Journal of Instrumentation OPEN ACCESS Recent citations Resolution of the ATLAS muon spectrometer - Marcel Rieger monitored drift tubes in LHC Run 2 To cite this article: The ATLAS collaboration 2019 JINST 14 P09011 View the article online for updates and enhancements. This content was downloaded from IP address 158.109.49.69 on 31/05/2021 at 15:47 Published by IOP Publishing for Sissa Medialab Received: July 2, 2019 Accepted: August 22, 2019 Published: September 16, 2019 Resolution of the ATLAS muon spectrometer monitored 2019 JINST 14 P09011 drift tubes in LHC Run 2 The ATLAS collaboration E-mail: atlas.publications@cern.ch Abstract: The momentum measurement capability of the ATLAS muon spectrometer relies funda- mentally on the intrinsic single-hit spatial resolution of the monitored drift tube precision tracking chambers. Optimal resolution is achieved with a dedicated calibration program that addresses the specific operating conditions of the 354 000 high-pressure drift tubes in the spectrometer. The calibrations consist of a set of timing offsets and drift time to drift distance transfer relations, and result in chamber resolution functions. This paper describes novel algorithms to obtain precision calibrations from data collected by ATLAS in LHC Run 2 and from a gas monitoring chamber, deployed in a dedicated gas facility. The algorithm output consists of a pair of correction constants per chamber which are applied to baseline calibrations, and determined to be valid for the entire ATLAS Run 2. The final single-hit spatial resolution, averaged over 1172 monitored drift tube chambers, is 81.7 ± 2.2 µm. Keywords: Gaseous detectors; Muon spectrometers; Particle tracking detectors (Gaseous de- tectors); Wire chambers (MWPC, Thin-gap chambers, drift chambers, drift tubes, proportional chambers etc) ArXiv ePrint: 1906.12226 c 2019 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration. Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of Sissa Medialab. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/09/P09011 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 ATLAS detector 2 3 Analysed data 3 4 MDT calibration 4 2019 JINST 14 P09011 4.1 Drift radius determination 4 4.2 t0 determination 4 4.3 R(t) function determination 5 4.4 Gas monitor chamber 6 4.5 Residuals and resolution 7 5 Correction algorithms 8 5.1 δt0 correction 8 5.2 δP correction 10 6 Resolution results 13 7 Systematic uncertainties 15 8 Conclusion 16 The ATLAS collaboration 19 1 Introduction This paper summarizes the calibration procedure and reports the single-hit spatial resolution of the monitored drift tubes (MDT) in the ATLAS muon spectrometer (MS) during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), spanning the 2015–2018 operating period. In this context, single-hit refers to the signal produced by a charged particle passing through a drift tube. The calibrations use data from both the spectrometer MDT chambers and a dedicated gas monitor MDT chamber (GMC), and are performed at the ATLAS muon calibration centers [1]. The MS design momentum resolution δp/p is ∼3% at 100 GeV and around 10% at 1 TeV [2], allowing both Standard Model measurements and new physics searches in processes containing high-momentum final-state muons [3]. Such searches may include the decay of heavy resonances into high transverse momentum (pT ) muons, demanding superior spectrometer performance for their discovery. For muons of pT above 100 GeV, the drift tube single-hit resolution (and to a lesser extent, the chamber alignment) becomes an important contribution to the transverse momentum –1– resolution, and is the dominant factor above 250 GeV [2]. At high momentum, the pT resolution σpT is determined by the relation σpT /pT ∝ σres × pT [4], where σres is the single-hit spatial resolution. The design resolution is σres = 80 µm [2]. The objective of the MDT calibration program is to achieve this resolution for all 354 000 drift tubes assembled into 1172 MDT chambers throughout all ATLAS data taking in LHC Run 2. The primary MDT calibration ingredients consist of tube t0 timing offsets (referred to here as t0 offsets or just t0 ) and chamber-specific drift electron time to drift distance transfer relations, hereafter referred to as R(t) functions. The t0 offset is primarily a function of cable length and electronics delays, while the R(t) function depends on the gas properties. The operating conditions of the MDT detectors in the ATLAS cavern are characterized by large 2019 JINST 14 P09011 temperature gradients, occasional component faults, variations in humidity, background radiation, flow, pressure and mixture instabilities of the gas supply, all of which affect the timing response. In order to achieve the optimal resolution the calibration constants are routinely monitored, corrected for many of these second-order effects, and updated. This paper describes the algorithms which generate a pair of correction parameters for the t0 offsets and the R(t) functions. These pairs of chamber-specific constants compensate for a number of systematic uncertainties associated with the operating conditions of the MDT chambers. As a final result, the MDT tube spatial resolution that has been achieved in ATLAS Run 2 is presented. Unless otherwise noted, all reported errors are statistical. 2 ATLAS detector The ATLAS experiment [5] at the LHC is a multipurpose particle detector with a forward-backward symmetric cylindrical geometry and a near 4π coverage in solid angle.1 It consists of an inner track- ing detector (ID) surrounded by a thin superconducting solenoid providing a 2 T axial magnetic field, electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, and a muon spectrometer. The ID covers the pseu- dorapidity range |η| < 2.5. It consists of silicon pixel, silicon microstrip, and transition-radiation tracking detectors. Lead/liquid-argon (LAr) sampling calorimeters provide electromagnetic (EM) energy measurements with high granularity. A steel/scintillator-tile hadronic calorimeter covers the central pseudorapidity range (|η| < 1.7). The endcap and forward regions are instrumented with LAr calorimeters for EM and hadronic energy measurements up to |η| = 4.9. The ATLAS muon spectrometer is cylindrical, 22 m in diameter and 45 m in length, surrounding the calorimeters with an acceptance coverage of 2π in azimuth and ±2.7 in pseudorapidity. It consists of a barrel and two endcap sections located in an air-core toroidal magnetic field generated by eight coils for each section. The field integral of the toroids ranges between 2.0 and 6.0 T m for most of the acceptance, while the field magnitude at the MDT chambers ranges from near zero to 0.2 T in most of the endcap region (1.05 < |η| < 2.7), and averages about 0.6 T in the barrel (|η| < 1.05) region [2]. The MS identifies muons, provides muon triggers and, integrating with the 1ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point in the center of the detector and the z-axis along the beam pipe. The x-axis points from the interaction point to the center of the LHC ring, and the y-axis points upwards. Cylindrical coordinates (r, ϕ) are used in the transverse plane, ϕ being the azimuthal angle around the z-axis. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle θ as η = − ln tan(θ/2). The momentum in the transverse plane is denoted by pT . –2– inner detector information, measures their charge sign and momenta. The MDT chambers perform precision charged-particle tracking in the plane defined by the beam axis (z) and the radial distance to the beam (r). The momentum measurement is based on the track curvature in these r-z coordinates, while resistive-plate chambers (RPC) and thin-gap chambers (TGC) provide triggering in the barrel and endcaps respectively, and readout of the so called second coordinate in the r-ϕ non-bending plane. The MDT chambers are assembled in three nested cylindrical barrel stations and three main coaxial discs in each of the endcap regions. A fourth annulus of endcap chambers covers a limited pseudorapidity region spanning from the barrel to the endcap. They are constructed of pairs of close-packed multilayers of 3 cm diameter cylindrical aluminum drift tubes, 1 m to 6 m long for the inner stations close to the beam and outer stations, respectively. Each multilayer comprises either 2019 JINST 14 P09011 three or four single planes, depending on the barrel (endcap) chamber radial (Z-axis) position, with each plane containing from 12 to 72 tubes. A 50 µm diameter anode wire is centered to within 30 µm of the axis of a 1.46 cm (1.5 cm) inner (outer) radius aluminum tube. The MDT gas is a mixture of 93% Ar and 7% CO2 plus a few hundred ppm of water vapour at 3 bar pressure. The gas flows in a common trunk line to distribution racks and is fed in parallel to all drift tubes at a rate of roughly one tube volume per day. The total gas throughput to the entire MDT system is about 2 × 106 L/day. The tubes are operated at 3080 V anode voltage to deliver a gas avalanche amplification gain of 20 000. The single-hit efficiency for a minimum-ionizing particle is nearly 100% [6]. First-level triggers [7] are implemented in hardware and combine muon spectrometer and calorimeter measurements to accept events at a maximum rate of 100 kHz. These first-level triggers are followed by more refined software-based triggers that reduce the accepted event rate to 1 kHz on average. 3 Analysed data The results presented here are based on a subset of the ATLAS Run 2 proton-proton collision √ data at a center-of-mass energy s = 13 TeV. Specifically, this analysis uses 1.3 fb−1 of data that were acquired in 2015, 23.8 fb−1 in 2016, and 22.3 fb−1 in 2017. The 2015 and 2017 data include 7.9 pb−1 and 55.3 pb−1 , respectively, collected with the MS toroid magnet turned off. The data set is from the primary ATLAS physics data stream that includes all triggers and was processed with data quality selections common to all physics analyses. The selected set of data runs is distributed along the whole data acquisition period for each year, allowing checks of the stability of the parameters under study in different conditions. Each single run contains enough muon tracks per chamber to allow the determination of the R(t) and resolution functions. Two corrections that depend on the non-bending plane second coordinate are applied to the time of the MDT signal by the offline event reconstruction software: (1) the magnetic-field-induced Lorentz angle effect on the drift time [8] and (2) the signal propagation time associated with the hit position along the wire. This paper uses single-hit information from muon tracks with pT > 20 GeV that are recon- structed in the ID and MS. The data include drift times, drift radii and timing offsets as used by the offline tracking reconstruction algorithms. A minimum of 1000 tube hits per chamber per run is required to obtain stable fit results in the analysis. As a consequence of these selection criteria the number of chambers for which results are obtained has a run-to-run variation of 0.3%. When –3– possible, multiple consecutive runs with the same gas conditions are grouped together in order to reach a minimum number of muon tracks per chamber. 4 MDT calibration This section introduces the drift radius measurement and the basic calibration parameters necessary for its determination. The operational definition of the single-hit spatial resolution as applied in this analysis is then presented. 4.1 Drift radius determination 2019 JINST 14 P09011 The MDT drift tube signal, or hit, provides the pulse arrival time, and a quantity reconstructed as the collected electric charge of the signal pulse. Read-out is accomplished with 24-channel front-end cards. These cards amplify, shape and discriminate the signals with programmable thresholds, then digitize the data. The hit time data are recorded in 1.2 µs windows initiated by a first-level trigger signal with a 0.78125 ns minimum digitization time. The charge contained in the leading edge of the signal is stored as voltage on a capacitor and read out as a run-down time using the Wilkinson technique [9]. The signal arrival time is relative to a specific proton-proton interaction time called the bunch crossing identifier. The bunch crossing time is measured in 25 ns ticks synchronized with an LHC global 40 MHz clock, and is subtracted in the read-out electronics hardware to yield the raw pulse arrival time. This pulse arrival time includes, in addition to the drift time, several timing offsets: the time-of-flight of the particle (muon) from the proton-proton interaction point to the tube, the signal propagation time along the tube wire, plus various fixed electronics and cable latencies. The sum of all these is referred to as the t0 offset. The t0 offset therefore represents the drift time produced by a particle crossing at the tube wire. The raw time for every hit is converted into a drift time by subtracting the tube time offset. The drift time is a measure of the transit time of electrons generated by the primary ionization and subsequent avalanche multiplication to arrive at the anode wire. The resultant drift time is then mapped to the drift distance (circle) by means of a time-to-distance R(t) transfer function, an example of which is shown in figure 1. The best straight line tangent to all such drift circles in a single chamber forms a track segment. In ATLAS, the t0 offset is a property of a single tube, whereas an R(t) function is associated to a single MDT chamber. This association is valid to the extent that the operating conditions are uniform. Since chambers share a common high-voltage supply, gas pressure and thermal environment, these conditions are generally met at the chamber level. These t0 offsets and R(t) functions, globally called calibration constants, are generated by the ATLAS calibration computing centers. 