This is the accepted version of the supplementary material of the article: Fernández Martínez, Marcos, et al. Global trends in carbon sinks and their relationships with CO₂ temperatura in Nature climate change, vol. 9 (Jan. 2019), p. 73-79. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0367-7 Published under a “All rights reserved” license. Global trends in carbon sinks and their relationships with CO2 and temperature Authors: M. Fernández-Martínez*1, J. Sardans2,3, F.. Chevallier4, P. Ciais4, M. Obersteiner5, S. Vicca1, J. G. Canadell6, A. Bastos4, P. Friedlingstein7, S. Sitch7, S.L. Piao8,9, I.A. Janssens1, J. Peñuelas2,3. Affiliations: 1 Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. 2 CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 3 CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 4 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur- Yvette, France 5 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria 6 Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 7 College of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK 8Sino-French Institute of Earth System Sciences, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 9 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China *Correspondence to: M. Fernández-Martínez, marcos.fernandez-martinez@uantwerpen.be Supplementary Information 1. Supplementary discussion: Atmospheric deposition and the terrestrial C balance The effects of NOX deposition were divergent in both the MACC-II and Jena CarboScope datasets for temporal and spatial variability. Conclusions about the effect of NOX on regional NEP thus cannot be drawn from our analyses. The discrepancy in the results for NOX in Figure S1 and Table S1 was due to the different NEP trends for Europe and the USA for both models. NRED did not significantly contribute to the trends in NEP for either of the inversion models (Figure S1), mainly because it did not have a significant trend over time. NRED, however, was a significant predictor of spatial and interannual NEP variability (see Supplementary Information 2.8), in contrast to NOX. Analysing the deposition of oxidised and reduced N separately rather than only using the total amount of N, as has been done so far[1–4], may thus lead to a better understanding of the effect of total N deposition because of the different chemical properties of NO3- compared to NH4+, which is easier to acquire by plants[5]. S deposition did not significantly contribute to the trends in NEP, which contrasts with a recent study using eddy-covariance towers[6]. The lack of an effect of S in this case could be due to the local scale of its effects, which would be lost when analysing larger geographical scales. Also, the fact that this study began some years after S deposition started to decline in both continents (mainly during the 80s[7,8]), may have reduced the potential effect of S. The large spatial heterogeneity of sites in different stages of recovery from S deposition and soil properties, such as soil buffer capacity (pH responses to S inputs), could also play a role obfuscating the effects of S deposition when using data with such a coarse resolution. Figure S1: Temporal contributions of the predictor variables to changes in NEP for the MACC-II and Jena CarboScope datasets. Units are g C m-2 y-2. