Appendix A Results Ecological indices Table A.1. Results for the Shapiro-Wilk normality test conducted through the species diversity and stand structure indices, for the mixed broadleaf woodlands (habitat 1), beech forest (habitat 2) and Pyrenean oak (habitat 3). Habitat 1 Habitat 2 Habitat 3 Index Code Statistic Df p-value Statistic Df p-value Statistic Df p-value Shannon 𝐻′ .944 9 .631 .869 22 .007 .916 15 .165 Evenness 𝐽′ .765 9 .008 .884 22 .014 .842 15 .013 Richness 𝐷𝑀𝑛 .781 9 .012 .774 22 .000 .848 15 .016 Simpson complement 1βˆ’π· .908 9 .301 .984 22 .967 .948 15 .495 Reciprocal Berger-Parker 1/𝑑 .868 9 .117 .757 22 .000 .960 15 .699 Clark-Evans 𝑅 .987 12 .998 .985 22 .975 .951 15 .540 Mingling complement 1 βˆ’ 𝑀𝑖 .987 12 .998 .552 22 .000 .802 15 .004 Uniform angle π‘Šπ‘– .991 12 .999 .984 22 .967 .995 15 1.00 Table A.2. Descriptive statistics for the ecological indices, and statistical test results (T= two sample t-test, W= two sample Wilconxon rank-sum test) between the plots inside and outside Picos de Europa, for the mixed broadleaf woodlands. Test of difference Pool Outside Inside Index Code Df p-value Mean (Β±SD) N Mean (Β±SD) N Mean (Β±SD) Shannon 𝐻′ T 7 .197 .805 (Β±.529) 5 .594 (Β±.197) 4 1.07 (Β±.282) Evenness 𝐽′ W .050 .659 (Β±.302) 5 .506 (Β±.337) 4 .849 (Β±.070) Richness 𝐷𝑀𝑛 W .085 .348 (Β±.275) 5 .245 (Β±.186) 4 .477 (Β±.340) Simpson complement 1βˆ’π· T 7 .172 .451 (Β±.251) 5 .346 (Β±.266) 4 .584 (Β±.090) Reciprocal Berger-Parker 1/𝑑 T 7 .135 1.72 (Β±.653) 5 1.43 (Β±.167) 4 2.09 (Β±.394) Clark-Evans 𝑅 T 10 .498 1.49 (Β±.093) 8 1.50 (Β±.037) 4 1.46 (Β±.033) Mingling complement 1 βˆ’ 𝑀𝑖 T 10 .127 .646 (Β±.198) 8 .708 (Β±.070) 4 .521 (Β±.071) Uniform angle π‘Šπ‘– T 10 .812 .469 (Β±.0.99) 8 .463 (Β±.036) 4 .479 (Β±.052) Table A.3. Descriptive statistics for the ecological indices, and statistical test results (T= two sample t-test, W= two sample Wilconxon rank-sum test) between the plots inside and outside Picos de Europa, for the beech forests (Fagus sylvatica L.). In bold, significant differences between outside and inside studied plots based on their p-values after Bonferroni correction (** p-value ≀ 0.005; * p- value ≀0.025). Test of difference Pool Outside Inside Index Code Df p-value Mean (Β±SD) N Mean (Β±SD) N Mean (Β±SD) Shannon 𝐻′ W .004 .397 (Β±.410) 4 .952** (Β±.206) 18 .274** (Β±.335) Evenness 𝐽′ W .009 .364 (Β±.346) 4 .763* (Β±.151) 18 .275* (Β±.313) Richness 𝐷𝑀𝑛 W .011 .356 (Β±.288) 4 .729* (Β±.445) 18 .273* (Β±.165) Simpson complement 1βˆ’π· T 20 .990 .544 (Β±.364) 4 .546 (Β±.039) 18 .543 (Β±.095) Reciprocal Berger-Parker 1/𝑑 W .009 1.28 (Β±.400) 4 1.80* (Β±.472) 18 1.16* (Β±.285) Clark-Evans 𝑅 T 20 .629 1.51 (Β±.100) 4 1.49 (Β±.042) 18 1.52 (Β±.025) Mingling complement 1 βˆ’ 𝑀𝑖 W .064 .898 (Β±.185) 4 0.771 (Β±.258) 18 .926 (Β±.161) Uniform angle π‘Šπ‘– T 20 .236 .496 (Β±.107) 4 .437 (Β±.040) 18 .509 (Β±.026) Table A.4. Descriptive statistics for the ecological indices, and statistical test results (T= two sample t-test, W= two sample Wilconxon rank-sum test) between the plots inside