4.2 t 0 determination While the t0 offset represents the drift time of a hit at the wire, operationally it is defined as the point of 50% of maximum amplitude of a Fermi-Dirac sigmoid function fit to the rising edge of an MDT drift time spectrum [10], as illustrated in figure 2. t0 offsets are nominally determined for all tubes in the MS using single tube spectra or, when hit statistics are poor, the combined spectra from groups of 24 equal-length tubes sharing a common readout card. This t0 offset definition is subject –4– 2019 JINST 14 P09011 Figure 1. Gas monitor chamber R(t) function for Figure 2. Measured drift time spectrum for a 93% Ar-7% CO2 (and less than 0.1% of water generic MDT chamber with a Fermi-Dirac func- vapour) for standard condition: 293 K, 3080 V tion fit to the rising edge of the distribution. and 3 bar, obtained via autocalibration. to small systematic uncertainties of order 1 ns. These arise from different data selection, different background level and operating conditions in the GMC (see section 4.4) and the MDT systems, which affect the number of hits near the wire, the slope of the rising edge, and the subsequent fit result. These systematic effects are relevant for the GMC-based universal R(t) function described in section 4.3 which is computed using the GMC t0 offsets. They are resolved using a correction parameter, δt0 , described in section 5.1. 4.3 R(t) function determination A standard method to extract the R(t) function is by an autocalibration algorithm [11]. This algorithm, using a given set of t0 offsets, iterates the linear fit to the drift radii in a chamber, each time updating the R(t) function until the residuals converge to a minimum. An autocalibration R(t) function is self-adapting to the chamber conditions, but a daily implementation of this procedure for every single MDT chamber requires significant computing resources and a large amount of data transfer and storage. The alternative R(t) function calibration method used here adopts the temperature-corrected universal R(t) (URT), where the URT is the GMC R(t) function derived using autocalibration for standard operating conditions (defined as gas pressure 3 bar, high voltage 3080 V, temperature 293 K, and GMC t0 offsets). The URT method assumes that the absolute measured values of the chamber operating conditions of both the GMC and the MDT chambers are all known and that their differences can be corrected. The main sources of systematic differences resulting from this assumption are: • The MDT chamber pressures can differ from the 3 bar nominal point due to several factors: local gas flow rates, pressure gauge location in the gas flow circuit, and pressure sensor offsets. Furthermore, sensors used in the GMC and in the MDT gas racks have systematic uncertainties of 10–20 mbar. • The internal MDT gas temperature may be systematically misrepresented by the thermal sensors. There are typically eight sensors mounted on the tube walls at different locations in –5– the chamber. These sensors are read out periodically, and a daily average value over all sensors is computed. However, due to possible thermal gradients across the chambers (on average 1.8 ± 0.7 (RMS) K), and because the sensors are external to the tubes, this average temperature may not accurately represent the internal temperature everywhere in the gas volume. • The actual high voltage supplied to chambers might deviate slightly (by about 1 V) from the nominal 3080 V operating voltage, although this has an effect of less than 0.1% on the maximum drift time. A larger high-voltage deviation generally indicates equipment failure, not a systematic error, and it is addressed during the detector access periods. 2019 JINST 14 P09011 To correct for these effects a single catch-all parameter, referred to as effective pressure, δP, is defined. This parameter is used in a phenomenological correction function described in section 5.2. In summary, an MDT chamber requires two types of calibrations: an R(t) function and a set of t0 offsets, each with a specific set of uncertainties. Two similar algorithms provide correction factors that compensate for these uncertainties and lead to improved single-hit spatial resolution. 4.4 Gas monitor chamber The GMC [10] is an independent MDT chamber that operates in the surface gas facility, outside of the ATLAS experimental cavern. It has two gas partitions each independently sampling the common MDT trunk supply and exhaust lines that serve the entire MDT system, and records cosmic-ray muons at a rate of about 14 Hz. It is housed in a stable thermal enclosure where all operating parameters, gas flow, pressure, temperature, and high voltage, are continuously monitored. The principal GMC output is a measurement of the maximum drift time, tmax = tw −t0 , where tw is the arrival time of a hit located at the tube wall. A drift time spectrum, similar to figure 2, is com- puted for standard operating conditions by applying a correction function [12] based on the output of chamber-mounted pressure and temperature sensors. The tail end of the spectrum is fitted using a modified Fermi-Dirac sigmoid function similar to that used to obtain the t0 offsets, and the tmax is defined as a fit parameter, as described in ref. [10]. The tmax is published hourly to the online run monitoring system and to the muon calibration centers. A variation of tmax > 1 ns triggers the calcu- lation of a new set of R(t) functions for the track reconstruction. The tmax is sensitive to small changes in the gas composition: for example, a 100 ppm absolute increase in water vapour content yields a nearly 7 ns increase in tmax [13]. A single 24-hour period of GMC tmax data is shown in figure 3, where the stability is better than 1 ns RMS. The GMC tmax superimposed with the same quantity de- termined from the average of all chambers over the 2016 data-taking period is presented in figure 4. A one-time offset of −12 ns is applied to compensate for the typical difference in gas temperature between the MDT and the standard URT that range from about 4.5 to 5 K. The range of tmax variation over one year is 15 ns. This change, observed annually, is attributed to the seasonal variation in am- bient humidity in the ATLAS cavern that modulates the content of water vapour in the gas mixture. The GMC produces URT functions every two hours. After local GMC temperature and pressure corrections are applied, the URT registers only changes in the gas composition. Based on the daily average of measurements from detector-mounted thermal sensors, the URT is converted into chamber-specific R(t) functions [12]. These chamber R(t) functions are further tuned by the δP correction parameter, as detailed in section 5.2. –6– 2019 JINST 14 P09011 Figure 3. Hourly GMC measurements of Figure 4. Measurement of tmax daily average tmax over a single day during Run 2. over the entire 2016 data-taking period, obtained from an average of all chambers and from the GMC. The horizontal axis represents run num- bers, which are not uniformly distributed in time. Dotted lines delineate months. 4.5 Residuals and resolution Track segments in a chamber are the best-fit straight lines tangent to the N circles defined by N drift radii. The distance of closest approach of a hit radius to this fit line is either a fit or hit residual. The former results when all N data points are included in the linear fit, and the latter is a measure of the j th residual when the j th point is excluded from the fit of the other N − 1 points. Hit and fit residual distributions (N entries per track, for all tracks in the analysed data set) are generated for each MDT chamber. Residuals are calculated for each of 15 radial bins, 1 mm wide, from 0 to 15 mm in drift radius r, as well as for a single 15-mm-wide radial bin. The former are used to obtain the radial dependence of the resolution and the latter is used to obtain the single-hit spatial resolution, both averaged over all tubes in a chamber. The residual distributions are fitted using a double- Gaussian function as expressed in equation (4.1): this choice is dictated by the stochastic nature of the signal formation that arises from ion-pair creation, gas diffusion and electron-ion transport and, importantly, allows for the dependence of the drift velocity on drift radius, as indicated by the non-linearity of the R(t) function in figure 1. These properties produce residual distributions with radially dependent widths, including tails that are attributed to misassociated track hits from delta- rays and asynchronous background hits. While a single-Gaussian function inadequately describes the distributions for all radial bins, the double-Gaussian function used here provides a good fit to the residuals with a minimal increase in the number of free parameters. The fit function is: −(r −r̄ )2 −(r −r̄ )2 2σn2 2 f (r) = An e + Aw e 2σw , (4.1) where An , Aw , σn , σw are the amplitudes and standard deviations of a narrow and a wide Gaussian component. The two terms in equation (4.1) are constrained to a common mean r̄, and fit over a residual range of ± 0.5 mm, which contains more than 99% of hits (section 7). The σ parameters (for fit and hit residuals) are determined for the r th radial bin of the amplitude-weighted standard –7– deviations of the double-Gaussian function by: An (r)σn (r) + Aw (r)σw (r) σ(r) = . (4.2) An (r) + Aw (r) where the dependence of the fit parameters on the drift radius is explicitly indicated. Fit and hit residual distributions for a representative chamber at a drift radius near the wire, where the resolution is broader than far away from the wire, are shown in figures 5 and 6, respectively. These distributions are fit with the function of equation (4.1). For comparison purposes a single-Gaussian fit within the FWHM of these distributions is also shown. 2019 JINST 14 P09011 Figure 5. Fit residual distribution for a represen- Figure 6. Hit residual distribution for the same tative chamber for the radial bin r = [2, 3] mm. chamber and radial bin as in figure 5. A double-Gaussian (solid line) is fit in the range ±0.5 mm. A single-Gaussian (dotted line) is fit within the FWHM but shown out to ±0.5 mm. The drift tube spatial resolution, σres , is the geometric mean of the fit and hit residual widths [14] defined as: p σres (r) = σfit (r) · σhit (r) (4.3) This approach was checked by Monte Carlo simulation. About 106 tracks incident on a generic chamber within a 10◦ angular range were generated. The drift radii assigned to these tracks were Gaussian distributed about their initial values using a radially dependent input resolution function derived from a test beam [15]. These smeared hit points were linearly fit and the output resolution for each radial bin was obtained using equation (4.3). The mean difference over the tube radius between the output and input resolution is 0.3 ± 0.2 µm, confirming the validity of the formulation. 5 Correction algorithms This section describes the algorithms used to determine the δt0 and δP corrections and their associated metrics, the track residuals and the resolution. 5.1 δt 0 correction The default t0 offset definition may vary by the order of 1 ns from the t0 value that provides the best resolution. The algorithm described here is a variant of the tuning procedures designed to find the –8– best linear fit to a track segment by tuning the t0 on a track-by-track basis [16]. The δt0 correction method instead optimizes the default t0 by testing a new, modified t0 associated with a single chamber simultaneously for all tubes and for all tracks in a data run, while keeping the R(t) function fixed. The algorithm operates on track segments containing at least as many hits as there are drift tube layers in the chamber, i.e. a minimum of six (eight) hits for a six-layer (eight-layer) chamber. The procedure steps through δt0 over a range of ±10 ns in 0.5 ns steps. At each step, new drift times and drift radii are computed and the segments are re-fit. Importantly, the residuals are evaluated only for hits with drift radii r < 5 mm where the drift velocity is largest, about 50 µm/ns. By using only these near-wire residuals the procedure is practically insensitive to the R(t) function and avoids compensating for systematic uncertainties which come into play at larger drift radii (see figure 12). 2019 JINST 14 P09011 Figure 7. Hit residual distributions for a repre- Figure 8. Typical RMS widths of hit residual sentative chamber for t0 correction parameter set distributions of hits less than 5 mm from the wire to −4 ns (left), +1 ns (center) and +6 ns (right) as a function of the t0 correction, for the same from the default value. Widths are 296, 188 and chamber as in figure 7. 303 µm, respectively. Figure 7 shows segment hit residuals from the t0 correction procedure for a representative chamber for δt0 values of −4, +1, and +6 ns. Figure 8 shows the incremental change with each step of the residual RMS widths for the entire range of δt0 values relative to the initial t0 . The optimal δt0 is the one yielding the minima of the RMS widths of the fit and hit residual distributions. The value on the vertical axis corresponding to the minimum in figure 8 does not represent the resolution, but only the RMS spread of the hit residuals near the wire.2 The δt0 correction procedure is applied to 2015 data (the first year of Run 2 operation) using initial t0 offsets generated by the MDT calibration centers. The δt0 corrections obtained in a much higher peak-luminosity November 2015 run, 4.8 × 1033 cm−2 s−1 , are shown in figure 9, which reveals an average t0 global correction of 1.3 ns with a RMS spread of 0.7 ns. The tails of the distribution are populated by a few chambers that were measured to have been constructed with structural non-conformities affecting the internal alignment of the tubes and therefore of the hit positions. The δt0 correction tries to compensate for this misalignment. 