PHYSICAL REVIEW D 99, 052003 (2019) Search for heavy long-lived pffiffi multicharged particles in proton-proton collisions at s = 13 TeV using the ATLAS detector M. Aaboud et al.* (ATLAS Collaboration) (Received 11 December 2018; published 14 March 2019) A search for heavy long-lived multicharged particles is performed using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Data with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1 collected in 2015 and 2016 from proton-proton collisions at pffiffiffi s ¼ 13 TeV are examined. Particles producing anomalously high ionization, consistent with long-lived massive particles with electric charges from jqj ¼ 2e to jqj ¼ 7e, are searched for. No events are observed, and 95% confidence level cross-section upper limits are interpreted as lower mass limits for a Drell-Yan production model. Multicharged particles with masses between 50 and 980–1220 GeV (depending on their electric charge) are excluded. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.99.052003 I. INTRODUCTION symmetry is spontaneously broken at a high mass scale, leading to parity-violation in the weak-interaction sector of This article describes a search pforffiffiffi heavy long-lived the SM. Only leptonic decay modes would be characteristic multicharged particles (MCPs) in s ¼ 13 TeV proton- of such particles, as shown in the model described in Ref. [5]. proton collision data collected in 2015 and 2016 by the The H → W  W  decays are assumed to be suppressed. ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) The supersymmetric left-right model [5], which imposes [1]. The search, conducted on a sample of data corresponding lepton number conservation, predicts a light H boson with to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1 , is performed in the null lepton number, forbidding its decays to two same-sign MCP mass range from 50 to 1400 GeV, for electric charges1 leptons and making the H boson long-lived. Any obser- jqj ¼ ze, with charge numbers 2 ≤ z ≤ 7. An observation of vation of the particles predicted by the first two models could such particles, possessing an electric charge above the have implications for the formation of composite dark matter: elementary charge e, would be a signature for physics the doubly charged particles (or, in general, particles with an beyond the Standard Model (SM). Several theoretical models even charge jqj ¼ 2ne) could explain some excesses (e.g., predict such particles. AC-leptons, as predicted by the positron excess) observed in direct and indirect searches for almost-commutative model [2], are pairs of SU(2) electro- dark matter [6,7]. Particles with half-integer charge are weak singlets with opposite electromagnetic charges and no considered in this search in order to allow continuous mass other gauge charges of the SM, which makes them behave as limits to be set between the 2e and 7e cases. So far, no such heavy stable charged leptons. Technibaryons, predicted by particles have been observed in cosmic-ray [8] or collider the walking-technicolor model [3], are Goldstone bosons searches, including several recent searches at the Tevatron [9] made of two techniquarks or two anti-techniquarks with an and the LHC [10–12]. arbitrary value of the electric charge. The lightest techni- A purely electromagnetic coupling, proportional to the baryon is expected to be stable in the absence of processes electric charge of the MCPs, is assumed for the production violating the technibaryon number conservation law. Doubly model. In this search the MCPs are assumed to live long charged Higgs bosons are predicted by the left-right sym- enough to traverse the entire ATLAS detector without metric model [4] in Higgs triplets in a model postulating a decaying, and thus the analysis exploits their muonlike right-handed version of the weak interaction. Its gauge signature, making the muon trigger a natural choice. They are highly ionizing, and thus generate an abnormally large * Full author list given at the end of the article. ionization signal, dE=dx, which leads to their significant 1 Wherever a charge is quoted for exotic particles, the charge slowdown. Especially for MCPs with the highest charge conjugate state is also implied. and lowest mass values, this causes an event to not be triggered and/or MCPs to fail reconstruction as muons (this Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of is the main reason for the search to be limited by the z ¼ 7 the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to MCPs from above). The addition of the missing-transverse- the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, momentum trigger