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Significance levels: *, P < 0.01; **, P < 0.005; ***, P < 0.001. Table S1: Sensitivity of NEP to the predictor variables, including atmospheric deposition for Europe and the USA, for the MACC-II and Jena CarboScope datasets. Units are ppm for CO2; kg ha-1 for NOX, NRED, and S; °C for MAT; mm y-1 for MAP, standard deviations for SPEI, and percentage of land-use cover per pixel for forests, crops, and urban areas. Statistically significant estimates are highlighted in bold. MACC-II Jena CarboScope Estimate P Estimate P CO2 0.22 ± 0.06 0.0006 0.46 ± 0.07 <0.0001 NOX -62.32 ± 19.08 0.0012 49.15 ± 17.12 0.0034 NRED 82.29 ± 357.59 n.s. -21.60 ± 113.35 n.s. S -0.55 ± 1.89 n.s. -0.84 ± 1.96 n.s. MAT -4.75 ± 4.23 n.s. 1.93 ± 4.59 n.s. MAP - - -0.05 ± 1.04 n.s. SPEI -26.58 ± 146.43 n.s. -55.03 ± 131.25 n.s. Forests 641.90 ± 440.54 n.s. -464.58 ± 386.09 n.s. Crops -222.48 ± 162.43 n.s. 523.58 ± 203.08 0.0071 Urban -457.84 ± 772.70 n.s. - - 2. Summary of the models predicting interannual variability in NEP (1995– 2014) Abbreviations: cdioxide, atmospheric CO2 concentration; MAP.c, climatic mean annual precipitation; MAP.an, interannual deviation from the mean in annual precipitation; MAT.c, climatic mean annual temperature; MAT.an, interannual deviation from the mean in annual temperature; SPEI, Standardised Precipitation- Evapotranspiration Index. R2m is the variance explained by a fixed factor, and R2c is the total variance explained by the model (fixed + random factors). Suffix “.mean” indicates the average value per pixel, while suffix “.an” indicates the temporal anomaly. The two points “:” indicate the interaction between two predictors. Table S2: Global model – MACC-II (R2m=0.09; R2c=0.49) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) 21.281 15.459 54251 1.377 0.1686 cdioxide -0.055 0.041 54251 -1.357 0.1749 MAP.c -0.100 0.015 2851 -6.673 <0.0001 MAT.an -60.487 9.998 54251 -6.050 <0.0001 MAT.c 2.804 0.755 2851 3.716 0.0002 Forests.mean -107.499 33.336 2851 -3.225 0.0013 Urban.mean 247.026 61.719 54251 4.002 0.0001 Crops.mean -720.527 67.026 54251 -10.750 <0.0001 Crops.an 4118.938 810.475 54251 5.082 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAP.c 0.000 0.000 54251 8.872 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.an 0.152 0.026 54251 5.770 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.c -0.007 0.002 54251 -3.594 0.0003 MAT.an:MAT.c -0.208 0.026 54251 -8.023 <0.0001 MAP.c:MAT.c -0.002 0.000 2851 -11.604 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.mean 0.340 0.088 54251 3.882 0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.mean 2.096 0.176 54251 11.910 <0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.an -9.797 2.115 54251 -4.632 <0.0001 Crops.mean:Crops.an -994.684 152.061 54251 -6.541 <0.0001 Table S3: Global model – Jena CarboScope (R2m=0.11; R2c=0.82) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) 46.927 19.714 21266 2.380 0.0173 cdioxide -0.093 0.049 21266 -1.879 0.0602 MAP.c -0.097 0.021 1114 -4.669 <0.0001 MAT.an -143.210 13.490 21266 -10.616 <0.0001 MAT.c -7.090 1.057 1114 -6.707 <0.0001 SPEI -4.637 1.349 21266 -3.437 0.0006 Forests.mean -16.117 10.138 1114 -1.590 0.1122 Forests.an 235.662 72.477 21266 3.252 0.0011 Urban.an -1496.360 229.433 21266 -6.522 <0.0001 Crops.mean -562.384 89.331 1114 -6.296 <0.0001 Crops.an -454.663 66.259 21266 -6.862 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAP.c 0.000 0.000 21266 7.641 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.an 0.369 0.036 21266 10.365 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.c 