2For over 95% of the MDT chambers the double-Gaussian fits yield the same t0 minima as obtained using the RMS of the residual distributions. In the remaining chambers the fit method can lead to anomalous minima, so for consistency and stability of the results, the RMS method to establish the minimum is adopted for all chambers. –9– 2019 JINST 14 P09011 Figure 9. Distribution of δt0 for one run in Figure 10. Chamber-averaged δt0 values for runs November 2015 determined by the t0 correction in 2016 (left) and 2017 (right). Uncertainties are algorithm. the RMS of the distributions. The determination of the δt0 corrections for all MDT chambers was repeated for a selection of data runs that span all data-taking periods in 2016 and 2017. The chamber-averaged δt0 corrections for each run are shown in figure 10. At least 1165 out of the total 1172 chambers are included in each data point used for this average, depending on the integrated luminosity of the run. For the 65 runs analysed in 2016 the mean global δt0 offset is 1.35 ± 0.05 (RMS) ns, consistent with the result determined from the 2015 data set. The δt0 corrections from 2016 are then added to the calibration constants for 2017, so that the algorithm, when applied to the 2017 data set, produces a smaller global shift with a mean of 0.43 ± 0.07 (RMS) ns. Figure 11 shows the chamber-by-chamber δt0 difference between the first and last runs of the 2017 data set. In the first run, the toroid magnetic field was off and in the last run the field was at full strength and the instantaneous luminosity was higher by one order of magnitude. The mean difference is consistent with zero. This result demonstrates that the δt0 parameter, once established, remains stable for all chambers over a large range of instantaneous luminosity and is insensitive to the magnetic field. 5.2 δP correction Optimization of the R(t) functions is done with an effective pressure parameter, δP, that corrects for the (small) inaccuracies in gas pressure sensors, temperature measurement, and high voltage. In all three cases, minor variations from nominal values produce radially dependent changes in the R(t) function, such that a single, scalable correction function can be used. The calculation of this function is done using the Garfield program [17] configured to model the drift electron transport in MDT tubes with standard operating parameters as in section 2. Specifically, a pure Ar-CO2 gas mixture without water vapour and zero magnetic field is used. Figure 12 shows the predicted change in the drift time as a function of drift radius for variations of temperature, pressure and high voltage from their reference values. This drift time response was previously validated with temperature data [12]. The maximum effect on the drift time is at the tube wall as expressed in equation (5.1), where the temperature correction is −2.6 ns/K, while the pressure correction function scales as −0.1 K/mbar relative to the temperature correction. The negative sign means that an increase in gas – 10 – 2019 JINST 14 P09011 Figure 11. Chamber-by-chamber difference in Figure 12. Garfield simulation of drift time vari- the δt0 parameter obtained from the June (toroid ation as a function of drift radius for: +3 K, magnetic field off) and November (toroid mag- −31 mbar, and +30 V change relative to 293 K, netic field on) 2017 data. 3 bar and 3080 V, respectively. pressure at fixed temperature corresponds to an increase in gas density, a decreased drift electron mean free path, and thus longer drift times. Similarly, a higher voltage at fixed pressure leads to an increased electric field and higher drift velocity. Importantly, for any of these parameters, the curves in figure 12 indicate a negligible effect on drift times for radii smaller than 5 mm. For small deviations of the high voltage from the nominal setting, the drift time changes by only about 0.26 ns/V at the tube wall, thus typical systematic offsets of 1 V have a negligible effect: ns ns ns ∆t(wall) [ns] = −2.6 × ∆T [K] = +0.26 × ∆P [mbar] = −0.26 × ∆V [V]. (5.1) K mbar V The effective pressure correction algorithm is similar to the δt0 method and uses the same track- segment hit selection. For a collection of track-segment hits, δP is incremented in 5 mbar steps through a ±100 mbar range of test pressures centered around the nominal 3 bar. The R(t) function is recalculated using the correction function shown in figure 12 rescaled by the P+δP effective pressure value assumed in the scan, new drift radii are obtained from the newly corrected R(t) function, and track segments are re-fit and residuals evaluated. The procedure is initiated with the set of chamber- specific R(t) functions of the day of the run. The δt0 corrections found previously are applied to the hit drift times. For δP determination, the residuals are calculated for all drift radii. Similar to the δt0 procedure, the optimal δP is the one yielding the minimum of the RMS width of the fit and hit residual distributions. The hit residuals for three δP values, of −40 mbar, 10 mbar and 60 mbar, are shown for a representative chamber in figure 13. Figure 14 shows the RMS width of the hit residual distribution as a function of δP for the full scan range. The minimum at 10 mbar represents the best value of this parameter. The minima of curves similar to figure 14, taken as the δP step corresponding to the lowest residual, were initially determined for all MDT chambers using data from August 2015 with the toroid magnet turned off. The algorithm was applied to a set of collision runs acquired 2.5 months later with the magnetic field turned on, and with 25 times higher instantaneous luminosity (from 0.17 × 1033 cm−2 s−1 in mid August to 4.8 × 1033 cm−2 s−1 at beginning of November), yielding in both cases an average correction δP of 30.0 ± 0.3 mbar with an 11 mbar RMS spread. Distributions – 11 – 2019 JINST 14 P09011 Figure 13. Fit residual distributions for a repre- Figure 14. Fit residual RMS as a function of sentative MDT chamber for δP = −40 mbar (left), δP for the same chamber as in figure 13. +10 mbar (middle, optimal setting) and +60 mbar (right). RMS widths are 141, 131 and 144 µm, respectively. of the latter δP results are shown in figure 15, and the chamber-by-chamber differences in the δP correction for the two data sets are shown in figure 16. The measured change is within the δP step size. The corrections are stable in time and insensitive to both the magnetic field and the increased hit rates that result from higher instantaneous luminosity. Figure 15. Distribution of δP for a high- Figure 16. Chamber-by-chamber difference of luminosity run in November 2015. δP for a run with the toroidal magnetic field off and a run 2.5 months later with 25 times higher luminosity and the toroid on. The δP algorithm was further applied to 65 collision runs acquired from May to October 2016, where the peak luminosity exceeded 1034 cm−2 s−1 , more than twice that of November 2015. These runs used R(t) functions which included the δP corrections determined in the 2015 data. The chamber-averaged δP value for each of the runs in 2016 and 2017 is shown in figure 17 as a function of run date. The average of δP over all of 2016 data is 9.5 ± 0.8 mbar (RMS = 1.3 mbar) and for 2017 is 12.3 ± 1.0 mbar (RMS = 1.3 mbar). The δP correction is stable over each year to better than 3 mbar. Figure 18 shows the distribution of the chamber-by-chamber δP difference – 12 – between the first and last runs in the 2016 data set. The mean difference is 2.3 ± 4.5 (RMS) mbar, within the systematic uncertainty of the algorithm (section 7). This overall result supports the initial hypothesis that δP represents primarily systematic offsets of pressure gauges and other sensors and, once determined, would remain stable throughout a year of running. 2019 JINST 14 P09011 Figure 17. Chamber-averaged δP for each anal- Figure 18. Chamber-by-chamber differences in ysed run in 2016 (left) and 2017 (right). The un- δP between the first and last 2016 analysed run. certainties are the RMS spread of the chamber’s δP distribution. 6 Resolution results The single-hit MDT tube spatial resolution, as defined in equation (4.3), is measured in runs with the toroidal magnetic field on. A requirement of pT > 20 GeV for the muon transverse momentum measured with the ID is applied to reduce the track curvature such that track segments could be reliably fit with a linear function, even in the chambers in a high magnetic field. For these tracks the negligible effects of the curvature due to magnetic field are folded into the systematic uncertainty. The resolution obtained for a series of runs in each year of Run 2 is reported in figure 19. The full circles are calculated directly from fits to the default reconstructed track segments using the standard t0 and R(t) calibration constants. The triangles include the δt0 corrections, and the blue inverted triangles also include δP corrections. Significant improvements to the resolution in 2015 are the result of a first implementation of the corrections, dominated by δP. These δP corrections were subsequently included in the standard production of R(t) function calibration constants. The application of the procedure in each year yields 1–2 µm better resolution. The δt0 corrections in 2015 and 2016 each lead to a 3–4 µm improvement in resolution. From the beginning of 2017 the previous year’s δt0 corrections are also applied, but only the δP corrections from 2016 (not those from 2015). However, they yield an improvement of only 1.2 µm as shown in the right panel of figure 19. Both the best δt0 and δP values are incorporated in the end-of-year data reprocessing in order to provide the best calibrated data for subsequent physics analyses. Figure 20 summarizes the resolution averaged over all runs in 2015, 2016, and 2017, for each MDT chamber. The left panels show the initial resolutions obtained with the standard calibrations. The right panels show the resolutions after all δt0 and δP corrections are implemented and using – 13 – 2019 JINST 14 P09011 Figure 19. Resolution averaged over chambers Figure 20. Single-hit resolutions for each cham- for runs in 2015 (left), 2016 (center) and 2017 ber. Left: with default calibrations (different con- (right) using default calibrations, with δt0 and ditions every year). Right: with all corrections δP corrections. The initial calibration data in and most up-to-date R(t) functions. the right panel already include the δt0 corrections from 2016; additional δt0 correction is not needed. daily updated R(t) functions: 84.9 ± 0.2 µm for 2015, 82.3 ± 0.2 µm for 2016, and 81.7 ± 0.2 µm for 2017. Notably the improvements are measured both by the decrease of the mean value of the distribution and by the decrease of the RMS width, indicating greater uniformity of the resolutions of the whole ensemble of MDT chambers. In 2015, the δP corrections were applied for the first time in Run 2, and then incorporated into the default calibrations for 2016. In 2016, the larger data set allowed a much higher fraction of the initial t0 offsets to be determined for single tubes by the calibration centers, resulting in a better overall initial resolution. The δt0 corrections from 2016 were propagated into the default calibrations for 2017. For this reason, the incremental improvement in both the mean and the RMS spread decreases with each year and the standard offline tube resolution approaches the fully corrected result. The final MDT drift tube spatial resolution, with all corrections described in previous sections included, is shown as a function of drift radius in figure 21 and in figure 22. In particular, figure 21 shows for 2016 the run-averaged resolution distributions σres (r) in 1 mm radial bins, where each histogram bin entry represents a single chamber. This set of histograms therefore represents the full range of resolution functions obtained for the entire ensemble of MDT chambers. The mean values of these distributions are plotted as a single resolution function in figure 22, where the uncertainties are the RMS widths of the distributions for all chambers. For comparison, the resolution curves of a single MDT chamber deployed in a test beam [15], with and without background irradiation, are also displayed. The 2016 chamber-weighted resolution averaged over all radial bins is 86.4 ± 0.2 µm and the average excluding the radial bin closest to the wire is 79.7 ± 0.2 µm. These two values bracket the final 2016 resolution averaged over all chambers, presented in figure 20, of 82.3 ± 0.2 µm. Specific high instantaneous luminosity collision runs are analysed in order to measure the drift tube rates by counting all chamber hits occurring within the MDT read-out time window of 1.2 µs initiated by any muon trigger. This total number of hits per time window is normalized to the total tube area to obtain a rate per unit area. These rates are consistently less than 10 Hz/cm2 , – 14 – except for one set of 16 endcap inner chambers at high pseudorapidity whose rates range from 20 to 50 Hz/cm2 , and another set of 16 chambers nearest the beam-line where rates range from 60 to 140 Hz/cm2 . At background rates above 100 Hz/cm2 , some loss in tracking efficiency and resolution is expected due to increased read-out electronics dead time and space charge in the gas, respectively. Furthermore, an increase of the read-out electronics dead time was observed in special high instantaneous luminosity runs at the end of Run 1, and addressed in Run 2 by optimizing the data acquisition parameters. The resolutions from the analysed runs recorded in 2017 are entirely consistent with the results from 2016 shown here. 2019 JINST 14 P09011 Figure 21. Distribution of resolutions in 1 mm Figure 22. Resolution as a function of drift radius radial bins of drift radius for all MDT chambers, averaged over all MDT chambers and all analysed averaged over all analysed runs from 2016. runs from 2016. Muon test-beam resolutions of an MDT chamber with background radiation from 0 to 64 Hz/cm2 are also shown for comparison [15]. Uncertainties are RMS widths of the resolution distribution for all chambers. 