mitigates the first issue because a and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3. difference in energy deposited by the two MCPs in the 2470-0010=2019=99(5)=052003(26) 052003-1 © 2019 CERN, for the ATLAS Collaboration M. AABOUD et al. PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) calorimeter will lead to a nonzero ET vector sum and will between energy depositions from transition-radiation pho- make this trigger fire. Also, this trigger accepts events with tons and the energy loss of MIPs. Roughly three times the high-mass MCPs that are too slow to fall within the muon- energy deposition of a MIP is needed to generate an HT hit. trigger timing window. The offline analysis searches for MCPs would produce a large number of HT hits along their muonlike tracks with high dE=dx values in several sub- trajectories due to their high ionizing power. detector systems. The background expected from the SM The ID is surrounded by a thin superconducting solenoid processes (largely high-pT muons) is estimated using a providing a 2 T axial magnetic field, and by a high- data-driven technique. granularity lead/liquid-argon (LAr) sampling electromag- netic calorimeter. An iron/scintillator tile calorimeter pro- vides hadronic-energy measurements in the central II. ATLAS DETECTOR pseudorapidity region. The end cap and forward regions The ATLAS detector [13] covers nearly the entire solid are instrumented with LAr electromagnetic and hadronic angle around the collision point.2 The inner tracking calorimeters. The calorimeter system is surrounded by a detector (ID) consists of a silicon pixel detector (pixel), muon spectrometer (MS) incorporating three superconduct- a silicon microstrip detector (SCT) and a transition radi- ing toroidal magnet assemblies. The MS is instrumented ation tracker (TRT). The pixel detector was upgraded in with tracking detectors designed to measure the momenta 2014 with the insertion of an additional layer, the insertable of muons. Resistive-plate chambers (RPC) in the barrel B-layer (IBL) [14], mounted on a new beam pipe of smaller region (jηj < 1.05) and thin-gap chambers (TGC) in the diameter. The pixel detector provides at least four precise end cap regions (1.05 < jηj < 2.4) provide signals for the space-point measurements per track. At normal incidence, trigger. Monitored-drift-tube (MDT) chambers typically the average charge released by a minimum-ionizing particle provide 20–25 hits per crossing track in the pseudorapidity (MIP) in a pixel sensor is ≈20000 e− (≈16000 e− for the range jηj < 2.7, from which a high-precision momentum IBL) and the charge threshold is set to 3500 e− (2500 e− measurement is derived. In each amplifier-shaper-discrimi- for the IBL) [15]. Signals are accepted if they are larger nator channel, an analog-to-digital converter is used to than this threshold. The time interval with the signal above measure the signal charge in the 18.5 ns integration gate the threshold is approximately proportional to the ioniza- following the initial threshold crossing [17]. Cathode-strip tion charge and its dynamic range corresponds to 8.5 times chambers complement the tracking capabilities of the (1.5 times for the IBL) the average charge released by a MDTs in the high-rate forward regions. MIP if its track is normal to the silicon detectors and it A two-level trigger system is used to select interesting deposits all its ionization charge in a single pixel. If this events [18]. The first trigger level is implemented in value is exceeded in the IBL, the electronics signals an hardware and uses a subset of the detector information excess with an overflow bit; if it is exceeded in the other to reduce the event rate to a design value of at most three layers of the pixel detector, the hit information is not 100 kHz. This is followed by the software-based high-level recorded due to electronics limitations (nor is the fact of the trigger, which reduces the event rate to about 1 kHz. overflow). However, since the charge released by a particle The amount of material in the ID varies from one-half to crossing the pixel detector is rarely contained within just two radiation lengths. The overall amount of material one pixel, the neighboring pixels preserve the spatial traversed by an MCP up to the last measurement surface, information of this hit. The SCT consists of four double- which includes the calorimeters and the MS, may be as high layer silicon sensors with binary readout architecture, each as 75 radiation lengths. Muons typically lose 3 GeV with a small stereo angle, typically providing eight mea- penetrating the calorimeter system. The energy loss for surements