0.017 0.003 21266 6.198 <0.0001 MAT.an:MAT.c -0.481 0.036 21266 -13.202 <0.0001 MAP.c:MAT.c -0.002 0.000 1114 -5.703 <0.0001 MAP.c:SPEI 0.006 0.001 21266 5.387 <0.0001 Forests.mean:Forests.an -1763.944 174.199 21266 -10.126 <0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.mean 1.760 0.230 21266 7.640 <0.0001 Crops.mean:Crops.an 1153.391 204.403 21266 5.643 <0.0001 Table S4: Global model – TRENDY ensemble (R2m=0.24; R2c=0.46) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -37.550 6.376 46021 -5.889 <0.0001 cdioxide 0.103 0.017 46021 6.143 <0.0001 MAP.an 0.252 0.027 46021 9.455 <0.0001 MAP.c 0.025 0.001 2418 17.313 <0.0001 MAT.an -3.818 0.157 46021 -24.248 <0.0001 MAT.c -2.646 0.306 2418 -8.638 <0.0001 SPEI -9.012 0.544 46021 -16.554 <0.0001 Forests.mean -70.832 16.879 2418 -4.197 <0.0001 Forests.an 277.493 24.897 46021 11.146 <0.0001 Urban.an -378.896 91.627 46021 -4.135 <0.0001 Crops.mean -1.708 2.346 46021 -0.728 0.4665 Crops.an -226.309 22.942 46021 -9.865 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAP.an 0.000 0.000 46021 -4.100 <0.0001 MAP.an:MAP.c 0.000 0.000 46021 -58.983 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.c 0.008 0.001 46021 9.510 <0.0001 MAT.an:MAT.c -0.663 0.014 46021 -47.737 <0.0001 MAP.c:MAT.c -0.001 0.000 2418 -16.146 <0.0001 MAT.c:SPEI 1.104 0.028 46021 39.853 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.mean 0.207 0.044 46021 4.666 <0.0001 Forests.mean:Forests.an -486.559 67.082 46021 -7.253 <0.0001 Crops.mean:Crops.an 296.646 61.259 46021 4.843 <0.0001 Table S5: Northern Hemisphere, latitudes >55° – MACC-II (R2m=0.22; R2c=0.60) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) 134.541 26.474 17147 5.082 <0.0001 cdioxide -0.183 0.068 17147 -2.691 0.0071 MAP.an -1.714 0.141 17147 -12.205 <0.0001 MAP.c -0.040 0.007 897 -6.148 <0.0001 MAT.an -5.546 0.487 17147 -11.379 <0.0001 MAT.c 16.679 1.675 897 9.956 <0.0001 Forests.mean -231.459 34.121 897 -6.784 <0.0001 Forests.an 7831.834 1975.517 17147 3.964 0.0001 Crops.mean 234.338 29.040 897 8.070 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAP.an 0.005 0.000 17147 12.253 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.c -0.033 0.004 17147 -7.690 <0.0001 MAT.an:MAT.c -0.439 0.048 17147 -9.219 <0.0001 MAP.c:MAT.c -0.004 0.001 897 -6.481 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.mean 0.627 0.089 17147 7.018 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.an -27.494 5.142 17147 -5.347 <0.0001 Forests.mean:Forests.an 3785.460 356.610 17147 10.615 <0.0001 Table S6: Northern Hemisphere, latitudes >55° – Jena CarboScope (R2m=0.31; R2c=0.75) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -27.173 35.311 6490 -0.770 0.4416 cdioxide 0.279 0.088 6490 3.161 0.0016 MAP.c -0.035 0.012 336 -3.010 0.0028 MAT.an -64.639 10.004 6490 -6.461 <0.0001 MAT.c 4.918 0.700 336 7.026 <0.0001 Forests.mean 197.266 59.568 336 3.312 0.001 Forests.an 18735.355 2792.289 6490 6.710 <0.0001 Crops.mean 174.334 42.089 336 4.142 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.an 0.164 0.026 6490 6.196 <0.0001 MAT.an:MAT.c -0.224 0.049 6490 -4.530 <0.0001 MAP.c:MAT.c -0.005 0.001 336 -3.793 0.0002 cdioxide:Forests.mean -0.621 0.156 6490 -3.991 0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.an -58.567 7.282 6490 -8.043 <0.0001 Forests.mean:Forests.an 4383.258 534.136 6490 8.206 <0.0001 Table S7: Northern Hemisphere, latitudes >55° – TRENDY ensemble (R2m=0.29; R2c=0.44) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -66.328 