7 Systematic uncertainties The main sources of systematic uncertainty affecting the determination of the MDT resolution are: (1) the fit uncertainty associated with the range of the double-Gaussian fit; (2) the use of linear fits for curved track segments; (3) the precision of the δt0 and δP determinations; and (4) the accuracy of equation (4.3) to describe the resolution. They are described in this section. A double-Gaussian function is fit in a range of ±500 µm for both the fit and hit residual distributions. This fit function matches well the central region with a narrow component and the tails with the wider component. The fraction of hits included in the residual distributions exceeds 99% for most drift radii, and (95–97)% for the first millimeter nearest the wire. The reason for this additional loss is attributed to the minimum 1 mm path length corresponding to the MDT front-end electronics threshold of 23 primary ionization electrons [9]. For radial distances below 1 mm, – 15 – the precision of the drift radius determination deteriorates due to the small number of ion pairs, increasing the fraction of large residuals. A modification of the fit range down to ±400 µm and up to ±1 mm produces an overall systematic variation in the resolution of 1 µm. The path of a low-pT muon track is slightly deflected by the magnetic field as it passes through a chamber. For this reason, the tracks used in the analysis have a minimum transverse momentum of 20 GeV, yielding an average pT of 40 GeV. The systematic resolution broadening from using a linear fit is determined from a Monte Carlo calculation using a worst-case 0.6 T magnetic field and for the most prevalent MDT geometry: a six-layer chamber with a 17 cm spacer frame separating the two multilayers. The hits are smeared with the nominal 80 µm resolution, linearly fit to generate residuals, and the resolution computed from equation (4.3). The average resolution for pT = 40 GeV 2019 JINST 14 P09011 muons is broadened by about 2 µm relative to the nominal value. In addition, this uncertainty from track curvature in the magnetic field is also directly investigated by comparing the resolutions obtained with and without the toroidal magnetic field. The average resolution of all chambers with the toroid field off is σoff = 80.1 ± 0.2 µm. The average broadening of the measured resolution due to the toroidal field is 1.6 ± 0.3 µm, consistent with the result from Monte Carlo calculation. The step of the correction algorithm is 0.5 ns for δt0 and 5 mbar for δP. The minima are found separately for the hit and fit residual distributions, and agree to within one step for more than 90% of the chambers. Therefore, the precision with which the parameters can be reliably established is esti- mated to be half of the step size. The uncertainty for each parameter is determined by altering the op- timal δt0 and δP values within ±0.25 ns for δt0 and ±2.5 mbar for δP and recalculating the resolution functions. The average systematic uncertainty in the correction parameter determination is 1 µm. A final, small systematic uncertainty derives from the accuracy to which the resolution function of equation (4.2) reproduces the true resolution. This uncertainty, described in section 4.5, is 0.3 µm. The total systematic error of the single-hit spatial resolution measurement, taken as the sum in quadrature of all contributions, is 2.2 µm, as summarized in table 1, and about 2.6% of the overall average resolution. Table 1. Main resolution systematic uncertainties averaged over all chambers. Systematic uncertainty Size [µm] Double-Gaussian fit range 1.0 Straight-line track fit 1.6 Optimal δP and δt0 values 1.0 Resolution function accuracy 0.3 Total 2.2 8 Conclusion This document describes a novel method to optimize the single-hit spatial resolution of the muon MDT chambers of the ATLAS experiment during Run 2 of the LHC. This method tunes the initial t0 derived from drift time spectra and provides a correction parameter for R(t) functions produced – 16 – by a gas monitor MDT chamber. The extracted corrections were used in the 2015 and 2016 end-of-year data reprocessing, and became fully integrated in the online calibrations from 2017 onward, yielding results consistent with those presented here. These two combined correction parameters are shown to be very stable over a year, insensitive to increasing luminosity, variations in environmental conditions, or the magnetic field. The method applied to the 2017 data achieves a mean single-hit spatial resolution of 81.7 ± 0.2 ± 2.2 (sys) µm with an RMS spread of 7 µm over all 1172 MDT chambers in the spectrometer. The resolution approaches the design value of 80 µm, consistent over all MDT chambers, and stable across all run periods. 2019 JINST 14 P09011 Acknowledgments We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COL- CIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Fed- eration; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received sup- port from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and Compute Canada, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d’ Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particu- lar from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Swe- den), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.) and BNL (U.S.A.), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in ref. [18]. References [1] T. 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Buttar57 , J.M. Butterworth94 , P. Butti36 , W. Buttinger36 , A. Buzatu158 , A.R. Buzykaev122b,122a , G. Cabras23b,23a , S. Cabrera Urbán174 , D. Caforio56 , H. Cai173 , V.M.M. Cairo153 , O. Cakir4a , N. Calace36 , P. Calafiura18 , A. Calandri101 , G. Calderini136 , P. Calfayan65 , G. Callea57 , L.P. Caloba80b , S. Calvente Lopez98 , D. Calvet38 , S. Calvet38 , T.P. Calvet155 , M. Calvetti71a,71b , R. Camacho Toro136 , S. Camarda36 , D. Camarero Munoz98 , P. Camarri73a,73b , D. Cameron134 , R. Caminal Armadans102 , C. Camincher36 , S. Campana36 , M. Campanelli94 , A. Camplani40 , A. Campoverde151 , V. Canale69a,69b , A. Canesse103 , M. Cano Bret60c , J. Cantero129 , T. Cao161 , Y. Cao173 , M.D.M. Capeans Garrido36 , M. Capua41b,41a , R. Cardarelli73a , F.C. Cardillo149 , G. Carducci41b,41a , I. Carli143 , T. Carli36 , G. Carlino69a , B.T. Carlson139 , L. Carminati68a,68b , R.M.D. Carney45a,45b , S. Caron119 , E. Carquin147b , S. Carrá46 , J.W.S. Carter167 , M.P. Casado14,d , A.F. Casha167 , D.W. Casper171 , R. Castelijn120 , F.L. Castillo174 , V. Castillo Gimenez174 , N.F. Castro140a,140e , A. Catinaccio36 , J.R. Catmore134 , A. Cattai36 , J. Caudron24 , V. Cavaliere29 , E. Cavallaro14 , M. Cavalli-Sforza14 , V. Cavasinni71a,71b , E. Celebi12b , F. Ceradini74a,74b , L. Cerda Alberich174 , K. Cerny130 , A.S. Cerqueira80a , A. Cerri156 , L. Cerrito73a,73b , F. Cerutti18 , A. Cervelli23b,23a , S.A. Cetin12b , Z. Chadi35a , D. Chakraborty121 , S.K. Chan59 , W.S. Chan120 , W.Y. Chan90 , J.D. Chapman32 , B. Chargeishvili159b , D.G. Charlton21 , T.P. Charman92 , C.C. Chau34 , S. Che126 , A. Chegwidden106 , S. Chekanov6 , S.V. Chekulaev168a , G.A. Chelkov79,aw , M.A. Chelstowska36 , B. Chen78 , C. Chen60a , C.H. Chen78 , H. Chen29 , J. Chen60a , J. Chen39 , S. Chen137 , S.J. Chen15c , X. Chen15b,av , Y. Chen82 , Y-H. Chen46 , H.C. Cheng63a , H.J. Cheng15a,15d , A. Cheplakov79 , E. Cheremushkina123 , R. Cherkaoui El Moursli35e , E. Cheu7 , K. Cheung64 , T.J.A. 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Costa174 , F. Costanza5 , D. Costanzo149 , G. Cowan93 , J.W. Cowley32 , J. Crane100 , K. Cranmer124 , S.J. Crawley57 , R.A. Creager137 , S. Crépé-Renaudin58 , F. Crescioli136 , M. Cristinziani24 , V. Croft120 , G. Crosetti41b,41a , A. Cueto5 , T. Cuhadar Donszelmann149 , A.R. Cukierman153 , S. Czekierda84 , P. Czodrowski36 , M.J. Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa60b , J.V. Da Fonseca Pinto80b , C. Da Via100 , W. Dabrowski83a , T. Dado28a , S. Dahbi35e , T. Dai105 , C. Dallapiccola102 , M. Dam40 , G. D’amen23b,23a , V. D’Amico74a,74b , J. Damp99 , J.R. Dandoy137 , M.F. Daneri30 , N.P. Dang181 , N.D Dann100 , M. Danninger175 , V. Dao36 , – 20 – G. Darbo55b , O. Dartsi5 , A. Dattagupta131 , T. Daubney46 , S. D’Auria68a,68b , W. Davey24 , C. David46 , T. Davidek143 , D.R. Davis49 , I. Dawson149 , K. De8 , R. De Asmundis69a , M. De Beurs120 , S. De Castro23b,23a , S. De Cecco72a,72b , N. De Groot119 , P. de Jong120 , H. De la Torre106 , A. De Maria15c , D. De Pedis72a , A. De Salvo72a , U. De Sanctis73a,73b , M. De Santis73a,73b , A. De Santo156 , K. De Vasconcelos Corga101 , J.B. De Vivie De Regie132 , C. Debenedetti146 , D.V. Dedovich79 , A.M. Deiana42 , M. Del Gaudio41b,41a , J. Del Peso98 , Y. Delabat Diaz46 , D. Delgove132 , F. Deliot145,q , C.M. Delitzsch7 , M. Della Pietra69a,69b , D. Della Volpe54 , A. Dell’Acqua36 , L. Dell’Asta73a,73b , M. Delmastro5 , C. Delporte132 , P.A. Delsart58 , D.A. DeMarco167 , S. Demers183 , M. Demichev79 , G. Demontigny109 , S.P. Denisov123 , D. Denysiuk120 , L. D’Eramo136 , D. Derendarz84 , J.E. Derkaoui35d , F. Derue136 , P. Dervan90 , K. Desch24 , C. Deterre46 , K. Dette167 , C. Deutsch24 , M.R. Devesa30 , P.O. Deviveiros36 , A. Dewhurst144 , S. Dhaliwal26 , F.A. Di Bello54 , A. Di Ciaccio73a,73b , L. Di Ciaccio5 , 2019 JINST 14 P09011 W.K. Di Clemente137 , C. Di Donato69a,69b , A. Di Girolamo36 , G. Di Gregorio71a,71b , B. Di Micco74a,74b , R. Di Nardo102 , K.F. Di Petrillo59 , R. Di Sipio167 , D. Di Valentino34 , C. Diaconu101 , F.A. Dias40 , T. Dias Do Vale140a , M.A. Diaz147a , J. Dickinson18 , E.B. Diehl105 , J. Dietrich19 , S. Díez Cornell46 , A. Dimitrievska18 , W. Ding15b , J. Dingfelder24 , F. Dittus36 , F. Djama101 , T. Djobava159b , J.I. Djuvsland17 , M.A.B. Do Vale80c , M. Dobre27b , D. Dodsworth26 , C. Doglioni96 , J. Dolejsi143 , Z. Dolezal143 , M. Donadelli80d , B. Dong60c , J. Donini38 , A. D’onofrio92 , M. D’Onofrio90 , J. Dopke144 , A. Doria69a , M.T. Dova88 , A.T. Doyle57 , E. Drechsler152 , E. Dreyer152 , T. Dreyer53 , A.S. Drobac170 , Y. Duan60b , F. Dubinin110 , M. Dubovsky28a , A. Dubreuil54 , E. Duchovni180 , G. Duckeck114 , A. Ducourthial136 , O.A. Ducu109 , D. Duda115 , A. Dudarev36 , A.C. Dudder99 , E.M. Duffield18 , L. Duflot132 , M. Dührssen36 , C. Dülsen182 , M. Dumancic180 , A.E. Dumitriu27b , A.K. Duncan57 , M. Dunford61a , A. Duperrin101 , H. Duran Yildiz4a , M. Düren56 , A. Durglishvili159b , D. Duschinger48 , B. Dutta46 , D. Duvnjak1 , G.I. Dyckes137 , M. Dyndal36 , S. Dysch100 , B.S. Dziedzic84 , K.M. Ecker115 , R.C. Edgar105 , M.G. Eggleston49 , T. Eifert36 , G. Eigen17 , K. Einsweiler18 , T. Ekelof172 , H. El Jarrari35e , M. El Kacimi35c , R. El Kosseifi101 , V. Ellajosyula172 , M. Ellert172 , F. Ellinghaus182 , A.A. Elliot92 , N. Ellis36 , J. Elmsheuser29 , M. Elsing36 , D. Emeliyanov144 , A. Emerman39 , Y. Enari163 , M.B. Epland49 , J. Erdmann47 , A. Ereditato20 , M. Errenst36 , M. Escalier132 , C. Escobar174 , O. Estrada Pastor174 , E. Etzion161 , H. Evans65 , A. Ezhilov138 , F. Fabbri57 , L. Fabbri23b,23a , V. Fabiani119 , G. Facini94 , R.M. Faisca Rodrigues Pereira140a , R.M. Fakhrutdinov123 , S. Falciano72a , P.J. Falke5 , S. Falke5 , J. Faltova143 , Y. Fang15a , Y. Fang15a , G. Fanourakis44 , M. Fanti68a,68b , M. Faraj66a,66c , A. Farbin8 , A. Farilla74a , E.M. Farina70a,70b , T. Farooque106 , S. Farrell18 , S.M. Farrington50 , P. Farthouat36 , F. Fassi35e , P. Fassnacht36 , D. Fassouliotis9 , M. Faucci Giannelli50 , W.J. Fawcett32 , L. Fayard132 , O.L. Fedin138,o , W. Fedorko175 , M. Feickert42 , S. Feigl134 , L. Feligioni101 , A. Fell149 , C. Feng60b , E.J. Feng36 , M. Feng49 , M.J. Fenton57 , A.B. Fenyuk123 , J. Ferrando46 , A. Ferrante173 , A. Ferrari172 , P. Ferrari120 , R. Ferrari70a , D.E. Ferreira de Lima61b , A. Ferrer174 , D. Ferrere54 , C. Ferretti105 , F. Fiedler99 , A. Filipčič91 , F. Filthaut119 , K.D. Finelli25 , M.C.N. Fiolhais140a , L. Fiorini174 , F. Fischer114 , W.C. Fisher106 , I. Fleck151 , P. Fleischmann105 , R.R.M. Fletcher137 , T. Flick182 , B.M. Flierl114 , L.F. Flores137 , L.R. Flores Castillo63a , F.M. Follega75a,75b , N. Fomin17 , J.H. Foo167 , G.T. Forcolin75a,75b , A. Formica145 , F.A. Förster14 , A.C. Forti100 , A.G. Foster21 , M.G. Foti135 , D. Fournier132 , H. Fox89 , P. Francavilla71a,71b , S. Francescato72a,72b , M. Franchini23b,23a , S. Franchino61a , D. Francis36 , L. Franconi20 , M. Franklin59 , A.N. Fray92 , B. Freund109 , W.S. Freund80b , E.M. Freundlich47 , D.C. Frizzell128 , D. Froidevaux36 , J.A. Frost135 , C. Fukunaga164 , E. Fullana Torregrosa174 , E. Fumagalli55b,55a , T. Fusayasu116 , J. Fuster174 , A. Gabrielli23b,23a , A. Gabrielli18 , G.P. Gach83a , S. Gadatsch54 , P. Gadow115 , G. Gagliardi55b,55a , L.G. Gagnon109 , C. Galea27b , B. Galhardo140a , G.E. Gallardo135 , E.J. Gallas135 , B.J. Gallop144 , G. Galster40 , R. Gamboa Goni92 , K.K. Gan126 , S. Ganguly180 , J. Gao60a , Y. Gao50 , Y.S. Gao31,l , C. García174 , J.E. García Navarro174 , J.A. García Pascual15a , C. Garcia-Argos52 , M. Garcia-Sciveres18 , R.W. Gardner37 , N. Garelli153 , S. Gargiulo52 , V. Garonne134 , A. Gaudiello55b,55a , G. Gaudio70a , I.L. Gavrilenko110 , A. Gavrilyuk111 , C. Gay175 , G. Gaycken46 , E.N. Gazis10 , A.A. Geanta27b , C.N.P. Gee144 , J. Geisen53 , M. Geisen99 , – 21 – M.P. Geisler61a , C. Gemme55b , M.H. Genest58 , C. Geng105 , S. Gentile72a,72b , S. George93 , T. Geralis44 , L.O. Gerlach53 , P. Gessinger-Befurt99 , G. Gessner47 , S. Ghasemi151 , M. Ghasemi Bostanabad176 , M. Ghneimat24 , A. Ghosh132 , A. Ghosh77 , B. Giacobbe23b , S. Giagu72a,72b , N. Giangiacomi23b,23a , P. Giannetti71a , A. Giannini69a,69b , S.M. Gibson93 , M. Gignac146 , D. Gillberg34 , G. Gilles182 , D.M. Gingrich3,ax , M.P. Giordani66a,66c , F.M. Giorgi23b , P.F. Giraud145 , G. Giugliarelli66a,66c , D. Giugni68a , F. Giuli73a,73b , S. Gkaitatzis162 , I. Gkialas9,g , E.L. Gkougkousis14 , P. Gkountoumis10 , L.K. Gladilin113 , C. Glasman98 , J. Glatzer14 , P.C.F. Glaysher46 , A. Glazov46 , M. Goblirsch-Kolb26 , S. Goldfarb104 , T. Golling54 , D. Golubkov123 , A. Gomes140a,140b , R. Goncalves Gama53 , R. Gonçalo140a,140b , G. Gonella52 , L. Gonella21 , A. Gongadze79 , F. Gonnella21 , J.L. Gonski59 , S. González de la Hoz174 , S. Gonzalez-Sevilla54 , G.R. Gonzalvo Rodriguez174 , L. Goossens36 , P.A. Gorbounov111 , H.A. Gordon29 , B. Gorini36 , E. Gorini67a,67b , A. Gorišek91 , A.T. Goshaw49 , M.I. Gostkin79 , C.A. Gottardo119 , 2019 JINST 14 P09011 M. Gouighri35b , D. Goujdami35c , A.G. Goussiou148 , N. Govender33b , C. Goy5 , E. Gozani160 , I. Grabowska-Bold83a , E.C. Graham90 , J. Gramling171 , E. Gramstad134 , S. Grancagnolo19 , M. Grandi156 , V. Gratchev138 , P.M. Gravila27f , F.G. Gravili67a,67b , C. Gray57 , H.M. Gray18 , C. Grefe24 , K. Gregersen96 , I.M. Gregor46 , P. Grenier153 , K. Grevtsov46 , C. Grieco14 , N.A. Grieser128 , J. Griffiths8 , A.A. Grillo146 , K. Grimm31,k , S. Grinstein14,x , J.