7b7a0cdf9c15ddc7fbefd2905f4576cc pmc_30261650.pdf 3bdd3397227826971428d843fd50cb13d828c327 pmc_30261650.pdf dea112d3c9ada85aa445dfbf989872acfe109b5de50872eccca102a1fa7a6da3 pmc_30261650.pdf Title: Integrated 3D Hydrogel Waveguide Out-Coupler by Step-and-Repeat Thermal Nanoimprint Lithography: A Promising Sensor Device for Water and pH Subject: Hydrogel materials offer many advantages for chemical and biological sensoring due to their response to a small change in their environment with a related change in volume. Several designs have been outlined in the literature in the specific field of hydrogel-based optical sensors, reporting a large number of steps for their fabrication. In this work we present a three-dimensional, hydrogel-based sensor the structure of which is fabricated in a single step using thermal nanoimprint lithography. The sensor is based on a waveguide with a grating readout section. A specific hydrogel formulation, based on a combination of PEGDMA (Poly(Ethylene Glycol DiMethAcrylate)), NIPAAm (N-IsoPropylAcrylAmide), and AA (Acrylic Acid), was developed. This stimulus-responsive hydrogel is sensitive to pH and to water. Moreover, the hydrogel has been modified to be suitable for fabrication by thermal nanoimprint lithography. Once stimulated, the hydrogel-based sensor changes its topography, which is characterised physically by AFM and SEM, and optically using a specific optical set-up. Keywords: hydrogel; waveguide; thermal nanoimprint lithography; water sensor; pH sensor Author: Achille Francone, Timothy Kehoe, Isabel Obieta, Virginia Saez-Martinez, Leire Bilbao, Ali Z. Khokhar, Nikolaj Gadegaard, Claudia Delgado Simao, Nikolaos Kehagias and Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres Creator: LaTeX with hyperref package Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.18 CreationDate: Wed Sep 26 13:46:51 2018 CEST ModDate: Wed Sep 26 13:46:51 2018 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 12 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 3804560 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- VIGQIM+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 98 0 AUNMDH+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 99 0 YCRYEU+CMBSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 100 0 EMVPSA+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 101 0 IDEOOS+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 102 0 PREDUV+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 103 0 RVSEMT+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 108 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 125 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 126 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 127 0 OVNEXW+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 197 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 201 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 202 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 203 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 204 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 224 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 225 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 226 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 227 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 259 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 260 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 261 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 262 0 ABCDEE+Calibri TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 263 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 293 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 294 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 295 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 323 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 324 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 325 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 326 0 ABCDEE+Calibri TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 327 0 Times New Roman TrueType WinAnsi no no no 328 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 368 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 369 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 370 0 ABCDEE+Calibri TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 371 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 397 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 398 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 399 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 424 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 425 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 426 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 427 0 ABCDEE+Calibri TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 428 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 452 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 453 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 454 0 ABCDEE+Calibri TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 455 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-01-19 06:07:27 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_30261650.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2020-08-03 03:47:47 CEST Size: 3804560 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 0 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: ぉのぴひはつふっぴどはの〠 Item: Title: きちぴづひどちぬび〠ちのつ〠きづぴとはつ〠 Children: Item: Title: きちぴづひどちぬ〠うはひねふぬちぴどはの〠 Item: Title: こふぢびぴひちぴづ〠ぐひづばちひちぴどはの〠 Item: Title: こぴちねば〠きちのふてちっぴふひどので〠 Item: Title: ぐちぴぴづひのどので〠きづぴとはつ〠 Item: Title: こづのびはひ〠ぅぶちぬふちぴどはの〠こづぴふば〠 Item: Title: げづびふぬぴび〠ちのつ〠いどびっふびびどはの〠 Children: Item: Title: いづぶどっづ〠ぃはのっづばぴ〠 Item: Title: いづぶどっづ〠うちぢひどっちぴどはの〠 Item: Title: えはぷ〠しちぴづひ〠ぁててづっぴび〠ぴとづ〠こづのびはひ〠 Item: Title: えはぷ〠ばえ〠ぁててづっぴび〠ぴとづ〠こづのびはひ〠 Item: Title: ぃはのっぬふびどはのび〠 Item: Title: げづてづひづのっづび Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: VIGQIM+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 46 LastChar: 150 FontDescriptor: FontName: VIGQIM+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: AUNMDH+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 167 FontDescriptor: FontName: AUNMDH+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: YCRYEU+CMBSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 107 LastChar: 107 FontDescriptor: FontName: YCRYEU+CMBSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -26, -940, 1332, 825 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: EMVPSA+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: EMVPSA+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: OVNEXW+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 22 LastChar: 22 FontDescriptor: FontName: OVNEXW+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: IDEOOS+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 189 FontDescriptor: FontName: IDEOOS+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: PREDUV+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 107 FontDescriptor: FontName: PREDUV+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 75, 757, 194, 793 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 757, 519, 793 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 640, 177, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 640, 275, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 