per track. The TRT, covering the pseudorapidity MCPs with charge z would be z2 times this value, i.e., up to range jηj < 2.0, is a straw-tube tracking detector capable of 150 GeV for z ¼ 7. particle identification via transition-radiation and ioniza- The muon transverse momentum measured by the MS tion-energy-loss measurements [16]. A particle typically after the energy loss in the calorimeters is denoted by pμT, crosses 32 straws. Discriminators are used to compare the while transverse momentum of charged particles measured signal from a straw with a low threshold and a high by the ID or the combination of the ID and MS is denoted threshold (HT). The HT is designed to discriminate by pT. Charged-particle trajectories are reconstructed using standard algorithms. Since these algorithms assume par- 2 ticles with unit electric charge, the momenta of MCPs are ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the center of the detector and underestimated by a factor z, as the track curvature is the z axis along the beam pipe. The x axis points from the IP to the proportional to pT =z. center of the LHC ring, and the y axis points upward. Cylindrical coordinates ðr; ϕÞ are used in the transverse plane, ϕ being the III. SAMPLES OF SIMULATED EVENTS azimuthal angle around the z axis. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle θ as ηp¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi − ln tanðθ=2Þ.ffi Angular distance is Benchmark samples of simulated events with MCPs measured in units of ΔR ≡ ðΔηÞ2 þ ðΔϕÞ2 . were generated for a mass of 50 GeV and for a range of 052003-2 SEARCH FOR HEAVY LONG-LIVED MULTICHARGED … PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) masses between 200 and 1400 GeV in steps of 200 GeV, for To compensate for inefficiencies in the single-muon charges ze with z ¼ 2; 2.5; …; 7. Leptonlike pairs of MCPs trigger, an additional calorimeter-based trigger that imposes were generated via the lowest-order Drell-Yan (DY) proc- a threshold on the magnitude of the EmissT was employed. ess implemented in MADGRAPH5_aMC 2.3.3 [19] with miss The ET threshold was 70 GeV in 2015 and was raised only photon exchange included. This implementation of the twice in 2016, first to 90 GeV and later to 110 GeV. DY production process models the kinematic distributions Particles reconstructed in the MS are not accounted for in and determines the cross sections. Cross-section values for the trigger Emiss T calculation, which only takes into account MCP pair production range from hundreds of picobarns energy deposited in the calorimeters. Large missing trans- (mass of 50 GeV, z ¼ 7) down to a hundredth of a verse momentum can be due to a major difference between femtobarn (mass of 1400 GeV, z ¼ 2). Events were the energy deposited by the two MCPs in the calorimeter generated using the NNPDF23LO [20] parton distribution leading to a nonzero ET vector sum (because of significant functions with the A14 set of tuned parameters [21], and random fluctuations of the deposited energy) and also due PYTHIA 8.205 [22,23] was used for hadronization and to an MCP-MCP system recoiling against a jet, given that underlying-event generation. the energy deposited by the MCPs in the calorimeter would Simulated samples with muons from Z → μμ decays not balance the jet energy. were generated using POWHEG-BOX v2 [24,25] interfaced If an event is selected by both of these triggers, it is to the PYTHIA 8.186 parton shower model. The AZNLO assigned to the single-muon trigger for the following tuned parameters [26] were employed, with the CTEQ6L1 analysis. On average, the exclusive contribution of the PDF set [27] for the modeling of nonperturbative effects. Emiss trigger is about 20% of the overall number of T The EVTGEN 1.2.0 program [28] was utilized for the triggered signal events. properties of b- and c-hadron decays. A full GEANT 4 simulation [29,30] was used to model the B. Candidate track preselection response of the ATLAS detector. Each simulated hard- scattering event was overlaid with simulated minimum-bias Each candidate track is required to be a “combined” events (“pileup”) generated with PYTHIA in order to muon, i.e., reconstructed by combining track segments in reproduce the observed distribution of the number of the ID with those in the MS. These candidate muons must proton-proton collisions per bunch crossing. The simulated satisfy the “medium” criteria defined in Ref. [31], have events are reconstructed and analyzed in the same way as pμT =z > 50 GeV, and fall within the acceptance region of the experimental data. the TRT (jηj < 2.0). In order to reduce the background of high-ionization