11.678 13040 -5.680 <0.0001 cdioxide 0.247 0.030 13040 8.113 <0.0001 MAP.an -0.386 0.070 13040 -5.547 <0.0001 MAP.c -0.001 0.002 681 -0.459 0.6464 MAT.an 20.290 4.335 13040 4.680 <0.0001 MAT.c -1.307 0.804 681 -1.624 0.1048 SPEI 19.743 2.347 13040 8.411 <0.0001 Forests.mean 41.852 14.892 681 2.810 0.0051 Forests.an 287.470 92.025 13040 3.124 0.0018 Crops.mean 28.292 7.125 681 3.971 0.0001 cdioxide:MAP.an 0.001 0.000 13040 4.669 <0.0001 MAP.an:MAP.c 0.000 0.000 13040 4.239 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.an -0.051 0.011 13040 -4.480 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.c 0.009 0.002 13040 4.257 <0.0001 MAP.c:MAT.c -0.003 0.000 681 -10.990 <0.0001 MAP.c:SPEI -0.029 0.004 13040 -6.745 <0.0001 MAT.c:SPEI 0.775 0.108 13040 7.205 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.mean -0.123 0.039 13040 -3.152 0.0016 Forests.mean:Forests.an -812.610 147.719 13040 -5.501 <0.0001 Table S8: Northern Hemisphere, latitudes between 35 and 55° – MACC-II (R2m=0.13; R2c=0.37) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) 148.474 75.069 12204 1.978 0.0480 cdioxide -0.459 0.197 12204 -2.327 0.0200 MAP.an 0.824 0.174 12204 4.746 <0.0001 MAP.c -0.388 0.079 638 -4.934 <0.0001 MAT.an -89.97 24.903 12204 -3.613 0.0003 MAT.c 20.781 6.061 638 3.429 0.0006 Forests.an -16499.293 4157.812 12204 -3.968 0.0001 Urban.mean 595.477 98.535 12204 6.043 <0.0001 Crops.mean -869.677 230.863 638 -3.767 0.0002 Crops.an 1277.898 226.561 12204 5.640 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAP.an -0.002 0.000 12204 -4.842 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAP.c 0.001 0.000 12204 6.182 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.an 0.233 0.066 12204 3.556 0.0004 cdioxide:MAT.c -0.051 0.016 12204 -3.211 0.0013 MAP.c:MAT.c -0.009 0.001 638 -7.588 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.an 44.681 10.947 12204 4.082 <0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.mean 2.664 0.608 12204 4.379 <0.0001 Crops.mean:Crops.an -3244.474 499.841 12204 -6.491 <0.0001 Table S9: Northern Hemisphere, latitudes between 35 and 55° – Jena CarboScope (R2m=0.12; R2c=0.74) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -350.099 89.327 4393 -3.919 0.0001 cdioxide 1.220 0.233 4393 5.240 <0.0001 MAP.an 0.032 0.010 4393 3.198 0.0014 MAP.c -0.291 0.093 226 -3.148 0.0019 MAT.an -176.873 29.650 4393 -5.965 <0.0001 MAT.c 29.001 7.637 226 3.798 0.0002 SPEI -24.019 4.322 4393 -5.557 <0.0001 Forests.mean 2909.782 258.050 226 11.276 <0.0001 Forests.an -2076.464 228.800 4393 -9.075 <0.0001 Urban.mean 787.980 246.180 226 3.201 0.0016 Urban.an -2473.911 584.642 4393 -4.231 <0.0001 Crops.mean -1237.354 271.117 226 -4.564 <0.0001 Crops.an -12046.724 2907.443 4393 -4.143 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAP.c 0.001 0.000 4393 2.946 0.0032 cdioxide:MAT.an 0.466 0.078 4393 5.963 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.c -0.091 0.020 4393 -4.563 <0.0001 MAT.c:SPEI 1.686 0.439 4393 3.843 0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.mean -7.801 0.675 4393 -11.553 <0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.mean 3.363 0.709 4393 4.746 <0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.an 30.215 7.661 4393 3.944 0.0001 Crops.mean:Crops.an 2766.726 571.8067 4393 4.839 <0.0001 Table S10: Northern Hemisphere, latitudes between 35 and 55° – TRENDY ensemble (R2m=0.31; R2c=0.39) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -99.108 