1627e50d80ee2e3031af8675885779b2 drones_a2019v3p80.pdf 05b53cc3c968bff4300b312ce3740af808541c29 drones_a2019v3p80.pdf 28db55c221cbcf88f854b3e00fd5f672e82a3aa744bd5167cd1cd0a074c55940 drones_a2019v3p80.pdf Title: Estimating the Threshold of Detection on Tree Crown Defoliation Using Vegetation Indices from UAS Multispectral Imagery Subject: Periodical outbreaks of Thaumetopoea pityocampa feeding on pine needles may pose a threat to Mediterranean coniferous forests by causing severe tree defoliation, growth reduction, and eventually mortality. To cost–effectively monitor the temporal and spatial damages in pine–oak mixed stands using unmanned aerial systems (UASs) for multispectral imagery, we aimed at developing a simple thresholding classification tool for forest practitioners as an alternative method to complex classifiers such as Random Forest. The UAS flights were performed during winter 2017–2018 over four study areas in Catalonia, northeastern Spain. To detect defoliation and further distinguish pine species, we conducted nested histogram thresholding analyses with four UAS-derived vegetation indices (VIs) and evaluated classification accuracy. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and NDVI red edge performed the best for detecting defoliation with an overall accuracy of 95% in the total study area. For discriminating pine species, accuracy results of 93–96% were only achievable with green NDVI in the partial study area, where the Random Forest classification combined for defoliation and tree species resulted in 91–93%. Finally, we achieved to estimate the average thresholds of VIs for detecting defoliation over the total area, which may be applicable across similar Mediterranean pine stands for monitoring regional forest health on a large scale. Keywords: unmanned aerial systems (UAS); multispectral imagery; forest defoliation; Thaumetopoea pityocampa; vegetation index; thresholding analysis Author: Kaori Otsu, Magda Pla, Andrea Duane, Adrián Cardil and Lluís Brotons Creator: LaTeX with hyperref package Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.18 CreationDate: Tue Oct 29 06:56:40 2019 CET ModDate: Tue Oct 29 06:56:40 2019 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 23 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 7263978 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- DAJWAE+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 139 0 SLEMSZ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 140 0 SSNIUI+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 141 0 EFUZPD+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 142 0 SPGQLF+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 143 0 SVVJCD+Rpxr Type 1 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HAFGDF+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 829 0 HAFGEH+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 830 0 HAGOKD+TimesNewRoman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 831 0 WBNPAR+Rpxi Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 877 0 VSHNAE+Rpcxr Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 930 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2020-01-18 05:24:27 CET RepresentationInformation: drones_a2019v3p80.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2020-01-17 12:36:14 CET Size: 7263978 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 0 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: ぉのぴひはつふっぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸲ Item: Title: きちぴづひどちぬびぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰きづぴとはつびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮ㄩ‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰こぴふつべぜ〴ぜ〰ぁひづちぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㈩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰さぁこぜ〴ぜ〰ぉねちでづぜ〴ぜ〰ぁっぱふどびどぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰ぐひはっづびびどのでぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ざづでづぴちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ぉのつどっづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㐩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぐどへづぬ〭あちびづつぜ〴ぜ〰ごとひづびとはぬつどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ぁのちぬべびどびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獵扳散瑩潮⸲⸴⸱ Children: Item: Title: こぴふつべぜ〴ぜ〰ぁひづちぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㈩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰さぁこぜ〴ぜ〰ぉねちでづぜ〴ぜ〰ぁっぱふどびどぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰ぐひはっづびびどのでぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ざづでづぴちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ぉのつどっづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㐩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぐどへづぬ〭あちびづつぜ〴ぜ〰ごとひづびとはぬつどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ぁのちぬべびどびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獵扳散瑩潮⸲⸴⸱ Item: Title: さぁこぜ〴ぜ〰ぉねちでづぜ〴ぜ〰ぁっぱふどびどぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰ぐひはっづびびどのでぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ざづでづぴちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ぉのつどっづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㐩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぐどへづぬ〭あちびづつぜ〴ぜ〰ごとひづびとはぬつどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ぁのちぬべびどびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獵扳散瑩潮⸲⸴⸱ Item: Title: ざづでづぴちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ぉのつどっづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㐩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぐどへづぬ〭あちびづつぜ〴ぜ〰ごとひづびとはぬつどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ぁのちぬべびどびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獵扳散瑩潮⸲⸴⸱ Item: Title: ぐどへづぬ〭あちびづつぜ〴ぜ〰ごとひづびとはぬつどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ぁのちぬべびどびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獵扳散瑩潮⸲⸴⸱ Children: Item: Title: ことちつはぷぜ〴ぜ〰げづねはぶちぬぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獵扳散瑩潮⸲⸴⸲ Item: Title: いづてはぬどちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰いづぴづっぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獵扳散瑩潮⸲⸴⸳ Item: Title: うはぬどちぴづつぜ〴ぜ〰こばづっどづびぜ〴ぜ〰いどびっひどねどのちぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㔩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰くぢなづっぴ〭あちびづつぜ〴ぜ〰げちのつはねぜ〴ぜ〰うはひづびぴぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㘩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ざちぬどつちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰ぁっっふひちっべぜ〴ぜ〰ぁびびづびびねづのぴぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸳ Item: Title: くぢなづっぴ〭あちびづつぜ〴ぜ〰げちのつはねぜ〴ぜ〰うはひづびぴぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㘩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ざちぬどつちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰ぁっっふひちっべぜ〴ぜ〰ぁびびづびびねづのぴぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸳ Item: Title: ざちぬどつちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰ぁっっふひちっべぜ〴ぜ〰ぁびびづびびねづのぴぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸳ Item: Title: げづびふぬぴびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㌮ㄩ‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぐどへづぬ〭あちびづつぜ〴ぜ〰ごとひづびとはぬつどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ぁのちぬべびどびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獵扳散瑩潮⸳⸱⸱ Children: Item: Title: ぐどへづぬ〭あちびづつぜ〴ぜ〰ごとひづびとはぬつどのでぜ〴ぜ〰ぁのちぬべびどびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獵扳散瑩潮⸳⸱⸱ Children: Item: Title: ことちつはぷぜ〴ぜ〰げづねはぶちぬぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獵扳散瑩潮⸳⸱⸲ Item: Title: いづてはぬどちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰いづぴづっぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獵扳散瑩潮⸳⸱⸳ Item: Title: うはぬどちぴづつぜ〴ぜ〰こばづっどづびぜ〴ぜ〰いどびっひどねどのちぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㌮㈩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰くぢなづっぴ〭あちびづつぜ〴ぜ〰げちのつはねぜ〴ぜ〰うはひづびぴぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㌮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ざちぬどつちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰ぁっっふひちっべぜ〴ぜ〰ぁびびづびびねづのぴぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸴ Item: Title: くぢなづっぴ〭あちびづつぜ〴ぜ〰げちのつはねぜ〴ぜ〰うはひづびぴぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㌮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ざちぬどつちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰ぁっっふひちっべぜ〴ぜ〰ぁびびづびびねづのぴぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸴ Item: Title: ざちぬどつちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰ぁっっふひちっべぜ〴ぜ〰ぁびびづびびねづのぴぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸴ Item: Title: いどびっふびびどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮ㄩ‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ことちつはぷぜ〴ぜ〰げづねはぶちぬぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㈩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰いづてはぬどちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰いづぴづっぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰うはぬどちぴづつぜ〴ぜ〰こばづっどづびぜ〴ぜ〰いどびっひどねどのちぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㐩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぃぬちびびどてどっちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ごづっとのどぱふづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㔩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰うふぴふひづぜ〴ぜ〰げづびづちひっとぜ〴ぜ〰いどひづっぴどはのびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸵ Children: Item: Title: ことちつはぷぜ〴ぜ〰げづねはぶちぬぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㈩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰いづてはぬどちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰いづぴづっぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰うはぬどちぴづつぜ〴ぜ〰こばづっどづびぜ〴ぜ〰いどびっひどねどのちぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㐩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぃぬちびびどてどっちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ごづっとのどぱふづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㔩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰うふぴふひづぜ〴ぜ〰げづびづちひっとぜ〴ぜ〰いどひづっぴどはのびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸵ Item: Title: いづてはぬどちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰いづぴづっぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰うはぬどちぴづつぜ〴ぜ〰こばづっどづびぜ〴ぜ〰いどびっひどねどのちぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㐩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぃぬちびびどてどっちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ごづっとのどぱふづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㔩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰うふぴふひづぜ〴ぜ〰げづびづちひっとぜ〴ぜ〰いどひづっぴどはのびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸵ Item: Title: うはぬどちぴづつぜ〴ぜ〰こばづっどづびぜ〴ぜ〰いどびっひどねどのちぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㐩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぃぬちびびどてどっちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ごづっとのどぱふづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㔩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰うふぴふひづぜ〴ぜ〰げづびづちひっとぜ〴ぜ〰いどひづっぴどはのびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸵ Item: Title: ぃぬちびびどてどっちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰ごづっとのどぱふづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㐮㔩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰うふぴふひづぜ〴ぜ〰げづびづちひっとぜ〴ぜ〰いどひづっぴどはのびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸵ Item: Title: うふぴふひづぜ〴ぜ〰げづびづちひっとぜ〴ぜ〰いどひづっぴどはのびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸵ Item: Title: ぃはのっぬふびどはのびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⹁⸩‾㸊⠩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡦楧畲攮捡灴楯渮㈳ Item: Title: Item: Title: げづてづひづのっづび Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: SVVJCD+Rpxr FontSubset: true FirstChar: 11 LastChar: 61 FontDescriptor: FontName: SVVJCD+Rpxr Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -283, 904, 728 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: CCSKNI+Pxsy FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 48 FontDescriptor: FontName: 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