signals from two or more tracks firing the same TRT straws IV. EVENT AND CANDIDATE SELECTIONS or MDT tubes, each candidate is required not to have any The search relies on the ionization energy released by adjacent tracks with pT =z > 0.5 GeV within ΔR < 0.01. high-charge particles and measured in the pixel, TRT, and MDT subdetector systems. Acceptance is restricted to the C. Ionization estimators and tight/final selections pseudorapidity range jηj < 2.0 because of the TRT geo- metrical limitation. The definitions of the tight and final selections require The selection is logically divided into four steps: trigger the introduction of ionization estimators. and event selection, preselection, tight selection, and final The average specific energy loss, dE=dx, is described by selection. While the first two steps rely on muon and the Bethe-Bloch formula [32]. Since a particle’s energy loss missing-transverse-momentum (Emiss increases quadratically with its charge, an MCP would leave T ) signals as well as event topology, the tight and final selection steps rely on the a very characteristic signature of high ionization in the ionization estimators not available at the trigger level. detector. Estimates of dE=dx are evaluated for the pixel, These estimators are introduced later in this section. An TRT and MDT subdetector systems. The pixel dE=dx is event is considered to be a candidate event if it has at least calculated from the truncated mean of the dE=dx values of one candidate MCP (a reconstructed particle, which sat- the clusters associated with the track, excluding the largest isfies all selection criteria). (one or two) dE=dx measurements. The TRT dE=dx is the truncated mean of the hit-level dE=dx estimates, derived from the time interval when the signal remains above the low A. Trigger and event selections threshold. Each drift tube of the MDT system provides a Events collected in 2015 and 2016 with a single-muon signal proportional to the charge from ionization; a truncated trigger with no isolation requirement and a transverse- mean of these measurements is treated as the MDT dE=dx momentum threshold of pT =z ¼ 50 GeV are considered. estimator. Apart from the mentioned tail truncations, cali- This trigger is only sensitive to particles with velocity β ¼ brations and corrections of these dE=dx estimators include v=c > 0.6 due to a timing window, within which particles removal of their dependencies on geometrical quantities must reach the MS, which limits the trigger efficiency. (pseudorapidity, distance between a particle track and an 052003-3 M. AABOUD et al. PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) anode wire for the TRT and MDT) and of those related to distribution for such muons in data. To calculate these two detector effects: dependence on the number of hits, radiation parameters, a control sample of muons was obtained from damage leading to run-by-run response difference for the Z → μμ events. The muon selection is the same as in the pixel detector, detector occupancy for the pixel detector and analysis selection discussed in Sec. IV B. Also, muons are TRT, difference between the response in the different required to belong to an oppositely charged pair with detector sections for the MDT, etc. dimuon mass between 81 and 101 GeV. These require- The significance of the dE=dx variable in each sub- ments effectively suppress muons from other processes. detector is defined by comparing the observed signal, In addition to the dE=dx estimates, the number of IBL dE=dx, with the average value for a highly relativistic muon: clusters with at least one hit in overflow (called in the rest of the paper, for simplicity, the number of overflowing IBL dE=dx − hdE=dxiμ clusters) and the fraction of HT TRT hits (f HT ) are SðdE=dxÞ ¼ : σðdE=dxÞμ estimators of the energy loss and are used in the tight selection. Here hdE=dxiμ and σðdE=dxÞμ represent, respectively, As seen in Fig. 1, Sðpixel dE=dxÞ is a powerful dis- the mean and the root-mean-square width of the dE=dx criminator for particles with z ¼ 2. The signal region of the tight selection is defined by requiring Sðpixel dE=dxÞ Z→μ+μ-- data greater than 10. For higher values of z, the pixel readout 10-1 Z→μ+μ MC saturates and the corresponding hits are not recorded. M=200 GeV, z=2.0 M=800 GeV, z=2.0 Therefore, to search for particles with z > 2, the number 1/N dN/dS(pixel dE/dx) M=1400 GeV, z=2.0 10-2 of overflowing IBL clusters and f HT (see Fig. 2) are used as discriminating variables instead, with the signal regions of 10-3 the tight selection defined by requiring at least one over- ATLAS flowing IBL cluster and f HT to be above 0.5. 