346, 640, 357, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 640, 490, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 329, 613, 340, 627 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 466, 401, 518, 420 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 413, 106, 420, 115 ActionDest: 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 416, 93, 423, 102 ActionDest: 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 79, 232, 88 ActionDest: 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 426, 79, 433, 88 ActionDest: 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 167, 38, 235, 50 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 399, 38, 519, 50 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 271, 742, 278, 751 ActionDest: 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 715, 267, 724 ActionDest: 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 201, 702, 208, 711 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 702, 215, 711 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 688, 416, 697 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 417, 688, 428, 697 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 326, 675, 333, 684 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 648, 515, 657 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 304, 513, 316, 522 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 385, 513, 397, 522 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 513, 486, 522 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 486, 415, 495 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 347, 405, 359, 414 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 439, 405, 451, 414 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 216, 209, 225 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 161, 515, 171 ActionDest: 512 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 330, 673, 342, 682 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 578, 515, 587 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 284, 441, 296, 450 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 441, 479, 450 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 341, 400, 353, 409 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 119, 301, 126, 313 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 287, 211, 299 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 287, 442, 299 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 260, 257, 272 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 424, 260, 431, 272 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 193, 403, 202 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 242, 123, 249, 135 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 109, 96, 116, 108 ActionDest: 193 Page: Sequence: 4 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 200, 713, 207, 725 ActionDest: 251 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 504, 742, 516, 751 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 504, 729, 516, 738 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 172, 702, 184, 711 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 265, 524, 272, 536 ActionDest: 285 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 238, 510, 245, 522 ActionDest: 285 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 175, 726, 182, 738 ActionDest: 313 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 107, 565, 114, 577 ActionDest: 313 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 313, 605, 320, 617 ActionDest: 360 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 116, 591, 123, 603 ActionDest: 360 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 313, 578, 320, 590 ActionDest: 360 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 511, 208, 518, 220 ActionDest: 390 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 231, 181, 238, 193 ActionDest: 390 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 140, 271, 152 ActionDest: 390 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 113, 324, 125 ActionDest: 416 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 356, 632, 363, 644 ActionDest: 313 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 410, 742, 422, 751 ActionDest: 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 261, 351, 268, 363 ActionDest: 416 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 412, 338, 419, 350 ActionDest: 416 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 429, 217, 466, 228 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 192, 137, 202 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 143, 192, 179, 202 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 149, 166, 187, 176 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 136, 141, 173, 151 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 180, 141, 216, 151 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 375, 101, 413, 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 499, 88, 519, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 97, 75, 251, 86 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 273, 702, 310, 712 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 702, 352, 712 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 676, 325, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 676, 367, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 258, 650, 295, 661 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 625, 302, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 308, 625, 344, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 371, 598, 408, 609 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 415, 598, 451, 609 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 158, 573, 196, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 202, 573, 238, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 508, 402, 519 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 413, 482, 451, 493 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 341, 456, 379, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 458, 430, 496, 441 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 407, 404, 445, 415 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 358, 391, 519, 402 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 97, 378, 189, 390 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 353, 516, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 341, 136, 351 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 145, 302, 182, 312 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 189, 302, 225, 312 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 180, 276, 218, 286 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 348, 249, 386, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 457, 224, 495, 235 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 171, 173, 209, 183 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 76, 131, 166, 162 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 234, 125, 424, 136 Checksum: a1e5fd78 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 7b7a0cdf9c15ddc7fbefd2905f4576cc Type: MD5 Checksum: 3bdd3397227826971428d843fd50cb13d828c327 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: dea112d3c9ada85aa445dfbf989872acfe109b5de50872eccca102a1fa7a6da3 Type: SHA-256