-F. Grivaz132 , S. Groh99 , E. Gross180 , J. Grosse-Knetter53 , Z.J. Grout94 , C. Grud105 , A. Grummer118 , L. Guan105 , W. Guan181 , J. Guenther36 , A. Guerguichon132 , J.G.R. Guerrero Rojas174 , F. Guescini115 , D. Guest171 , R. Gugel52 , T. Guillemin5 , S. Guindon36 , U. Gul57 , J. Guo60c , W. Guo105 , Y. Guo60a,s , Z. Guo101 , R. Gupta46 , S. Gurbuz12c , G. Gustavino128 , P. Gutierrez128 , C. Gutschow94 , C. Guyot145 , C. Gwenlan135 , C.B. Gwilliam90 , A. Haas124 , C. Haber18 , H.K. Hadavand8 , N. Haddad35e , A. Hadef60a , S. Hageböck36 , M. Hagihara169 , M. Haleem177 , J. Haley129 , G. Halladjian106 , G.D. Hallewell101 , K. Hamacher182 , P. Hamal130 , K. Hamano176 , H. Hamdaoui35e , G.N. Hamity149 , K. Han60a,ak , L. Han60a , S. Han15a,15d , K. Hanagaki81,v , M. Hance146 , D.M. Handl114 , B. Haney137 , R. Hankache136 , E. Hansen96 , J.B. Hansen40 , J.D. Hansen40 , M.C. Hansen24 , P.H. Hansen40 , E.C. Hanson100 , K. Hara169 , A.S. Hard181 , T. Harenberg182 , S. Harkusha107 , P.F. Harrison178 , N.M. Hartmann114 , Y. Hasegawa150 , A. Hasib50 , S. Hassani145 , S. Haug20 , R. Hauser106 , L.B. Havener39 , M. Havranek142 , C.M. Hawkes21 , R.J. Hawkings36 , D. Hayden106 , C. Hayes155 , R.L. Hayes175 , C.P. Hays135 , J.M. Hays92 , H.S. Hayward90 , S.J. Haywood144 , F. He60a , M.P. Heath50 , V. Hedberg96 , L. Heelan8 , S. Heer24 , K.K. Heidegger52 , W.D. Heidorn78 , J. Heilman34 , S. Heim46 , T. Heim18 , B. Heinemann46,as , J.J. Heinrich131 , L. Heinrich36 , C. Heinz56 , J. Hejbal141 , L. Helary61b , A. Held175 , S. Hellesund134 , C.M. Helling146 , S. Hellman45a,45b , C. Helsens36 , R.C.W. Henderson89 , Y. Heng181 , S. Henkelmann175 , A.M. Henriques Correia36 , G.H. Herbert19 , H. Herde26 , V. Herget177 , Y. Hernández Jiménez33c , H. Herr99 , M.G. Herrmann114 , T. Herrmann48 , G. Herten52 , R. Hertenberger114 , L. Hervas36 , T.C. Herwig137 , G.G. Hesketh94 , N.P. Hessey168a , A. Higashida163 , S. Higashino81 , E. Higón-Rodriguez174 , K. Hildebrand37 , E. Hill176 , J.C. Hill32 , K.K. Hill29 , K.H. Hiller46 , S.J. Hillier21 , M. Hils48 , I. Hinchliffe18 , F. Hinterkeuser24 , M. Hirose133 , S. Hirose52 , D. Hirschbuehl182 , B. Hiti91 , O. Hladik141 , D.R. Hlaluku33c , X. Hoad50 , J. Hobbs155 , N. Hod180 , M.C. Hodgkinson149 , A. Hoecker36 , F. Hoenig114 , D. Hohn52 , D. Hohov132 , T.R. Holmes37 , M. Holzbock114 , L.B.A.H Hommels32 , S. Honda169 , T. Honda81 , T.M. Hong139 , A. Hönle115 , B.H. Hooberman173 , W.H. Hopkins6 , Y. Horii117 , P. Horn48 , L.A. Horyn37 , A. Hostiuc148 , S. Hou158 , A. Hoummada35a , J. Howarth100 , J. Hoya88 , M. Hrabovsky130 , J. Hrdinka76 , I. Hristova19 , J. Hrivnac132 , A. Hrynevich108 , T. Hryn’ova5 , P.J. Hsu64 , S.-C. Hsu148 , Q. Hu29 , S. Hu60c , Y. Huang15a , Z. Hubacek142 , F. Hubaut101 , M. Huebner24 , F. Huegging24 , T.B. Huffman135 , M. Huhtinen36 , R.F.H. Hunter34 , P. Huo155 , A.M. Hupe34 , N. Huseynov79,af , J. Huston106 , J. Huth59 , R. Hyneman105 , S. Hyrych28a , G. Iacobucci54 , G. Iakovidis29 , I. Ibragimov151 , L. Iconomidou-Fayard132 , Z. Idrissi35e , P.I. Iengo36 , R. Ignazzi40 , O. Igonkina120,z,∗ , R. Iguchi163 , T. Iizawa54 , Y. Ikegami81 , M. Ikeno81 , D. Iliadis162 , N. Ilic119 , F. Iltzsche48 , G. Introzzi70a,70b , M. Iodice74a , K. Iordanidou168a , V. Ippolito72a,72b , M.F. Isacson172 , M. Ishino163 , M. Ishitsuka165 , W. Islam129 , C. Issever135 , S. Istin160 , F. Ito169 , J.M. Iturbe Ponce63a , R. Iuppa75a,75b , A. Ivina180 , H. Iwasaki81 , J.M. Izen43 , V. Izzo69a , – 22 – P. Jacka141 , P. Jackson1 , R.M. Jacobs24 , B.P. Jaeger152 , V. Jain2 , G. Jäkel182 , K.B. Jakobi99 , K. Jakobs52 , S. Jakobsen76 , T. Jakoubek141 , J. Jamieson57 , K.W. Janas83a , R. Jansky54 , J. Janssen24 , M. Janus53 , P.A. Janus83a , G. Jarlskog96 , N. Javadov79,af , T. Javůrek36 , M. Javurkova52 , F. Jeanneau145 , L. Jeanty131 , J. Jejelava159a,ag , A. Jelinskas178 , P. Jenni52,a , J. Jeong46 , N. Jeong46 , S. Jézéquel5 , H. Ji181 , J. Jia155 , H. Jiang78 , Y. Jiang60a , Z. Jiang153,p , S. Jiggins52 , F.A. Jimenez Morales38 , J. Jimenez Pena115 , S. Jin15c , A. Jinaru27b , O. Jinnouchi165 , H. Jivan33c , P. Johansson149 , K.A. Johns7 , C.A. Johnson65 , K. Jon-And45a,45b , R.W.L. Jones89 , S.D. Jones156 , S. Jones7 , T.J. Jones90 , J. Jongmanns61a , P.M. Jorge140a , J. Jovicevic36 , X. Ju18 , J.J. Junggeburth115 , A. Juste Rozas14,x , A. Kaczmarska84 , M. Kado72a,72b , H. Kagan126 , M. Kagan153 , C. Kahra99 , T. Kaji179 , E. Kajomovitz160 , C.W. Kalderon96 , A. Kaluza99 , A. Kamenshchikov123 , L. Kanjir91 , Y. Kano163 , V.A. Kantserov112 , J. Kanzaki81 , L.S. Kaplan181 , D. Kar33c , M.J. Kareem168b , S.N. Karpov79 , Z.M. Karpova79 , V. Kartvelishvili89 , A.N. Karyukhin123 , L. Kashif181 , 2019 JINST 14 P09011 R.D. Kass126 , A. Kastanas45a,45b , Y. Kataoka163 , C. Kato60d,60c , J. Katzy46 , K. Kawade82 , K. Kawagoe87 , T. Kawaguchi117 , T. Kawamoto163 , G. Kawamura53 , E.F. Kay176 , V.F. Kazanin122b,122a , R. Keeler176 , R. Kehoe42 , J.S. Keller34 , E. Kellermann96 , D. Kelsey156 , J.J. Kempster21 , J. Kendrick21 , O. Kepka141 , S. Kersten182 , B.P. Kerševan91 , S. Ketabchi Haghighat167 , M. Khader173 , F. Khalil-Zada13 , M. Khandoga145 , A. Khanov129 , A.G. Kharlamov122b,122a , T. Kharlamova122b,122a , E.E. Khoda175 , A. Khodinov166 , T.J. Khoo54 , E. Khramov79 , J. Khubua159b , S. Kido82 , M. Kiehn54 , C.R. Kilby93 , Y.K. Kim37 , N. Kimura94 , O.M. Kind19 , B.T. King90,∗ , D. Kirchmeier48 , J. Kirk144 , A.E. Kiryunin115 , T. Kishimoto163 , D.P. Kisliuk167 , V. Kitali46 , O. Kivernyk5 , E. Kladiva28b,∗ , T. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus52 , M. Klassen61a , M.H. Klein105 , M. Klein90 , U. Klein90 , K. Kleinknecht99 , P. Klimek121 , A. Klimentov29 , T. Klingl24 , T. Klioutchnikova36 , F.F. Klitzner114 , P. Kluit120 , S. Kluth115 , E. Kneringer76 , E.B.F.G. Knoops101 , A. Knue52 , D. Kobayashi87 , T. Kobayashi163 , M. Kobel48 , M. Kocian153 , P. Kodys143 , P.T. Koenig24 , T. Koffas34 , N.M. Köhler36 , T. Koi153 , M. Kolb61b , I. Koletsou5 , T. Komarek130 , T. Kondo81 , N. Kondrashova60c , K. Köneke52 , A.C. König119 , T. Kono125 , R. Konoplich124,an , V. Konstantinides94 , N. Konstantinidis94 , B. Konya96 , R. Kopeliansky65 , S. Koperny83a , K. Korcyl84 , K. Kordas162 , G. Koren161 , A. Korn94 , I. Korolkov14 , E.V. Korolkova149 , N. Korotkova113 , O. Kortner115 , S. Kortner115 , T. Kosek143 , V.V. Kostyukhin24 , A. Kotwal49 , A. Koulouris10 , A. Kourkoumeli-Charalampidi70a,70b , C. Kourkoumelis9 , E. Kourlitis149 , V. Kouskoura29 , A.B. Kowalewska84 , R. Kowalewski176 , C. Kozakai163 , W. Kozanecki145 , A.S. Kozhin123 , V.A. Kramarenko113 , G. Kramberger91 , D. Krasnopevtsev60a , M.W. Krasny136 , A. Krasznahorkay36 , D. Krauss115 , J.A. Kremer83a , J. Kretzschmar90 , P. Krieger167 , F. Krieter114 , A. Krishnan61b , K. Krizka18 , K. Kroeninger47 , H. Kroha115 , J. Kroll141 , J. Kroll137 , J. Krstic16 , U. Kruchonak79 , H. Krüger24 , N. Krumnack78 , M.C. Kruse49 , J.A. Krzysiak84 , T. Kubota104 , O. Kuchinskaia166 , S. Kuday4b , J.T. Kuechler46 , S. Kuehn36 , A. Kugel61a , T. Kuhl46 , V. Kukhtin79 , R. Kukla101 , Y. Kulchitsky107,aj , S. Kuleshov147b , Y.P. Kulinich173 , M. Kuna58 , T. Kunigo85 , A. Kupco141 , T. Kupfer47 , O. Kuprash52 , H. Kurashige82 , L.L. Kurchaninov168a , Y.A. Kurochkin107 , A. Kurova112 , M.G. Kurth15a,15d , E.S. Kuwertz36 , M. Kuze165 , A.K. Kvam148 , J. Kvita130 , T. Kwan103 , A. La Rosa115 , L. La Rotonda41b,41a , F. La Ruffa41b,41a , C. Lacasta174 , F. Lacava72a,72b , D.P.J. Lack100 , H. Lacker19 , D. Lacour136 , E. Ladygin79 , R. Lafaye5 , B. Laforge136 , T. Lagouri33c , S. Lai53 , S. Lammers65 , W. Lampl7 , C. Lampoudis162 , E. Lançon29 , U. Landgraf52 , M.P.J. Landon92 , M.C. Lanfermann54 , V.S. Lang46 , J.C. Lange53 , R.J. Langenberg36 , A.J. Lankford171 , F. Lanni29 , K. Lantzsch24 , A. Lanza70a , A. Lapertosa55b,55a , S. Laplace136 , J.F. Laporte145 , T. Lari68a , F. Lasagni Manghi23b,23a , M. Lassnig36 , T.S. Lau63a , A. Laudrain132 , A. Laurier34 , M. Lavorgna69a,69b , M. Lazzaroni68a,68b , B. Le104 , E. Le Guirriec101 , M. LeBlanc7 , T. LeCompte6 , F. Ledroit-Guillon58 , C.A. Lee29 , G.R. Lee17 , L. Lee59 , S.C. Lee158 , S.J. Lee34 , B. Lefebvre168a , M. Lefebvre176 , F. Legger114 , C. Leggett18 , K. Lehmann152 , N. Lehmann182 , G. Lehmann Miotto36 , W.A. Leight46 , A. Leisos162,w , M.A.L. Leite80d , C.E. Leitgeb114 , R. Leitner143 , D. Lellouch180,∗ , K.J.C. Leney42 , T. Lenz24 , B. Lenzi36 , R. Leone7 , S. Leone71a , C. Leonidopoulos50 , A. Leopold136 , G. Lerner156 , C. Leroy109 , R. Les167 , C.G. Lester32 , M. Levchenko138 , J. Levêque5 , D. Levin105 , L.J. Levinson180 , D.J. Lewis21 , B. Li15b , B. Li105 , C-Q. Li60a , F. Li60c , H. Li60a , – 23 – H. Li60b , J. Li60c , K. Li153 , L. Li60c , M. Li15a , Q. Li15a,15d , Q.Y. Li60a , S. Li60d,60c , X. Li46 , Y. Li46 , Z. Li60b , Z. Liang15a , B. Liberti73a , A. Liblong167 , K. Lie63c , S. Liem120 , C.Y. Lin32 , K. Lin106 , T.H. Lin99 , R.A. Linck65 , J.H. Lindon21 , A.L. Lionti54 , E. Lipeles137 , A. Lipniacka17 , M. Lisovyi61b , T.M. Liss173,au , A. Lister175 , A.M. Litke146 , J.D. Little8 , B. Liu78,ac , B.L Liu6 , H.B. Liu29 , H. Liu105 , J.B. Liu60a , J.K.K. Liu135 , K. Liu136 , M. Liu60a , P. Liu18 , Y. Liu15a,15d , Y.L. Liu105 , Y.W. Liu60a , M. Livan70a,70b , A. Lleres58 , J. Llorente Merino15a , S.L. Lloyd92 , C.Y. Lo63b , F. Lo Sterzo42 , E.M. Lobodzinska46 , P. Loch7 , S. Loffredo73a,73b , T. Lohse19 , K. Lohwasser149 , M. Lokajicek141 , J.D. Long173 , R.E. Long89 , L. Longo36 , K.A. Looper126 , J.A. Lopez147b , I. Lopez Paz100 , A. Lopez Solis149 , J. Lorenz114 , N. Lorenzo Martinez5 , M. Losada22 , P.J. Lösel114 , A. Lösle52 , X. Lou46 , X. Lou15a , A. Lounis132 , J. Love6 , P.A. Love89 , J.J. Lozano Bahilo174 , M. Lu60a , Y.J. Lu64 , H.J. Lubatti148 , C. Luci72a,72b , A. Lucotte58 , C. Luedtke52 , F. Luehring65 , I. Luise136 , L. Luminari72a , B. Lund-Jensen154 , M.S. Lutz102 , D. Lynn29 , R. Lysak141 , 2019 JINST 14 P09011 E. Lytken96 , F. Lyu15a , V. Lyubushkin79 , T. Lyubushkina79 , H. Ma29 , L.L. Ma60b , Y. Ma60b , G. Maccarrone51 , A. Macchiolo115 , C.M. Macdonald149 , J. Machado Miguens137 , D. Madaffari174 , R. Madar38 , W.F. Mader48 , N. Madysa48 , J. Maeda82 , K. Maekawa163 , S. Maeland17 , T. Maeno29 , M. Maerker48 , A.S. Maevskiy113 , V. Magerl52 , N. Magini78 , D.J. Mahon39 , C. Maidantchik80b , T. Maier114 , A. Maio140a,140b,140d , O. Majersky28a , S. Majewski131 , Y. Makida81 , N. Makovec132 , B. Malaescu136 , Pa. Malecki84 , V.P. Maleev138 , F. Malek58 , U. Mallik77 , D. Malon6 , C. Malone32 , S. Maltezos10 , S. Malyukov36 , J. Mamuzic174 , G. Mancini51 , I. Mandić91 , L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho80a , I.M. Maniatis162 , J. Manjarres Ramos48 , K.H. Mankinen96 , A. Mann114 , A. Manousos76 , B. Mansoulie145 , I. Manthos162 , S. Manzoni120 , A. Marantis162 , G. Marceca30 , L. Marchese135 , G. Marchiori136 , M. Marcisovsky141 , C. Marcon96 , C.A. Marin Tobon36 , M. Marjanovic38 , Z. Marshall18 , M.U.F Martensson172 , S. Marti-Garcia174 , C.B. Martin126 , T.A. Martin178 , V.J. Martin50 , B. Martin dit Latour17 , L. Martinelli74a,74b , M. Martinez14,x , V.I. Martinez Outschoorn102 , S. Martin-Haugh144 , V.S. Martoiu27b , A.C. Martyniuk94 , A. Marzin36 , S.R. Maschek115 , L. Masetti99 , T. Mashimo163 , R. Mashinistov110 , J. Masik100 , A.L. Maslennikov122b,122a , L.H. Mason104 , L. Massa73a,73b , P. Massarotti69a,69b , P. Mastrandrea71a,71b , A. Mastroberardino41b,41a , T. Masubuchi163 , D. Matakias10 , A. Matic114 , P. Mättig24 , J. Maurer27b , B. Maček91 , D.A. Maximov122b,122a , R. Mazini158 , I. Maznas162 , S.M. Mazza146 , S.P. Mc Kee105 , T.G. McCarthy115 , L.I. McClymont94 , W.P. McCormack18 , E.F. McDonald104 , J.A. Mcfayden36 , M.A. McKay42 , K.D. McLean176 , S.J. McMahon144 , P.C. McNamara104 , C.J. McNicol178 , R.A. McPherson176,ad , J.E. Mdhluli33c , Z.A. Meadows102 , S. Meehan148 , T. Megy52 , S. Mehlhase114 , A. Mehta90 , T. Meideck58 , B. Meirose43 , D. Melini174 , B.R. Mellado Garcia33c , J.D. Mellenthin53 , M. Melo28a , F. Meloni46 , A. Melzer24 , S.B. Menary100 , E.D. Mendes Gouveia140a,140e , L. Meng36 , X.T. Meng105 , S. Menke115 , E. Meoni41b,41a , S. Mergelmeyer19 , S.A.M. Merkt139 , C. Merlassino20 , P. Mermod54 , L. Merola69a,69b , C. Meroni68a , O. Meshkov113,110 , J.K.R. Meshreki151 , A. Messina72a,72b , J. Metcalfe6 , A.S. Mete171 , C. Meyer65 , J. Meyer160 , J-P. Meyer145 , H. Meyer Zu Theenhausen61a , F. Miano156 , M. Michetti19 , R.P. Middleton144 , L. Mijović50 , G. Mikenberg180 , M. Mikestikova141 , M. Mikuž91 , H. Mildner149 , M. Milesi104 , A. Milic167 , D.A. Millar92 , D.W. Miller37 , A. Milov180 , D.A. Milstead45a,45b , R.A. Mina153,p , A.A. Minaenko123 , M. Miñano Moya174 , I.A. Minashvili159b , A.I. Mincer124 , B. Mindur83a , M. Mineev79 , Y. Minegishi163 , Y. Ming181 , L.M. Mir14 , A. Mirto67a,67b , K.P. Mistry137 , T. Mitani179 , J. Mitrevski114 , V.A. Mitsou174 , M. Mittal60c , A. Miucci20 , P.S. Miyagawa149 , A. Mizukami81 , J.U. Mjörnmark96 , T. Mkrtchyan184 , M. Mlynarikova143 , T. Moa45a,45b , K. Mochizuki109 , P. Mogg52 , S. Mohapatra39 , R. Moles-Valls24 , M.C. Mondragon106 , K. Mönig46 , J. Monk40 , E. Monnier101 , A. Montalbano152 , J. Montejo Berlingen36 , M. Montella94 , F. Monticelli88 , S. Monzani68a , N. Morange132 , D. Moreno22 , M. Moreno Llácer36 , C. Moreno Martinez14 , P. Morettini55b , M. Morgenstern120 , S. Morgenstern48 , D. Mori152 , M. Morii59 , M. Morinaga179 , V. Morisbak134 , A.K. Morley36 , G. Mornacchi36 , A.P. Morris94 , L. Morvaj155 , P. Moschovakos36 , B. Moser120 , M. Mosidze159b , T. Moskalets145 , H.J. Moss149 , J. Moss31,m , K. Motohashi165 , E. Mountricha36 , E.J.W. Moyse102 , S. Muanza101 , J. Mueller139 , R.S.P. Mueller114 , D. Muenstermann89 , G.A. Mullier96 , – 24 – J.L. Munoz Martinez14 , F.J. Munoz Sanchez100 , P. Murin28b , W.J. Murray178,144 , A. Murrone68a,68b , M. Muškinja18 , C. Mwewa33a , A.G. Myagkov123,ao , J. Myers131 , M. Myska142 , B.P. Nachman18 , O. Nackenhorst47 , A.Nag Nag48 , K. Nagai135 , K. Nagano81 , Y. Nagasaka62 , M. Nagel52 , E. Nagy101 , A.M. Nairz36 , Y. Nakahama117 , K. Nakamura81 , T. Nakamura163 , I. Nakano127 , H. Nanjo133 , F. Napolitano61a , R.F. Naranjo Garcia46 , R. Narayan42 , I. Naryshkin138 , T. Naumann46 , G. Navarro22 , H.A. Neal105,∗ , P.Y. Nechaeva110 , F. Nechansky46 , T.J. Neep21 , A. Negri70a,70b , M. Negrini23b , C. Nellist53 , M.E. Nelson135 , S. Nemecek141 , P. Nemethy124 , M. Nessi36,c , M.S. Neubauer173 , M. Neumann182 , P.R. Newman21 , Y.S. Ng19 , Y.W.Y. Ng171 , H.D.N. Nguyen101 , T. Nguyen Manh109 , E. Nibigira38 , R.B. Nickerson135 , R. Nicolaidou145 , D.S. Nielsen40 , J. Nielsen146 , N. Nikiforou11 , V. Nikolaenko123,ao , I. Nikolic-Audit136 , K. Nikolopoulos21 , P. Nilsson29 , H.R. Nindhito54 , Y. Ninomiya81 , A. Nisati72a , N. Nishu60c , R. Nisius115 , I. Nitsche47 , T. Nitta179 , T. Nobe163 , Y. Noguchi85 , I. Nomidis136 , 2019 JINST 14 P09011 M.A. Nomura29 , M. Nordberg36 , N. Norjoharuddeen135 , T. Novak91 , O. Novgorodova48 , R. Novotny142 , L. Nozka130 , K. Ntekas171 , E. Nurse94 , F.G. Oakham34,ax , H. Oberlack115 , J. Ocariz136 , A. Ochi82 , I. Ochoa39 , J.P. Ochoa-Ricoux147a , K. O’Connor26 , S. Oda87 , S. Odaka81 , S. Oerdek53 , A. Ogrodnik83a , A. Oh100 , S.H. Oh49 , C.C. Ohm154 , H. Oide55b,55a , M.L. Ojeda167 , H. Okawa169 , Y. Okazaki85 , Y. Okumura163 , T. Okuyama81 , A. Olariu27b , L.F. Oleiro Seabra140a , S.A. Olivares Pino147a , D. Oliveira Damazio29 , J.L. Oliver1 , M.J.R. Olsson171 , A. Olszewski84 , J. Olszowska84 , D.C. O’Neil152 , A. Onofre140a,140e , K. Onogi117 , P.U.E. Onyisi11 , H. Oppen134 , M.J. Oreglia37 , G.E. Orellana88 , D. Orestano74a,74b , N. Orlando14 , R.S. Orr167 , V. O’Shea57 , R. Ospanov60a , G. Otero y Garzon30 , H. Otono87 , P.S. Ott61a , M. Ouchrif35d , J. Ouellette29 , F. Ould-Saada134 , A. Ouraou145 , Q. Ouyang15a , M. Owen57 , R.E. Owen21 , V.E. Ozcan12c , N. Ozturk8 , J. Pacalt130 , H.A. Pacey32 , K. Pachal49 , A. Pacheco Pages14 , C. Padilla Aranda14 , S. Pagan Griso18 , M. Paganini183 , G. Palacino65 , S. Palazzo50 , S. Palestini36 , M. Palka83b , D. Pallin38 , I. Panagoulias10 , C.E. Pandini36 , J.G. Panduro Vazquez93 , P. Pani46 , G. Panizzo66a,66c , L. Paolozzi54 , C. Papadatos109 , K. Papageorgiou9,g , A. Paramonov6 , D. Paredes Hernandez63b , S.R. Paredes Saenz135 , B. Parida166 , T.H. Park167 , A.J. Parker89 , M.A. Parker32 , F. Parodi55b,55a , E.W.P. Parrish121 , J.A. Parsons39 , U. Parzefall52 , L. Pascual Dominguez136 , V.R. Pascuzzi167 , J.M.P. Pasner146 , E. Pasqualucci72a , S. Passaggio55b , F. Pastore93 , P. Pasuwan45a,45b , S. Pataraia99 , J.R. Pater100 , A. Pathak181 , T. Pauly36 , B. Pearson115 , M. Pedersen134 , L. Pedraza Diaz119 , R. Pedro140a , T. Peiffer53 , S.V. Peleganchuk122b,122a , O. Penc141 , H. Peng60a , B.S. Peralva80a , M.M. Perego132 , A.P. Pereira Peixoto140a , D.V. Perepelitsa29 , F. Peri19 , L. Perini68a,68b , H. Pernegger36 , S. Perrella69a,69b , K. Peters46 , R.F.Y. Peters100 , B.A. Petersen36 , T.C. Petersen40 , E. Petit101 , A. Petridis1 , C. Petridou162 , P. Petroff132 , M. Petrov135 , F. Petrucci74a,74b , M. Pettee183 , N.E. Pettersson102 , K. Petukhova143 , A. Peyaud145 , R. Pezoa147b , L. Pezzotti70a,70b , T. Pham104 , F.H. Phillips106 , P.W. Phillips144 , M.W. Phipps173 , G. Piacquadio155 , E. Pianori18 , A. Picazio102 , R.H. Pickles100 , R. Piegaia30 , D. Pietreanu27b , J.E. Pilcher37 , A.D. Pilkington100 , M. Pinamonti73a,73b , J.L. Pinfold3 , M. Pitt180 , L. Pizzimento73a,73b , M.-A. Pleier29 , V. Pleskot143 , E. Plotnikova79 , P. Podberezko122b,122a , R. Poettgen96 , R. Poggi54 , L. Poggioli132 , I. Pogrebnyak106 , D. Pohl24 , I. Pokharel53 , G. Polesello70a , A. Poley18 , A. Policicchio72a,72b , R. Polifka143 , A. Polini23b , C.S. Pollard46 , V. Polychronakos29 , D. Ponomarenko112 , L. Pontecorvo36 , S. Popa27a , G.A. Popeneciu27d , D.M. Portillo Quintero58 , S. Pospisil142 , K. Potamianos46 , I.N. Potrap79 , C.J. Potter32 , H. Potti11 , T. Poulsen96 , J. Poveda36 , T.D. Powell149 , G. Pownall46 , M.E. Pozo Astigarraga36 , P. Pralavorio101 , S. Prell78 , D. Price100 , M. Primavera67a , S. Prince103 , M.L. Proffitt148 , N. Proklova112 , K. Prokofiev63c , F. Prokoshin79 , S. Protopopescu29 , J. Proudfoot6 , M. Przybycien83a , D. Pudzha138 , A. Puri173 , P. Puzo132 , J. Qian105 , Y. Qin100 , A. Quadt53 , M. Queitsch-Maitland46 , A. Qureshi1 , P. Rados104 , F. Ragusa68a,68b , G. Rahal97 , J.A. Raine54 , S. Rajagopalan29 , A. Ramirez Morales92 , K. Ran15a,15d , T. Rashid132 , S. Raspopov5 , D.M. Rauch46 , F. Rauscher114 , S. Rave99 , B. Ravina149 , I. Ravinovich180 , J.H. Rawling100 , M. Raymond36 , A.L. Read134 , N.P. Readioff58 , M. Reale67a,67b , D.M. Rebuzzi70a,70b , A. Redelbach177 , G. Redlinger29 , K. Reeves43 , L. Rehnisch19 , J. Reichert137 , D. Reikher161 , A. Reiss99 , A. Rej151 , C. Rembser36 , – 25 – M. Renda27b , M. Rescigno72a , S. Resconi68a , E.D. Resseguie137 , S. Rettie175 , E. Reynolds21 , O.L. Rezanova122b,122a , P. Reznicek143 , E. Ricci75a,75b , R. Richter115 , S. Richter46 , E. Richter-Was83b , O. Ricken24 , M. Ridel136 , P. Rieck115 , C.J. Riegel182 , O. Rifki46 , M. Rijssenbeek155 , A. Rimoldi70a,70b , M. Rimoldi46 , L. Rinaldi23b , G. Ripellino154 , B. Ristić89 , I. Riu14 , J.C. Rivera Vergara176 , F. Rizatdinova129 , E. Rizvi92 , C. Rizzi36 , R.T. Roberts100 , S.H. Robertson103,ad , M. Robin46 , D. Robinson32 , J.E.M. Robinson46 , C.M. Robles Gajardo147b , A. Robson57 , E. Rocco99 , C. Roda71a,71b , S. Rodriguez Bosca174 , A. Rodriguez Perez14 , D. Rodriguez Rodriguez174 , A.M. Rodríguez Vera168b , S. Roe36 , O. Røhne134 , R. Röhrig115 , C.P.A. Roland65 , J. Roloff59 , A. Romaniouk112 , M. Romano23b,23a , N. Rompotis90 , M. Ronzani124 , L. Roos136 , S. Rosati72a , K. Rosbach52 , G. Rosin102 , B.J. Rosser137 , E. Rossi46 , E. Rossi74a,74b , E. Rossi69a,69b , L.P. Rossi55b , L. Rossini68a,68b , R. Rosten14 , M. Rotaru27b , J. Rothberg148 , D. Rousseau132 , G. Rovelli70a,70b , A. Roy11 , D. Roy33c , A. Rozanov101 , Y. Rozen160 , 2019 JINST 14 P09011 X. Ruan33c , F. Rubbo153 , F. Rühr52 , A. Ruiz-Martinez174 , A. Rummler36 , Z. Rurikova52 , N.A. Rusakovich79 , H.L. Russell103 , L. Rustige38,47 , J.P. Rutherfoord7 , E.M. Rüttinger46,j , Y.F. Ryabov138 , M. Rybar39 , G. Rybkin132 , E.B. Rye134 , A. Ryzhov123 , G.F. Rzehorz53 , P. Sabatini53 , G. Sabato120 , S. Sacerdoti132 , H.F-W. Sadrozinski146 , R. Sadykov79 , F. Safai Tehrani72a , B. Safarzadeh Samani156 , P. Saha121 , S. Saha103 , M. Sahinsoy61a , A. Sahu182 , M. Saimpert46 , M. Saito163 , T. Saito163 , H. Sakamoto163 , A. Sakharov124,an , D. Salamani54 , G. Salamanna74a,74b , J.E. Salazar Loyola147b , P.H. Sales De Bruin172 , A. Salnikov153 , J. Salt174 , D. Salvatore41b,41a , F. Salvatore156 , A. Salvucci63a,63b,63c , A. Salzburger36 , J. Samarati36 , D. Sammel52 , D. Sampsonidis162 , D. Sampsonidou162 , J. Sánchez174 , A. Sanchez Pineda66a,66c , H. Sandaker134 , C.O. Sander46 , I.G. Sanderswood89 , M. Sandhoff182 , C. Sandoval22 , D.P.C. Sankey144 , M. Sannino55b,55a , Y. Sano117 , A. Sansoni51 , C. Santoni38 , H. Santos140a,140b , S.N. Santpur18 , A. Santra174 , A. Sapronov79 , J.G. Saraiva140a,140d , O. Sasaki81 , K. Sato169 , E. Sauvan5 , P. Savard167,ax , N. Savic115 , R. Sawada163 , C. Sawyer144 , L. Sawyer95,al , C. Sbarra23b , A. Sbrizzi23a , T. Scanlon94 , J. Schaarschmidt148 , P. Schacht115 , B.M. Schachtner114 , D. Schaefer37 , L. Schaefer137 , J. Schaeffer99 , S. Schaepe36 , U. Schäfer99 , A.C. Schaffer132 , D. Schaile114 , R.D. Schamberger155 , N. Scharmberg100 , V.A. Schegelsky138 , D. Scheirich143 , F. Schenck19 , M. Schernau171 , C. Schiavi55b,55a , S. Schier146 , L.K. Schildgen24 , Z.M. Schillaci26 , E.J. Schioppa36 , M. Schioppa41b,41a , K.E. Schleicher52 , S. Schlenker36 , K.R. Schmidt-Sommerfeld115 , K. Schmieden36 , C. Schmitt99 , S. Schmitt46 , S. Schmitz99 , J.C. Schmoeckel46 , U. Schnoor52 , L. Schoeffel145 , A. Schoening61b , P.G. Scholer52 , E. Schopf135 , M. Schott99 , J.F.P. Schouwenberg119 , J. Schovancova36 , S. Schramm54 , F. Schroeder182 , A. Schulte99 , H-C. Schultz-Coulon61a , M. Schumacher52 , B.A. Schumm146 , Ph. Schune145 , A. Schwartzman153 , T.A. Schwarz105 , Ph. Schwemling145 , R. Schwienhorst106 , A. Sciandra146 , G. Sciolla26 , M. Scodeggio46 , M. Scornajenghi41b,41a , F. Scuri71a , F. Scutti104 , L.M. Scyboz115 , C.D. Sebastiani72a,72b , P. Seema19 , S.C. Seidel118 , A. Seiden146 , T. Seiss37 , J.M. Seixas80b , G. Sekhniaidze69a , K. Sekhon105 , S.J. Sekula42 , N. Semprini-Cesari23b,23a , S. Sen49 , S. Senkin38 , C. Serfon76 , L. Serin132 , L. Serkin66a,66b , M. Sessa60a , H. Severini128 , F. Sforza170 , A. Sfyrla54 , E. Shabalina53 , J.D. Shahinian146 , N.W. Shaikh45a,45b , D. Shaked Renous180 , L.Y. Shan15a , R. Shang173 , J.T. Shank25 , M. Shapiro18 , A. Sharma135 , A.S. Sharma1 , P.B. Shatalov111 , K. Shaw156 , S.M. Shaw100 , A. Shcherbakova138 , Y. Shen128 , N. Sherafati34 , A.D. Sherman25 , P. Sherwood94 , L. Shi158,at , S. Shimizu81 , C.O. Shimmin183 , Y. Shimogama179 , M. Shimojima116 , I.P.J. Shipsey135 , S. Shirabe87 , M. Shiyakova79,aa , J. Shlomi180 , A. Shmeleva110 , M.J. Shochet37 , J. Shojaii104 , D.R. Shope128 , S. Shrestha126 , E.M. Shrif33c , E. Shulga180 , P. Sicho141 , A.M. Sickles173 , P.E. Sidebo154 , E. Sideras Haddad33c , O. Sidiropoulou36 , A. Sidoti23b,23a , F. Siegert48 , Dj. Sijacki16 , M. Silva Jr.181 , M.V. Silva Oliveira80a , S.B. Silverstein45a , S. Simion132 , E. Simioni99 , R. Simoniello99 , S. Simsek12b , P. Sinervo167 , V. Sinetckii113,110 , N.B. Sinev131 , M. Sioli23b,23a , I. Siral105 , S.Yu. Sivoklokov113 , J. Sjölin45a,45b , E. Skorda96 , P. Skubic128 , M. Slawinska84 , K. Sliwa170 , R. Slovak143 , V. Smakhtin180 , B.H. Smart144 , J. Smiesko28a , N. Smirnov112 , S.Yu. Smirnov112 , Y. Smirnov112 , L.N. Smirnova113,t , O. Smirnova96 , J.W. Smith53 , M. Smizanska89 , K. Smolek142 , A. Smykiewicz84 , A.A. Snesarev110 , H.L. Snoek120 , I.M. Snyder131 , S. Snyder29 , R. Sobie176,ad , A.M. Soffa171 , A. Soffer161 , – 26 – A. Søgaard50 , F. Sohns53 , C.A. Solans Sanchez36 , E.Yu. Soldatov112 , U. Soldevila174 , A.A. Solodkov123 , A. Soloshenko79 , O.V. Solovyanov123 , V. Solovyev138 , P. Sommer149 , H. Son170 , W. Song144 , W.Y. Song168b , A. Sopczak142 , F. Sopkova28b , C.L. Sotiropoulou71a,71b , S. Sottocornola70a,70b , R. Soualah66a,66c,f , A.M. Soukharev122b,122a , D. South46 , S. Spagnolo67a,67b , M. Spalla115 , M. Spangenberg178 , F. Spanò93 , D. Sperlich52 , T.M. Spieker61a , R. Spighi23b , G. Spigo36 , M. Spina156 , D.P. Spiteri57 , M. Spousta143 , A. Stabile68a,68b , B.L. Stamas121 , R. Stamen61a , M. Stamenkovic120 , E. Stanecka84 , R.W. Stanek6 , B. Stanislaus135 , M.M. Stanitzki46 , M. Stankaityte135 , B. Stapf120 , E.A. Starchenko123 , G.H. Stark146 , J. Stark58 , S.H Stark40 , P. Staroba141 , P. Starovoitov61a , S. Stärz103 , R. Staszewski84 , G. Stavropoulos44 , M. Stegler46 , P. Steinberg29 , A.L. Steinhebel131 , B. Stelzer152 , H.J. Stelzer139 , O. Stelzer-Chilton168a , H. Stenzel56 , T.J. Stevenson156 , G.A. Stewart36 , M.C. Stockton36 , G. Stoicea27b , M. Stolarski140a , P. Stolte53 , S. Stonjek115 , A. Straessner48 , J. Strandberg154 , 2019 JINST 14 P09011 S. Strandberg45a,45b , M. Strauss128 , P. Strizenec28b , R. Ströhmer177 , D.M. Strom131 , R. Stroynowski42 , A. Strubig50 , S.A. Stucci29 , B. Stugu17 , J. Stupak128 , N.A. Styles46 , D. Su153 , S. Suchek61a , V.V. Sulin110 , M.J. Sullivan90 , D.M.S. Sultan54 , S. Sultansoy4c , T. Sumida85 , S. Sun105 , X. Sun3 , K. Suruliz156 , C.J.E. Suster157 , M.R. Sutton156 , S. Suzuki81 , M. Svatos141 , M. Swiatlowski37 , S.P. Swift2 , T. Swirski177 , A. Sydorenko99 , I. Sykora28a , M. Sykora143 , T. Sykora143 , D. Ta99 , K. Tackmann46,y , J. Taenzer161 , A. Taffard171 , R. Tafirout168a , H. Takai29 , R. Takashima86 , K. Takeda82 , T. Takeshita150 , E.P. Takeva50 , Y. Takubo81 , M. Talby101 , A.A. Talyshev122b,122a , N.M. Tamir161 , J. Tanaka163 , M. Tanaka165 , R. Tanaka132 , S. Tapia Araya173 , S. Tapprogge99 , A. Tarek Abouelfadl Mohamed136 , S. Tarem160 , G. Tarna27b,b , G.F. Tartarelli68a , P. Tas143 , M. Tasevsky141 , T. Tashiro85 , E. Tassi41b,41a , A. Tavares Delgado140a,140b , Y. Tayalati35e , A.J. Taylor50 , G.N. Taylor104 , W. Taylor168b , A.S. Tee89 , R. Teixeira De Lima153 , P. Teixeira-Dias93 , H. Ten Kate36 , J.J. Teoh120 , S. Terada81 , K. Terashi163 , J. Terron98 , S. Terzo14 , M. Testa51 , R.J. Teuscher167,ad , S.J. Thais183 , T. Theveneaux-Pelzer46 , F. Thiele40 , D.W. Thomas93 , J.O. Thomas42 , J.P. Thomas21 , A.S. Thompson57 , P.D. Thompson21 , L.A. Thomsen183 , E. Thomson137 , E.J. Thorpe92 , Y. Tian39 , R.E. Ticse Torres53 , V.O. Tikhomirov110,ap , Yu.A. Tikhonov122b,122a , S. Timoshenko112 , P. Tipton183 , S. Tisserant101 , K. Todome23b,23a , S. Todorova-Nova5 , S. Todt48 , J. Tojo87 , S. Tokár28a , K. Tokushuku81 , E. Tolley126 , K.G. Tomiwa33c , M. Tomoto117 , L. Tompkins153,p , K. Toms118 , B. Tong59 , P. Tornambe102 , E. Torrence131 , H. Torres48 , E. Torró Pastor148 , C. Tosciri135 , J. Toth101,ab , D.R. Tovey149 , A. Traeet17 , C.J. Treado124 , T. Trefzger177 , F. Tresoldi156 , A. Tricoli29 , I.M. Trigger168a , S. Trincaz-Duvoid136 , W. Trischuk167 , B. Trocmé58 , A. Trofymov132 , C. Troncon68a , M. Trovatelli176 , F. Trovato156 , L. Truong33b , M. Trzebinski84 , A. Trzupek84 , F. Tsai46 , J.C-L. Tseng135 , P.V. Tsiareshka107,aj , A. Tsirigotis162 , N. Tsirintanis9 , V. Tsiskaridze155 , E.G. Tskhadadze159a , M. Tsopoulou162 , I.I. Tsukerman111 , V. Tsulaia18 , S. Tsuno81 , D. Tsybychev155 , Y. Tu63b , A. Tudorache27b , V. Tudorache27b , T.T. Tulbure27a , A.N. Tuna59 , S. Turchikhin79 , D. Turgeman180 , I. Turk Cakir4b,u , R.J. Turner21 , R.T. Turra68a , P.M. Tuts39 , S Tzamarias162 , E. Tzovara99 , G. Ucchielli47 , K. Uchida163 , I. Ueda81 , M. Ughetto45a,45b , F. Ukegawa169 , G. Unal36 , A. Undrus29 , G. Unel171 , F.C. Ungaro104 , Y. Unno81 , K. Uno163 , J. Urban28b , P. Urquijo104 , G. Usai8 , J. Usui81 , Z. Uysal12d , L. Vacavant101 , V. Vacek142 , B. Vachon103 , K.O.H. Vadla134 , A. Vaidya94 , C. Valderanis114 , E. Valdes Santurio45a,45b , M. Valente54 , S. Valentinetti23b,23a , A. Valero174 , L. Valéry46 , R.A. Vallance21 , A. Vallier36 , J.A. Valls Ferrer174 , T.R. Van Daalen14 , P. Van Gemmeren6 , I. Van Vulpen120 , M. Vanadia73a,73b , W. Vandelli36 , A. Vaniachine166 , D. Vannicola72a,72b , R. Vari72a , E.W. Varnes7 , C. Varni55b,55a , T. Varol42 , D. Varouchas132 , K.E. Varvell157 , M.E. Vasile27b , G.A. Vasquez176 , J.G. Vasquez183 , F. Vazeille38 , D. Vazquez Furelos14 , T. Vazquez Schroeder36 , J. Veatch53 , V. Vecchio74a,74b , M.J. Veen120 , L.M. Veloce167 , F. Veloso140a,140c , S. Veneziano72a , A. Ventura67a,67b , N. Venturi36 , A. Verbytskyi115 , V. Vercesi70a , M. Verducci71a,71b , C.M. Vergel Infante78 , C. Vergis24 , W. Verkerke120 , A.T. Vermeulen120 , J.C. Vermeulen120 , M.C. Vetterli152,ax , N. Viaux Maira147b , M. Vicente Barreto Pinto54 , T. Vickey149 , O.E. Vickey Boeriu149 , G.H.A. Viehhauser135 , L. Vigani61b , M. Villa23b,23a , M. Villaplana Perez68a,68b , E. Vilucchi51 , M.G. Vincter34 , V.B. Vinogradov79 , A. Vishwakarma46 , C. Vittori23b,23a , I. Vivarelli156 , – 27 – M. Vogel182 , P. Vokac142 , S.E. von Buddenbrock33c , E. Von Toerne24 , V. Vorobel143 , K. Vorobev112 , M. Vos174 , J.H. Vossebeld90 , M. Vozak100 , N. Vranjes16 , M. Vranjes Milosavljevic16 , V. Vrba142 , M. Vreeswijk120 , T. Šfiligoj91 , R. Vuillermet36 , I. Vukotic37 , T. Ženiš28a , L. Živković16 , P. Wagner24 , W. Wagner182 , J. Wagner-Kuhr114 , S. Wahdan182 , H. Wahlberg88 , K. Wakamiya82 , V.M. Walbrecht115 , J. Walder89 , R. Walker114 , S.D. Walker93 , W. Walkowiak151 , V. Wallangen45a,45b , A.M. Wang59 , C. Wang60c , C. Wang60b , F. Wang181 , H. Wang18 , H. Wang3 , J. Wang157 , J. Wang61b , P. Wang42 , Q. Wang128 , R.-J. Wang99 , R. Wang60a , R. Wang6 , S.M. Wang158 , W.T. Wang60a , W. Wang15c,ae , W.X. Wang60a,ae , Y. Wang60a,am , Z. Wang60c , C. Wanotayaroj46 , A. Warburton103 , C.P. Ward32 , D.R. Wardrope94 , N. Warrack57 , A. Washbrook50 , A.T. Watson21 , M.F. Watson21 , G. Watts148 , B.M. Waugh94 , A.F. Webb11 , S. Webb99 , C. Weber183 , M.S. Weber20 , S.A. Weber34 , S.M. Weber61a , A.R. Weidberg135 , J. Weingarten47 , M. Weirich99 , C. Weiser52 , P.S. Wells36 , T. Wenaus29 , T. Wengler36 , 2019 JINST 14 P09011 S. Wenig36 , N. Wermes24 , M.D. Werner78 , M. Wessels61a , T.D. Weston20 , K. Whalen131 , N.L. Whallon148 , A.M. Wharton89 , A.S. White105 , A. White8 , M.J. White1 , D. Whiteson171 , B.W. Whitmore89 , W. Wiedenmann181 , M. Wielers144 , N. Wieseotte99 , C. Wiglesworth40 , L.A.M. Wiik-Fuchs52 , F. Wilk100 , H.G. Wilkens36 , L.J. Wilkins93 , H.H. Williams137 , S. Williams32 , C. Willis106 , S. Willocq102 , J.A. Wilson21 , I. Wingerter-Seez5 , E. Winkels156 , F. Winklmeier131 , O.J. Winston156 , B.T. Winter52 , M. Wittgen153 , M. Wobisch95 , A. Wolf99 , T.M.H. Wolf120 , R. Wolff101 , R.W. Wölker135 , J. Wollrath52 , M.W. Wolter84 , H. Wolters140a,140c , V.W.S. Wong175 , N.L. Woods146 , S.D. Worm21 , B.K. Wosiek84 , K.W. Woźniak84 , K. Wraight57 , S.L. Wu181 , X. Wu54 , Y. Wu60a , T.R. Wyatt100 , B.M. Wynne50 , S. Xella40 , Z. Xi105 , L. Xia178 , D. Xu15a , H. Xu60a,b , L. Xu29 , T. Xu145 , W. Xu105 , Z. Xu60b , Z. Xu153 , B. Yabsley157 , S. Yacoob33a , K. Yajima133 , D.P. Yallup94 , D. Yamaguchi165 , Y. Yamaguchi165 , A. Yamamoto81 , F. Yamane82 , M. Yamatani163 , T. Yamazaki163 , Y. Yamazaki82 , Z. Yan25 , H.J. Yang60c,60d , H.T. Yang18 , S. Yang77 , X. Yang60b,58 , Y. Yang163 , W-M. Yao18 , Y.C. Yap46 , Y. Yasu81 , E. Yatsenko60c,60d , J. Ye42 , S. Ye29 , I. Yeletskikh79 , M.R. Yexley89 , E. Yigitbasi25 , K. Yorita179 , K. Yoshihara137 , C.J.S. Young36 , C. Young153 , J. Yu78 , R. Yuan60b,h , X. Yue61a , S.P.Y. Yuen24 , B. Zabinski84 , G. Zacharis10 , E. Zaffaroni54 , J. Zahreddine136 , A.M. Zaitsev123,ao , T. Zakareishvili159b , N. Zakharchuk34 , S. Zambito59 , D. Zanzi36 , D.R. Zaripovas57 , S.V. Zeißner47 , C. Zeitnitz182 , G. Zemaityte135 , J.C. Zeng173 , O. Zenin123 , D. Zerwas132 , M. Zgubič135 , D.F. Zhang15b , F. Zhang181 , G. Zhang15b , H. Zhang15c , J. Zhang6 , L. Zhang15c , L. Zhang60a , M. Zhang173 , R. Zhang24 , X. Zhang60b , Y. Zhang15a,15d , Z. Zhang63a , Z. Zhang132 , P. Zhao49 , Y. Zhao60b , Z. Zhao60a , A. Zhemchugov79 , Z. Zheng105 , D. Zhong173 , B. Zhou105 , C. Zhou181 , M.S. Zhou15a,15d , M. Zhou155 , N. Zhou60c , Y. Zhou7 , C.G. Zhu60b , H.L. Zhu60a , H. Zhu15a , J. Zhu105 , Y. Zhu60a , X. Zhuang15a , K. Zhukov110 , V. Zhulanov122b,122a , D. Zieminska65 , N.I. Zimine79 , S. Zimmermann52 , Z. Zinonos115 , M. Ziolkowski151 , G. Zobernig181 , A. Zoccoli23b,23a , K. Zoch53 , T.G. Zorbas149 , R. Zou37 and L. Zwalinski36 1 Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide; Australia 2 Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany NY; United States of America 3 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB; Canada 4 (a) Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara;(b) Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul;(c) Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara; Turkey 5 LAPP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy; France 6 High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL; United States of America 7 Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ; United States of America 8 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX; United States of America 9 Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens; Greece 10 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou; Greece 11 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX; United States of America 12 (a) Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul;(b) Istanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul;(c) Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul;(d) Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep; Turkey – 28 – 13 Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku; Azerbaijan 14 Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona; Spain 15 (a) Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing;(b) Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing;(c) Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing;(d) University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing; China 16 Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade; Serbia 17 Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen; Norway 18 Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley CA; United States of America 19 Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin; Germany 20 Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern; Switzerland 2019 JINST 14 P09011 21 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; United Kingdom 22 Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogota; Colombia 23 (a) INFN Bologna and Universita’ di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica;(b) INFN Sezione di Bologna; Italy 24 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn; Germany 25 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA; United States of America 26 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA; United States of America 27 (a) Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov;(b) Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest;(c) Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi;(d) National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj-Napoca;(e) University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest;( f ) West University in Timisoara, Timisoara; Romania 28 (a) Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava;(b) Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice; Slovak Republic 29 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY; United States of America 30 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires; Argentina 31 California State University, CA; United States of America 32 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; United Kingdom 33 (a) Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town;(b) Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg;(c) School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; South Africa 34 Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa ON; Canada 35 (a) Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies — Université Hassan II, Casablanca;(b) Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn-Tofail, Kénitra;(c) Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech;(d) Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier and LPTPM, Oujda;(e) Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat; Morocco 36 CERN, Geneva; Switzerland 37 Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL; United States of America 38 LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand; France 39 Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY; United States of America 40 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Denmark 41 (a) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende;(b) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati; Italy 42 Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX; United States of America 43 Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX; United States of America 44 National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi; Greece 45 (a) Department of Physics, Stockholm University;(b) Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm; Sweden 46 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen; Germany 47 Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund; Germany 48 Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden; Germany – 29 – 49 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC; United States of America 50 SUPA — School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; United Kingdom 51 INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati; Italy 52 Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg; Germany 53 II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen; Germany 54 Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève; Switzerland 55 (a) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova;(b) INFN Sezione di Genova; Italy 56 II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen; Germany 57 SUPA — School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow; United Kingdom 58 LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble; France 59 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA; United States of America 60 (a) Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of 2019 JINST 14 P09011 Science and Technology of China, Hefei;(b) Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao;(c) School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, KLPPAC-MoE, SKLPPC, Shanghai;(d) Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai; China 61 (a) Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg;(b) Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Germany 62 Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima; Japan 63 (a) Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong;(b) Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;(c) Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; China 64 Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu; Taiwan 65 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington IN; United States of America 66 (a) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine;(b) ICTP, Trieste;(c) Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine; Italy 67 (a) INFN Sezione di Lecce;(b) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce; Italy 68 (a) INFN Sezione di Milano;(b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano; Italy 69 (a) INFN Sezione di Napoli;(b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli; Italy 