10-4 For both the z ¼ 2 and z > 2 search cases, the tight s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 selection criteria reduce the background contribution (mainly 10-5 from the high-pT muons) by at least 3 orders of magnitude, while keeping the signal efficiency above 90% relative to the 10-6 efficiency obtained in the previous selection step. -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 In the final selection, SðMDT dE=dxÞ and SðTRT dE=dxÞ S(pixel dE/dx) are used as additional discriminating variables to separate signal from background. Figure 3 shows the distributions of FIG. 1. Normalized distributions of the dE=dx significance in these variables for muons from Z → μμ events compared the pixel system, Sðpixel dE=dxÞ for muons from Z → μμ events (data and simulation) and for simulated MCPs passing the with those expected from signal particles with different preselection requirements. Signal distributions are shown for z ¼ charges (z ¼ 2.0, 4.5, and 7.0) and a mass of 800 GeV. It 2 and masses of 200, 800, and 1400 GeV. The red dotted line demonstrates that there is good separation between signal indicates the threshold of the selection criterion for the z ¼ 2 and background, which increases with increasing charge. search case. The SðMDT dE=dxÞ distribution shape broadens noticeably 10 1/N dN/d(N overflowing IBL clusters) 1 ATLAS Z→μ+μ-- data Z→μ+μ- data Z→μ+μ MC Z→μ+μ- MC 1 M=800 GeV, z=2.5 M=800 GeV, z=2.5 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 M=800 GeV, z=5.0 10-1 M=800 GeV, z=5.0 M=800 GeV, z=7.0 1/N dN/d(TRT f HT) -1 M=800 GeV, z=7.0 10 10-2 10-2 10-3 ATLAS 10-3 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 10-4 -4 10 10-5 -5 10 10-6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 N overflowing IBL clusters HT TRT f FIG. 2. Normalized distributions of the number of overflowing IBL clusters (left) and f HT (right) for muons from Z → μμ events (data and simulation) and for simulated MCPs passing the preselection requirements. Signal distributions are shown for z ¼ 2.5, 5.0, 7.0 and a mass of 800 GeV. The blue dotted lines indicate the thresholds of the selection criteria for the z > 2 search case. 052003-4 SEARCH FOR HEAVY LONG-LIVED MULTICHARGED … PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) 0.25 0.3 ATLAS ATLAS 0.2 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 1/N dN/dS(MDT dE/dx) -1 1/N dN/dS(TRT dE/dx) 0.25 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb Z→μ+μ- data Z→μ+μ- MC 0.2 0.15 M=800 GeV, z=2.0 Z→μ+μ- data M=800 GeV, z=4.5 Z→μ+μ- MC M=800 GeV, z=7.0 0.15 M=800 GeV, z=2.0 M=800 GeV, z=4.5 0.1 M=800 GeV, z=7.0 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 0 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 S(TRT dE/dx) S(MDT dE/dx) FIG. 3. Normalized distributions of the dE=dx significance in the TRT, SðTRT dE=dxÞ, (left) and in the MDT, SðMDT dE=dxÞ, (right) for muons from Z → μμ events (data and simulation) and for simulated MCPs passing preselection requirements. Signal distributions are shown for z ¼ 2.0, 4.5, and 7.0, for a mass of 800 GeV. with charge because, relative to typical muons, MCPs as for xenon-filled ones. It is accounted for in the systematic produce a larger number of δ-rays, which give early-time uncertainties calculation in Sec. VII B. hits in adjacent drift tubes. This results in the δ-rays’ The energy loss in the calorimeters is not used in the ionization loss being measured instead of the MCP’s loss, search because they have coarser granularity than the reducing the total ionization measured along the track. The tracking detectors and, thus, worse energy-loss resolution. detailed detector response to these high-charge particles may Ionization-estimators discrepancies between data and not be well simulated due to imperfect modeling of the simulation are accounted for as systematic uncertainties saturation effects. However, since these two detectors (TRT as described in Sec. VII B. and MDT) do not lose signal at saturation, their most Two-dimensional distributions of SðMDT dE=dxÞ ver- probable dE=dx values are higher than those of z ¼ 2 sus SðTRT dE=dxÞ are shown for data and simulated signal particles. events in Fig. 4 for candidates passing the tight selection for During the 2012 data-taking period, gas leaks started to z ¼ 2 (left) and z > 2 (right). As seen, the subdetector develop in TRT pipes, located mostly in inaccessible areas, signatures are different for the two samples, and thus the making their repair impossible [33]. Due to the high cost of final signal regions are chosen differently. They are defined the xenon-based gas mixture, leaking modules were