13.155 11387 -7.534 <0.0001 cdioxide 0.266 0.035 11387 7.702 <0.0001 MAP.an 0.170 0.007 11387 25.662 <0.0001 MAP.c 0.032 0.003 594 12.688 <0.0001 MAT.an 0.222 0.391 11387 0.567 0.5706 MAT.c 4.704 1.230 594 3.823 0.0001 SPEI 20.524 1.903 11387 10.784 <0.0001 Forests.mean -7.570 2.528 594 -2.995 0.0029 Forests.an 342.651 64.642 11387 5.301 <0.0001 Crops.mean 19.192 2.341 594 8.197 <0.0001 Crops.an 1847.180 590.494 11387 3.128 0.0018 MAP.an:MAP.c 0.000 0.000 11387 -15.519 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.c -0.013 0.003 11387 -3.909 0.0001 MAT.an:MAT.c -0.672 0.054 11387 -12.362 <0.0001 MAP.c:MAT.c -0.001 0.000 594 -4.794 <0.0001 MAP.c:SPEI -0.046 0.003 11387 -14.495 <0.0001 MAT.c:SPEI 1.141 0.132 11387 8.629 <0.0001 Forests.mean:Forests.an -619.545 135.886 11387 -4.559 <0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.an -4.959 1.550 11387 -3.199 0.0014 Table S11: Northern Hemisphere, latitudes between 15 and 35° – MACC-II (R2m=0.10; R2c=0.48) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -79.616 30.449 8352 -2.615 0.0089 cdioxide 0.044 0.071 8352 0.618 0.5369 MAP.an -0.025 0.010 8352 -2.656 0.0079 MAP.c -0.069 0.040 435 -1.736 0.0832 MAT.c 2.611 0.590 435 4.428 <0.0001 Forests.mean 2127.100 425.131 435 5.003 <0.0001 Forests.an 434.725 226.387 8352 1.920 0.0549 Crops.an -710.036 92.556 8352 -7.671 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAP.c 0.000 0.000 8352 5.377 <0.0001 MAP.an:MAP.c 0.000 0.000 8352 3.176 0.0015 MAP.c:MAT.c -0.006 0.001 435 -7.328 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.mean -5.519 1.1213 8352 -4.922 <0.0001 Forests.mean:Forests.an -3856.659 779.0509 8352 -4.950 <0.0001 Table S12: Northern Hemisphere, latitudes between 15 and 35° – Jena CarboScope (R2m=0.40; R2c=0.88) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -43.864 48.290 3395 -0.908 0.3638 cdioxide 0.016 0.082 3395 0.189 0.8498 MAP.an -0.016 0.004 3395 -4.081 <0.0001 MAP.c 0.145 0.046 173 3.120 0.0021 MAT.an -171.208 49.580 3395 -3.453 0.0006 MAT.c 1.611 1.526 173 1.055 0.2928 Forests.mean -2000.599 121.655 173 -16.445 <0.0001 Crops.mean -561.718 134.866 173 -4.165 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.an 0.433 0.131 3395 3.313 0.0009 MAP.c:MAT.c -0.007 0.002 173 -3.810 0.0002 cdioxide:Forests.mean 6.019 0.305 3395 19.751 <0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.mean 1.794 0.343 3395 5.223 <0.0001 Table S13: Northern Hemisphere, latitudes between 15 and 35° – TRENDY ensemble (R2m=0.30; R2c=0.35) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -68.340 7.518 7456 -9.090 <0.0001 cdioxide 0.198 0.020 7456 10.124 <0.0001 MAP.an 0.170 0.005 7456 37.363 <0.0001 MAP.c 0.008 0.001 389 12.135 <0.0001 MAT.an -1.954 1.747 7456 -1.119 0.2633 MAT.c -0.194 0.061 389 -3.195 0.0015 SPEI -3.494 1.050 7456 -3.327 0.0009 Forests.mean -4.296 2.422 389 -1.773 0.0770 Forests.an -553.870 69.076 7456 -8.018 <0.0001 Crops.an 7186.625 953.175 7456 7.540 <0.0001 MAP.an:MAP.c 0.000 0.000 7456 -30.362 <0.0001 MAT.an:MAT.c -0.470 0.081 7456 -5.788 <0.0001 MAP.c:SPEI 0.008 0.002 7456 4.898 <0.0001 Forests.mean:Forests.an 1533.238 146.520 7456 10.464 <0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.an -19.228 2.502 7456 -7.686 <0.0001 Table S14: Equatorial belt, latitudes between 15°S and 15°N – MACC-II (R2m=0.15; R2c=0.48) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) 183.608 47.826 9755 3.839 0.0001 cdioxide 0.107 0.081 9755 