 325 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 428, 301, 465, 312 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 471, 301, 507, 312 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 288, 475, 299 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 288, 516, 299 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 250, 137, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 143, 250, 179, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 144, 212, 180, 222 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 480, 185, 516, 196 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 173, 136, 183 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 427, 146, 464, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 470, 146, 506, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 181, 121, 218, 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 121, 261, 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 202, 95, 240, 105 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 246, 95, 282, 105 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 298, 714, 335, 725 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 341, 714, 377, 725 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 676, 137, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 362, 650, 400, 661 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 624, 288, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 624, 330, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 560, 137, 570 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 406, 521, 444, 532 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 450, 521, 486, 532 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 277, 496, 314, 506 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 321, 496, 357, 506 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 366, 469, 403, 480 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 469, 445, 480 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 456, 516, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 418, 137, 428 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 143, 418, 179, 428 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 391, 473, 402 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 391, 515, 402 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 76, 349, 166, 380 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 234, 344, 424, 355 Checksum: f0ba809c Type: CRC32 Checksum: 3235efadaf1e163117bdbed4eec86c29 Type: MD5 Checksum: 63ae471ce5d6d5e8a828ba19aa913d8dbf4ca412 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: 471c6aa1b8850d1ebc62654b8753f271f418b706245b1c26df308b24a79279b2 Type: SHA-256