supplied by SðTRT dE=dxÞ > 2.5 and SðMDT dE=dxÞ > 4 for with an argon-based mixture instead. The simulation does candidates selected as z ¼ 2 and by SðTRT dE=dxÞ > not fully model this change, resulting in a slightly narrower 3.5 and SðMDT dE=dxÞ > 4 for candidates selected as TRT dE=dx distribution in simulation than in data. This is a z > 2. The selection was optimized using only simulated small effect because the ratio of signal amplitude to the low samples and Z → μμ data control samples without exam- threshold for the argon-filled straws was tuned to be the same ining the signal region in the data. 35 35 Data 30 Data 30 Mass 800 GeV, z=2.5 Mass 200 GeV, z=2.0 Mass 800 GeV, z=5.0 25 Mass 1400 GeV, z=2.0 25 Mass 800 GeV, z=7.0 S(MDT dE/dx) S(MDT dE/dx) 20 20 15 ATLAS 15 ATLAS -1 10 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb 10 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 C D C D 5 5 A B A B 0 0 -5 -5 -10 -10 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 S(TRT dE/dx) S(TRT dE/dx) FIG. 4. SðMDT dE=dxÞ versus SðTRT dE=dxÞ after the z ¼ 2 (left) and z > 2 (right) tight selections. The distributions of the data and the simulated signal samples (for charges z ¼ 2.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.0, and masses of 200, 800, and 1400 GeV) are shown. The meaning of the A, B, C and D regions is discussed in the text. 052003-5 M. AABOUD et al. PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) TABLE I. Summary of preselection, tight selection and final selection requirements. Candidate track preselection Tight selection Final selection Requirements z¼2 Combined muon with Preselected candidate with Tightly selected candidate with “medium” identification criteria, Sðpixel dE=dxÞ > 10 SðTRT dE=dxÞ > 2.5, SðMDT dE=dxÞ > 4 pμT =z > 50 GeV, z>2 Preselected candidate with Tightly selected candidate with jηj < 2.0, ≥ 1 overflowing IBL cluster, SðTRT dE=dxÞ > 3.5, no other tracks with fHT > 0.5 SðMDT dE=dxÞ > 4 pT =z > 0.5 GeV within ΔR < 0.01 A summary of the preselection, tight selection and final ND expected data ¼ N Bdata observed × f: selection requirements for candidate tracks is presented in Table I. The probability f is derived from the cumulative SðMDT dE=dxÞ distribution for preselected muons in data with an anti-tight selection applied as shown in Fig. 5. The V. EXPECTED BACKGROUND ESTIMATION anti-tight selection is defined by inverting one of the tight The source of potential background is of an instrumental selection criteria: a muon must have f HT < 0.5 or must not origin: it consists mainly of muons with ionization ran- have any overflowing IBL clusters. If two or more muons domly fluctuating toward larger values due to detector are present in the same event, only the highest-pμT muon is occupancy effects (a large number of particles losing their chosen to contribute to the distribution. energy in the same detector elements) and δ-ray yields. The This method relies on the fact that SðMDT dE=dxÞ is not expected background rate is estimated with two methods. correlated with the tight selection quantities in background For the z ¼ 2 search case, it is estimated using an ABCD events. A check was performed to demonstrate the absence of method [34]. According to this method, the plane of such correlations: the distributions of Sðpixel dE=dxÞ, num- SðTRT dE=dxÞ and SðMDT dE=dxÞ is divided into regions ber of IBL clusters in overflow, f HT and SðTRT dE=dxÞ for A, B, C, and D using the final selection cuts as shown in muons in data with low SðMDT dE=dxÞ values (between Fig. 4. Region D is defined as the signal region, with −10 and 0) were compared with those for muons with high regions A, B, and C as control regions. SðMDT dE=dxÞ values (between 0 and 10). An agreement at If two or more particles contribute to the same event on the a level of 98.5% between the two cases is found, which shows ABCD plane, only one is retained and shown on the plane that there are no correlations between ionization estimators in according to a “D-C-B-A-pμT ” ranking to avoid double- different subdetectors for background. Also, an additional counting events. It consists in choosing the first particle found check was performed to make sure that the shapes of when considering region D then C, B, and finally A (ranked cumulative SðMDT dE=dxÞ distributions for the cases of from the most populated quadrant to the least populated one in signal simulation). If there are two or more particles in the 1 event and in the same region, the highest-pμT one is chosen. ATLAS 10-1 Fraction of events with a muon For the z ¼ 2 search, the expected number of back- passing the S(MDT dE/dx) cut