1.321 0.1867 MAP.an -0.362 0.062 9755 -5.805 <0.0001 MAP.c -0.134 0.031 508 -4.390 <0.0001 MAT.an -673.146 57.219 9755 -11.764 <0.0001 MAT.c -8.489 1.417 508 -5.993 <0.0001 Forests.mean -773.117 73.978 508 -10.451 <0.0001 Forests.an 5470.146 1507.142 9755 3.629 0.0003 Crops.mean -1426.739 189.017 508 -7.548 <0.0001 Crops.an 13000.868 1276.836 9755 10.182 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAP.an 0.001 0.000 9755 5.862 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.an 1.727 0.152 9755 11.397 <0.0001 MAP.c:MAT.c 0.005 0.001 508 4.541 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.mean 1.833 0.194 9755 9.445 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.an -14.186 3.980 9755 -3.564 0.0004 cdioxide:Crops.mean 3.844 0.497 9755 7.739 <0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.an -34.276 3.343 9755 -10.255 <0.0001 Table S15: Equatorial belt, latitudes between 15°S and 15°N – Jena CarboScope (R2m=0.07; R2c=0.78) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -231.111 61.688 4056 -3.746 0.0002 cdioxide 0.576 0.159 4056 3.628 0.0003 MAT.an -916.973 111.309 4056 -8.238 <0.0001 Forests.mean -1654.001 183.348 211 -9.021 <0.0001 Forests.an 922.283 165.588 4056 5.570 <0.0001 Urban.an -3932.951 1345.514 4056 -2.923 0.0035 Crops.mean -71.310 61.180 211 -1.166 0.2451 Crops.an 9437.141 1957.146 4056 4.822 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.an 2.324 0.295 4056 7.875 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.mean 4.236 0.478 4056 8.870 <0.0001 Forests.mean:Forests.an -2347.530 460.780 4056 -5.095 <0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.an -26.660 5.086 4056 -5.242 <0.0001 Crops.mean:Crops.an 2293.997 497.158 4056 4.614 <0.0001 Table S16: Equatorial belt, latitudes between 15°S and 15°N – TRENDY ensemble (R2m=0.39; R2c=0.60) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) 490.827 140.772 8061 3.487 0.0005 cdioxide -1.569 0.367 8061 -4.278 <0.0001 MAP.an 0.147 0.007 8061 22.211 <0.0001 MAP.c 0.131 0.019 419 7.042 <0.0001 MAT.an 10.027 9.465 8061 1.059 0.2895 MAT.c -26.543 5.550 419 -4.783 <0.0001 SPEI 64.166 12.534 8061 5.120 <0.0001 Forests.mean 29.681 5.594 419 5.306 <0.0001 Forests.an 4054.263 916.317 8061 4.425 <0.0001 Urban.an -1831.333 493.907 8061 -3.708 0.0002 Crops.mean -106.331 9.997 419 -10.636 <0.0001 Crops.an -167.024 26.050 8061 -6.412 <0.0001 MAP.an:MAP.c 0.000 0.000 8061 -20.128 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.c 0.083 0.015 8061 5.743 <0.0001 MAT.an:MAT.c -2.361 0.374 8061 -6.308 <0.0001 MAP.c:MAT.c -0.005 0.001 419 -7.071 <0.0001 MAP.c:SPEI 0.009 0.003 8061 3.482 0.0005 MAT.c:SPEI -2.052 0.494 8061 -4.151 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.an -10.149 2.418 8061 -4.197 <0.0001 Forests.mean:Forests.an -610.824 134.759 8061 -4.533 <0.0001 Table S17: Southern Hemisphere, latitudes between 15 and 35° – MACC-II (R2m=0.09; R2c=0.58) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -242.440 82.133 5081 -2.952 0.0032 cdioxide 0.660 0.212 5081 3.126 0.0018 MAP.an 0.380 0.097 5081 3.907 0.0001 MAP.c -0.100 0.031 262 -3.280 0.0012 MAT.an -4.550 1.104 5081 -4.116 <0.0001 MAT.c 11.390 3.814 262 2.986 0.0031 Forests.mean -572.320 192.578 262 -2.972 0.0032 Forests.an -825.520 86.080 5081 -9.590 <0.0001 Urban.mean 735.440 315.200 262 2.333 0.0204 Urban.an -4607.060 680.517 5081 -6.770 <0.0001 Crops.an 284.940 40.948 5081 6.958 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAP.an 0.000 