70 (a) INFN Sezione di Pavia;(b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia; Italy 71 (a) INFN Sezione di Pisa;(b) Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa; Italy 72 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma;(b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma; Italy 73 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata;(b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma; Italy 74 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma Tre;(b) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma; Italy 75 (a) INFN-TIFPA;(b) Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento; Italy 76 Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck; Austria 77 University of Iowa, Iowa City IA; United States of America 78 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA; United States of America 79 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna; Russia 80 (a) Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora;(b) Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro;(c) Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), São João del Rei;(d) Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo; Brazil 81 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba; Japan 82 Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe; Japan 83 (a) AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow;(b) Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow; Poland 84 Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow; Poland 85 Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto; Japan 86 Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto; Japan 87 Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Japan 88 Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata; Argentina 89 Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster; United Kingdom – 30 – 90 Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool; United Kingdom 91 Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana; Slovenia 92 School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London; United Kingdom 93 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham; United Kingdom 94 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London; United Kingdom 95 Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA; United States of America 96 Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund; Sweden 97 Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne; France 98 Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Spain 99 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz; Germany 2019 JINST 14 P09011 100 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom 101 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille; France 102 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA; United States of America 103 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal QC; Canada 104 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria; Australia 105 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI; United States of America 106 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI; United States of America 107 B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk; Belarus 108 Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Byelorussian State University, Minsk; Belarus 109 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC; Canada 110 P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow; Russia 111 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics of the National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow; Russia 112 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow; Russia 113 D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; Russia 114 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München; Germany 115 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München; Germany 116 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki; Japan 117 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya; Japan 118 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM; United States of America 119 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen; Netherlands 120 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Netherlands 121 Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL; United States of America 122 (a) Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics and NSU, SB RAS, Novosibirsk;(b) Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk; Russia 123 Institute for High Energy Physics of the National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Protvino; Russia 124 Department of Physics, New York University, New York NY; United States of America 125 Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo; Japan 126 Ohio State University, Columbus OH; United States of America 127 Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama; Japan 128 Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK; United States of America 129 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK; United States of America 130 Palacký University, RCPTM, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc; Czech Republic 131 Center for High Energy Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene OR; United States of America 132 LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay; France 133 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka; Japan 134 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo; Norway 135 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford; United Kingdom – 31 – 136 LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris; France 137 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA; United States of America 138 Konstantinov Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, PNPI, St. Petersburg; Russia 139 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA; United States of America 140 (a) Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas — LIP;(b) Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa;(c) Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra;(d) Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa;(e) Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga;( f ) Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain);(g) Dep Física and CEFITEC of Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica;(h) Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; Portugal 141 Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague; Czech Republic 2019 JINST 14 P09011 142 Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague; Czech Republic 143 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague; Czech Republic 144 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot; United Kingdom 145 IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette; France 146 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA; United States of America 147 (a) Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago;(b) Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso; Chile 148 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA; United States of America 149 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield; United Kingdom 150 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano; Japan 151 Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen; Germany 152 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC; Canada 153 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA; United States of America 154 Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm; Sweden 155 Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY; United States of America 156 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton; United Kingdom 157 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney; Australia 158 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Taiwan 159 (a) E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi;(b) High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; Georgia 160 Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; Israel 161 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Israel 162 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki; Greece 163 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo; Japan 164 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo; Japan 165 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo; Japan 166 Tomsk State University, Tomsk; Russia 167 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Canada 168 (a) TRIUMF, Vancouver BC;(b) Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto ON; Canada 169 Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Japan 170 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford MA; United States of America 171 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA; United States of America 172 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala; Sweden 173 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL; United States of America 174 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia — CSIC, Valencia; Spain 175 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC; Canada 176 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria BC; Canada – 32 – 177 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg; Germany 178 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry; United Kingdom 179 Waseda University, Tokyo; Japan 180 Department of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Israel 181 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI; United States of America 182 Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal; Germany 183 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT; United States of America 184 Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan; Armenia a Also at CERN, Geneva; Switzerland b Also at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille; France 2019 JINST 14 P09011 c Also at Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève; Switzerland d Also at Departament de Fisica de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Spain e Also at Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; Portugal f Also at Department of Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah; United Arab Emirates g Also at Department of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios; Greece h Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI; United States of America i Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; United States of America j Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield; United Kingdom k Also at Department of Physics, California State University, East Bay; United States of America l Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno; United States of America m Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Sacramento; United States of America n Also at Department of Physics, King’s College London, London; United Kingdom o Also at Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg; Russia p Also at Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford CA; United States of America q Also at Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide; Australia r Also at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; Switzerland s Also at Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI; United States of America t Also at Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; Russia u Also at Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun; Turkey v Also at Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka; Japan w Also at Hellenic Open University, Patras; Greece x Also at Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona; Spain y Also at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Germany z Also at Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen; Netherlands aa Also at Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia; Bulgaria ab Also at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest; Hungary ac Also at Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; China ad Also at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP); Canada ae Also at Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Taiwan af Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku; Azerbaijan ag Also at Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ilia State University, Tbilisi; Georgia ah Also at Instituto de Fisica Teorica, IFT-UAM/CSIC, Madrid; Spain ai Also at Istanbul University, Dept. of Physics, Istanbul; Turkey aj Also at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna; Russia ak Also at LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay; France al Also at Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA; United States of America am Also at LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris; France – 33 – an Also at Manhattan College, New York NY; United States of America ao Also at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny; Russia ap Also at National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow; Russia aq Also at Physics Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus; Palestine ar Also at Physics Dept, University of South Africa, Pretoria; South Africa as Also at Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg; Germany at Also at School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; China au Also at The City College of New York, New York NY; United States of America av Also at The Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter (CICQM), Beijing; China aw Also at Tomsk State University, Tomsk, and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny; Russia ax Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver BC; Canada 2019 JINST 14 P09011 ay Also at Universita di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli; Italy ∗ Deceased – 34 –