and outside Picos de Europa, for the Pyrenean oak stands. Test of difference Pool Outside Inside Index Code Df p-value Mean (Β±SD) N Mean (Β±SD) N Mean (Β±SD) Shannon 𝐻′ T 13 .391 .897 (Β±.430) 12 .946 (Β±.104) 3 .698 (Β±.412) Evenness 𝐽′ W .312 .653 (Β±.254) 12 .699 (Β±.198) 3 .468 (Β±.416) Richness 𝐷𝑀𝑛 W .665 .459 (Β±.219) 12 .470 (Β±.239) 3 .413 (Β±.131) Simpson complement 1βˆ’π· T 13 .699 .559 (Β±.202) 12 .470 (Β±.413) 3 .412 (Β±.076) Reciprocal Berger-Parker 1/𝑑 T 13 .651 1.76 (Β±.521) 12 1.79 (Β±.135) 3 1.63 (Β±.472) Clark-Evans 𝑅 T 13 .259 1.46 (Β±.126) 12 1.44 (Β±.037) 3 1.54 (Β±.052) Mingling complement 1 βˆ’ 𝑀𝑖 W .556 .811 (Β±.210) 12 .826 (Β±.144) 3 .75 (Β±.433) Uniform angle π‘Šπ‘– T 13 .878 .505 (Β±.066) 12 .507 (Β±.066) 3 .5 (Β±.083) Explanatory variables Table A.5. Results for the Shapiro-Wilk normality test conducted through the explanatory variables. See table 2 for codes of variables. Variable Statistic Df p-value Plot topography UTMY .967 50 .168 UTMX .934 50 .008 SLO .980 49 .569 Soil characteristics PH .975 45 .423 TEX .991 48 .971 OM .982 50 .647 STO .991 50 .968 Plot isolation DIST1 .725 50 .000 DIST2 .926 50 .004 POP .903 48 .001 Anthropogenic disturbances GRA .975 50 .013 SILV .981 50 .354 FEL .999 50 1.00 COV .986 50 .809 GRO .545 50 .000 Table A.6. Correlation matrix and contingency table for categorical variables conducted through the explanatory variables. See table 2 for codes of variables. Variable UTMY UTMX SLO PH TEX OM STO DIST1 DIST2 POP GRA SILV FEL COV .234S UTMX - (.135) .095 -.175S SLO - (.517) (.267) -.100 .171S .211 PH - (.512) (.279) (.168) S .027 .339 -.165 -.120 TEX - (.853) (.028)* (.266) (.437) .406 .102S .042 .010 -.048 OM - (.003)* (.519) (.773) (.949) (.745) -.111 .057 .318 -.071 3.63 .152 STO - (.443) (.722) (.026)* (.631) (.726) (.290) S S S S S S .018 .003 -.221 .201 -.306 .039 .156 DIST1 - (.911) (.987) (.160) (.202) (.049) (.808) (.324) -.439S .433S -.109S .401S -.074S -.131S .256 .114S DIST2 - (.004)* (.004)* (.492) (.008)* (.641) (.408) (.102) (.743) S S S S S S S -.619 -.099 -.086 .143 -.0124 -.557 .258 -.032 .324S POP - (.000)* (.534) (.588) (.366) (.435) (.000)* (.099) (.842) (.036)* -.050S .050S -.065S -.044S 1.17 -.206S 1.52 -.117S .075S .048S GRA - (.753) (.753) (.684) (.783) (.556) (.191) (.678) (.461) (.637) (.762) S S S S -.287 .083 -.159 .081 -.777 -.181 1.39 .049 .274 -.045 .128 SILV - (.100) (.602) (.276) (.598) (.678) (.208) (.708) (.758) (.079) (.778) (.720) S S S S -.252 .045 -.090 .005 -.183 -.243 1.44 -.012 .108 -.057 .038 21.95 FEL - (.255) (.775) (.537) (.975) (.402) (.088) (.695) (.941) (.494) (.717) (.846) (.000)* -.373 .075 -.266 .001 .504 -.165 2.29 -.119 .279 .050 .613 37.76 18.84 COV - (.008)* (.637) (.065) (.995) (.777) (.253) (.514) (.453) (.073) (.751) (.434) (.000)* (.000)* -.092S -.018S .314S -.037S 1.33 .023S 2.09 -.295S -.083S .056S .980 1.07 1.92 1.17 GRO (.953) (.908) (.043)* (.816) (.515) (.884) (.554) (.057) (.601) (.726) (.322) (.300) .166) (.279) Correlation coefficients are presented, Spearman rank correlation (indicated