0.000 5081 -3.806 0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.c -0.030 0.010 5081 -3.038 0.0024 MAP.c:MAT.c 0.000 0.001 262 3.389 0.0008 cdioxide:Forests.mean 1.530 0.504 5081 3.026 0.0025 Forests.mean:Forests.an 2305.430 391.332 5081 5.891 <0.0001 Urban.mean:Urban.an 81024.440 14792.053 5081 5.478 <0.0001 Table S18: Southern Hemisphere, latitudes between 15 and 35° – Jena CarboScope (R2m=0.15; R2c=0.95) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -19.308 19.218 2066 -1.005 0.3152 cdioxide 0.063 0.042 2066 1.502 0.1332 MAT.an -183.420 32.543 2066 -5.636 <0.0001 Forests.mean -1077.137 124.092 106 -8.680 <0.0001 Crops.mean -384.891 89.924 106 -4.280 <0.0001 Crops.an 213.558 34.207 2066 6.243 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.an 0.457 0.086 2066 5.336 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.mean 2.798 0.283 2066 9.882 <0.0001 Table S19: Southern Hemisphere, latitudes between 15 and 35° – TRENDY ensemble (R2m=0.55; R2c=0.60) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -45.408 17.113 4816 -2.653 0.0080 cdioxide 0.174 0.043 4816 4.088 <0.0001 MAP.an 0.346 0.009 4816 39.371 <0.0001 MAP.c -0.041 0.011 248 -3.612 0.0004 MAT.an -22.058 0.997 4816 -22.129 <0.0001 MAT.c -0.640 0.289 248 -2.211 0.0280 SPEI -23.135 3.024 4816 -7.651 <0.0001 Forests.mean -649.653 162.990 248 -3.986 0.0001 Forests.an -7245.744 1048.986 4816 -6.907 <0.0001 Urban.an -1210.500 308.180 4816 -3.928 0.0001 Crops.mean -38.742 10.446 248 -3.709 0.0003 MAP.an:MAP.c 0.000 0.000 4816 -28.136 <0.0001 MAP.c:MAT.c 0.002 0.001 248 3.365 0.0009 MAP.c:SPEI 0.043 0.004 4816 10.075 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.mean 1.755 0.429 4816 4.089 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.an 20.440 2.740 4816 7.460 <0.0001 Table S20: Southern Hemisphere, latitudes between 35 and 55° – MACC-II (R2m=0.16; R2c=0.29) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) 841.089 175.678 1664 4.788 <0.0001 cdioxide -2.235 0.463 1664 -4.828 <0.0001 MAT.an 20.909 7.317 1664 2.858 0.0043 MAT.c -67.293 15.352 84 -4.383 <0.0001 Forests.mean 118.721 23.271 84 5.102 <0.0001 Forests.an -12027.914 2731.858 1664 -4.403 <0.0001 Crops.mean -1729.768 445.845 84 -3.880 0.0002 Crops.an 267.144 68.516 1664 3.899 0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.c 0.181 0.041 1664 4.472 <0.0001 MAT.an:MAT.c -2.178 0.630 1664 -3.455 0.0006 cdioxide:Forests.an 30.931 7.120 1664 4.344 <0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.mean 4.530 1.175 1664 3.855 0.0001 Table S21: Southern Hemisphere, latitudes between 35 and 55° – Jena CarboScope (R2m=0.003; R2c=0.95) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -39.683 8.216 834 -4.830 <0.0001 cdioxide 0.097 0.019 834 5.180 <0.0001 Crops.an 68.632 11.319 834 6.063 <0.0001 Table S22: Southern Hemisphere, latitudes between 35 and 55° – TRENDY ensemble (R2m=0.46; R2c=0.58) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) 350.908 67.256 1206 5.218 <0.0001 cdioxide -0.925 0.177 1206 -5.243 <0.0001 MAP.an 0.037 0.012 1206 2.955 0.0032 MAP.c 0.012 0.002 60 5.191 <0.0001 MAT.an 37.053 5.352 1206 6.924 <0.0001 MAT.c -31.635 5.807 60 -5.448 <0.0001 SPEI -18.042 7.769 1206 -2.322 0.0204 Crops.mean -35.806 12.237 60 -2.926 0.0048 Crops.an -7670.795 829.101 1206 -9.252 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.c 0.084 0.015 1206 5.483 <0.0001 MAT.an:MAT.c -3.921 0.450 1206 -8.712 <0.0001 MAP.c:SPEI -0.042 0.006 1206 -7.507 <0.0001 MAT.c:SPEI 