s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 ground events in the D region, N D expected , is estimated from 10-2 data the numbers of observed data events in regions A, B, and C 10-3 (N A;B;C data observed ): 10-4 Data 10-5 N B observed × N Cdata observed ND expected data ¼ data A observed : 10-6 N data 10-7 The same method is not used for the z > 2 search case, 10-8 because N Cdata observed ¼ 0 [see Fig. 4 (right)], which would lead -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 to a large statistical uncertainty in N D expected data . Instead, a S(MDT dE/dx) cut method which employs sidebands of the two discriminating FIG. 5. Cumulative SðMDT dE=dxÞ distribution with the anti- variables is used [10]. Here, N D expected data is estimated from the tight selection applied, used to calculate the probability f to find a number of observed events in region B and the probability f particle with SðMDT dE=dxÞ > 4. The resulting value of f is to find a particle with SðMDT dE=dxÞ > 4 in a single event: indicated by the blue dashed line. 052003-6 SEARCH FOR HEAVY LONG-LIVED MULTICHARGED … PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) TABLE II. Expected background contribution (in events) to the D region in data for the z ¼ 2 selection, as well as quantities used for its calculation. The observed contribution is shown in the rightmost column. NA observed data N Bdata observed N Cdata observed ND expected data ND observed data 22117 379 9 0.15  0.05 ðstat:Þ  0.10 ðsyst:Þ 0 TABLE III. Expected background contribution (in events) to the D region in data for the z > 2 selection, as well as quantities used for its calculation. The observed contribution is shown in the rightmost column. N Bdata observed f ND expected data ND observed data 66 4.3 × 10−4 ð2.9  0.4 ðstat:Þ  2.2 ðsyst:ÞÞ × 10−2 0 anti-tight (see Fig. 5) and regular tight selections lay within The fraction of signal events satisfying the cumulative their statistical uncertainties. Any residual differences are selection requirements is given in Table IV for several attributed to a systematic uncertainty as explained in examples. Sec. VII A. Several factors contribute to the efficiency dependencies on The expected background contributions to the D regions mass and charge of the MCPs. For low masses, the jηj < 2.0 and quantities used for their calculation are shown in selection requirement and especially the pμT =z requirement Tables II and III for the z ¼ 2 and z > 2 search cases, are the main sources of efficiency loss. This pμT =z implied respectively. Systematic uncertainties in these values are selection can be as high as approximately pμT > 50 × 7 ¼ estimated according to the method discussed in Sec. VII A. 350 GeV, where 7 is the highest charge value used in the In principle, the absence of candidates in the C region analysis. For high masses, the requirement to reach the MS may be translated into a Poisson upper limit at 95% con- with a velocity β which satisfies the trigger timing window is fidence level of 2.996 events, and the expected background the primary reason for the reduction in efficiency. Also, high yield can be further estimated with the z ¼ 2 method. ionization loss makes particles slow down: they may not fall However, this results in a less precise estimate with the within the trigger timing window or may lose all their kinetic upper limit of 0.5 background events, which makes the energy before reaching the MS. The charge dependence of the usage of the z > 2 method more favorable. efficiency results from higher ionization and the higher effective pμT =z selection, which are augmented by the factors VI. SIGNAL EFFICIENCY z2 and z, respectively. Also, the increased production of δ-rays The cross-section limit is inversely proportional to the at higher charges leads to a smaller number of reconstructed integrated luminosity of the analyzed data times the overall combined muons. For events with only one MCP reaching the signal efficiency, which includes trigger and selection MS, the Emiss T will be larger for heavier and/or higher-charged efficiencies. This efficiency, as estimated from simulation, MCPs and therefore the EmissT trigger will be more likely to fire is shown in Fig. 6 for the signal samples used in this analysis. in such events. 