by S superscript) when the data were not normally distributed. Table A.7. Summary of the ten best-ranked models of the ecological data for the dependent variables Shannon index (𝐻 β€² ) and Richness (𝐷𝑀𝑛 ), including the total number of parameters in the model (K), followed by the values for both AIC, βˆ†AIC and 𝑀𝑖 . Rankings based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). See table 2 for codes of variables. Model no. Model variables K AIC βˆ†AICi 𝑀𝑖 (%) Shannon 𝐻 β€² = (βˆ’0.002) Γ— SLO + (βˆ’0.003) Γ— PH + (βˆ’0.0002) Γ— DIST2 + (βˆ’0.196) Γ— 𝐹𝐸𝐿 1 6 47.75 0 5.7 + 1.287 2 𝐻 β€² = (βˆ’0.002) Γ— 𝑆𝐿𝑂 + 0.015 Γ— 𝑃𝐻 + (βˆ’0.0003) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + 1.083 5 48.08 0.3 4.8 3 𝐻 β€² = (βˆ’0.0005) Γ— 𝑆𝐿𝑂 + 0.112 Γ— TEX + (βˆ’0.0003) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + 0.904 5 48.97 1.2 3.1 4 𝐻 β€² = (βˆ’0.002) Γ— 𝑆𝐿𝑂 + (βˆ’0.0003) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + (βˆ’0.184) Γ— 𝐹𝐸𝐿 + 1.271 5 49.15 1.4 2.8 𝐻 β€² = (βˆ’0.001) Γ— 𝑆𝐿𝑂 + 0.100 Γ— TEX + (βˆ’0.0003) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + (βˆ’0.162) Γ— 𝐹𝐸𝐿 5 6 49.16 1.4 2.8 + 1.031 𝐻 β€² = (βˆ’0.002) Γ— 𝑆𝐿𝑂 + 0.014 Γ— 𝑃𝐻 + (βˆ’0.0003) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + (βˆ’0.118) Γ— 𝑆𝐼𝐿𝑉 6 6 49.38 1.6 2.5 + 1.180 𝐻 β€² = 0.0004 Γ— 𝑆𝐿𝑂 + (βˆ’0.083) Γ— 𝑆𝑇𝑂 + (βˆ’0.0002) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + (βˆ’0.228) Γ— 𝐹𝐸𝐿 7 6 49.39 1.6 2.5 + 1.310 8 𝐻 β€² = (βˆ’0.005) Γ— 𝑃𝐻 + (βˆ’0.0003) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + 1.084 4 49.46 1.7 2.4 9 𝐻 β€² = 0.129 Γ— 𝑇𝐸𝑋 + (βˆ’0.0003) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + 0.823 4 49.46 1.7 2.4 β€² 𝐻 = (βˆ’0.003) Γ— 𝑆𝐿𝑂 + 0.011 Γ— 𝑃𝐻 + (βˆ’0.0003) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + (βˆ’0.104) Γ— 𝐢𝑂𝑉 10 6 49.54 1.8 2.3 + 1.212 Richness 1 𝐷𝑀𝑛 = 0.028 Γ— 𝑂𝑀 + (βˆ’0.0004) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇1 + 0.289 4 5.22 0 2.3 2 𝐷𝑀𝑛 = 0.024 Γ— 𝑂𝑀 + (βˆ’0.0001) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + 0.357 4 5.48 0.3 2.0 3 𝐷𝑀𝑛 = 0.029 Γ— 𝑂𝑀 + (βˆ’0.0001) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + 0.103 Γ— 𝐹𝐸𝐿 + 0.282 5 5.54 0.3 2.0 4 𝐷𝑀𝑛 = 0.032 Γ— 𝑂𝑀 + (βˆ’0.0004) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇1 + 0.077 Γ— 𝐹𝐸𝐿 + 0.224 5 6.13 0.9 1.5 5 𝐷𝑀𝑛 = 0.026 Γ— 𝑂𝑀 + (βˆ’0.0001) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + 0.083 Γ— 𝐢𝑂𝑉 + 0.306 5 6.26 1.0 1.4 6 𝐷𝑀𝑛 = 0.002 Γ— 𝑆𝐿𝑂 + 0.026 Γ— 𝑂𝑀 + (βˆ’0.0001) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + 0.278 5 6.29 1.1 1.4 7 𝐷𝑀𝑛 = 0.026 Γ— 𝑂𝑀 + (βˆ’0.0001) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + 0.081 Γ— 𝑆𝐼𝐿𝑉 + 0.305 5 6.34 1.1 1.3 8 𝐷𝑀𝑛 = 0.023 Γ— 𝑂𝑀 + (βˆ’0.0001) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + 0.171 Γ— 𝐺𝑅𝑂 + 0.348 5 6.52 1.3 1.2 9 𝐷𝑀𝑛 = 0.03 Γ— 𝑂𝑀 + (βˆ’0.0001) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇1 + 0.062 Γ— 𝑆𝐼𝐿𝑉 + 0.240 5 6.53 1.3 1.2 10 𝐷𝑀𝑛 = 0.028 Γ— 𝑂𝑀 + (βˆ’0.0004) Γ— 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇2 + 0.145 Γ— 𝐺𝑅𝑂 + 0.282 5 6.54 1.3 1.2