6.182 0.592 1206 10.445 <0.0001 cdioxide:Crops.an 19.649 2.153 1206 9.126 <0.0001 3 Europe and the USA (analyses of atmospheric deposition) Additional abbreviations: NOX.mean, oxidised nitrogen deposition averaged per pixel; NOX.an, NOX interannual deviation from the mean; NRED.mean, reduced nitrogen deposition averaged per pixel; NRED.an, NRED interannual deviation from the mean; S.mean, mean S deposition per pixel; and S.an, S interannual deviation from the mean. Table S23: Model using atmospheric deposition for Europe and the US – MACC-II (R2m=0.22; R2c=0.49) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) -40.893 35.980 12635 -1.137 0.2558 cdioxide 0.044 0.094 12635 0.468 0.6396 NOX.mean 33.048 6.284 656 5.259 <0.0001 NOX.an 481.225 82.496 12635 5.833 <0.0001 NRED.mean -299.383 28.774 656 -10.405 <0.0001 NRED.an 15.835 2.507 12635 6.316 <0.0001 S.mean 183.977 15.764 656 11.671 <0.0001 S.an -0.005 1.149 12635 -0.004 0.9965 MAP.c -0.008 0.008 656 -0.980 0.3274 MAT.an -118.061 22.241 12635 -5.308 <0.0001 MAT.c 0.396 0.255 656 1.551 0.1214 SPEI -7.308 1.844 12635 -3.963 0.0001 Forests.mean 55.145 9.435 656 5.845 <0.0001 Forests.an -16349.819 4977.417 12635 -3.285 0.001 Urban.mean 299.800 90.998 12635 3.295 0.001 Urban.an 476.701 612.090 12635 0.779 0.4361 Crops.mean -3.279 16.432 656 -0.200 0.8419 Crops.an 1094.763 159.344 12635 6.870 <0.0001 cdioxide:NOX.an -1.329 0.220 12635 -6.037 <0.0001 cdioxide:NRED.mean 0.836 0.075 12635 11.114 <0.0001 cdioxide:S.mean -0.440 0.041 12635 -10.710 <0.0001 NOX.an:S.an 4.108 1.204 12635 3.4120.0006 NOX.mean:S.mean -7.487 0.887 656 -8.444 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAT.an 0.297 0.059 12635 5.066 <0.0001 MAP.c:MAT.c -0.005 0.000 656 -9.135 <0.0001 cdioxide:Forests.an 49.106 13.067 12635 3.758 0.0002 Forests.mean:Forests.an -4423.097 705.891 12635 -6.266 <0.0001 Urban.mean:Urban.an -17270.851 5511.130 12635 -3.134 0.0017 Crops.mean:Crops.an -3545.647 350.347 12635 -10.120 <0.0001 Table S24: Model using atmospheric deposition for Europe and the US – Jena CarboScope (R2m=0.33; R2c=0.73) Value SE DF t P (Intercept) 94.055 57.772 4539 1.628 0.1036 cdioxide -0.088 0.149 4539 -0.592 0.5536 NOX.mean 36.936 11.080 232 3.334 0.0010 NOX.an -824.383 139.292 4539 -5.918 <0.0001 NRED.mean -321.085 31.616 232 -10.156 <0.0001 NRED.an 403.022 119.088 4539 3.384 0.0007 S.mean -16.923 3.351 232 -5.050 <0.0001 S.an 250.057 45.066 4539 5.549 <0.0001 MAP.an 0.068 0.015 4539 4.688 <0.0001 MAP.c 0.227 0.080 232 2.850 0.0048 MAT.an -97.148 28.983 4539 -3.352 0.0008 MAT.c -1.785 0.601 232 -2.970 0.0033 SPEI 0.618 4.212 4539 0.147 0.8833 Forests.mean -25.323 24.202 232 -1.046 0.2965 Forests.an 27919.339 5827.135 4539 4.791 <0.0001 Crops.mean -94.767 31.392 232 -3.019 0.0028 Crops.an 516.327 84.094 4539 6.140 <0.0001 cdioxide:NOX.an 2.206 0.373 4539 5.911 <0.0001 cdioxide:NRED.mean 0.924 0.081 4539 11.430 <0.0001 cdioxide:NRED.an -1.131 0.313 4539 -3.607 0.0003 NRED.mean:NRED.an 5.735 1.741 4539 3.295 0.001 cdioxide:S.an -0.659 0.121 4539 -5.457 <0.0001 NOX.an:NRED.an 49.57 6.295 4539 7.875 <0.0001 NRED.an:S.an -13.216 3.089 4539 -4.279 <0.0001 cdioxide:MAP.c -0.001 0.000 4539 -3.456 0.0006 cdioxide:MAT.an 0.26 0.076 4539 3.403 0.0007 MAP.c:SPEI -0.027 0.009 4539 -3.107 0.0019 cdioxide:Forests.an -77.124 15.423 4539 -5.000 <0.0001 Forests.mean:Forests.an 2464.264 776.224 4539 3.175 0.0015 References 1. de Vries, W.; Posch, M. 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