50 50 ATLAS Simulation z=2.0 z=5.0 ATLAS Simulation m=50 GeV 45 z=2.5 z=5.5 45 m=200 GeV z=3.0 Overall signal efficiency [%] Overall signal efficiency [%] z=3.5 z=6.0 40 z=4.0 z=6.5 40 m=400 GeV z=4.5 z=7.0 m=600 GeV 35 35 m=800 GeV 30 30 m=1000 GeV m=1200 GeV 25 25 m=1400 GeV 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 2 3 4 5 6 7 MCP mass [GeV] z FIG. 6. The signal efficiencies for different MCP charges and masses for the DY production model versus, respectively, mass (left) and charge (right) values. Despite the analysis being performed separately for z ¼ 2 and z > 2 MCPs, it is still sensitive to MCPs with 2 < z < 2.5. In the right figure, the efficiencies at z ¼ 2.0 indicated by the continuous lines correspond to the efficiency values as if the z > 2 selection was applied to the z ¼ 2 samples, thus denoting the conservative efficiency estimates for the 2.0 < z < 2.5 particles. 052003-7 M. AABOUD et al. PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) TABLE IV. Fractions of signal events with at least one MCP candidate, which satisfy the given requirements (including all previous selection requirements). The uncertainties quoted are statistical only. Signal benchmark point Trigger Candidate event Tight Final z Mass [GeV] selection [%] selection [%] selection [%] selection [%] 200 51.6  0.3 41.6  0.3 39.2  0.3 35.9  0.3 2.0 800 54.5  0.3 44.6  0.3 41.3  0.3 39.5  0.3 1400 39.9  0.3 32.0  0.3 28.4  0.3 27.5  0.3 200 19.2  0.2 13.8  0.2 13.4  0.2 12.6  0.2 4.5 800 44.3  0.3 31.3  0.3 30.2  0.3 28.9  0.3 1400 33.6  0.3 22.6  0.2 22.1  0.2 21.1  0.2 200 5.5  0.1 1.42  0.07 1.4  0.1 1.19  0.07 7.0 800 21.0  0.2 8.3  0.2 7.9  0.2 6.9  0.2 1400 18.3  0.2 6.7  0.1 6.5  0.1 5.5  0.1 VII. UNCERTAINTIES IN THE BACKGROUND inside the dead regions do not contribute to the background ESTIMATION AND SIGNAL YIELD estimate used to assess the systematic uncertainty. This method provides an insight into any possible correlations Uncertainties in the background estimate, the signal between the two variables used to construct the ABCD plane. selection efficiency, and the integrated luminosity affect The maximum differences (calculated over several dead the sensitivity of the search for MCPs. The contributions of regions) between a new background expectation in the D these systematic uncertainties are described below. region and the nominal one are 67% (0.1 events) and 3.4% (10−3 events) for the z ¼ 2 and z > 2 cases, respectively, A. Background estimation uncertainty and are treated as systematic uncertainties in the estimation To assess a systematic uncertainty in the expected number of the expected background. of background events, so-called “dead regions” are intro- An additional uncertainty is assigned for the z > 2 case duced in the ABCD plane (see Fig. 7, left), and then the due to a mismatch between the spectra of the fraction of background estimate is recalculated for several dead-region events with a muon passing the SðMDT dE=dxÞ cut for the choices using the two methods described in Sec. V. The dead tight and anti-tight selections (see Fig. 7, right) at regions used are: SMDT lower < SðMDT dE=dxÞ < 4.0 with SðMDT dE=dxÞ values close to 4. Both distributions were SMDT lower ¼ 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 for both the z ¼ 2 and fit with a p0 × ep1 xþp2 function (a first-degree polynomial in z > 2 cases; and STRT TRT lower < SðTRT dE=dxÞ < Supper with the exponent was chosen for simplicity) within the range of lower ¼ 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 for the z ¼ 2 case and STRT 3 < SðMDT dE=dxÞ cut < 5, where x represents the upper ¼ 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 for the z > 2 case. The entries STRT SðMDT dE=dxÞ cut value and p0 , p1 , and p2 are free fit 35 70 10-1 Data, anti-tight selection 30 Fit, anti-tight selection 60 Fraction of events with a muon passing the S(MDT dE/dx) cut Data, regular tight selection 25 Fit, tight selection 50 10-2 20 S(MDT dE/dx) 15 ATLAS 40 ATLAS 10 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 10-3 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 30 5 C' D A' B' 20 0 10-4 10 -5 -10 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 10-52 3 4 5 6 7 S(TRT dE/dx) S(MDT dE/dx) cut FIG. 7. Left: ABCD plane (for the z ¼ 2 case) used to assess the systematic uncertainty in the expected number of background events. Entries inside the “dead region” (here within 1.0 < SðTRT dE=dxÞ < 2.5, shown by black shading) do not contribute to the background estimate used to assess the systematic uncertainty. Right: overall SðMDT dE=dxÞ distribution with the anti-tight selection applied (black points) and with the regular tight selection applied (green points). Both distributions are shown zoomed in around the final selection cut (shown by a solid blue vertical line) and are fit with p0 × ep1 xþp2 functions to quantify their difference at SðMDT dE=dxÞ ¼ 4. 052003-8 SEARCH FOR HEAVY LONG-LIVED MULTICHARGED … PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) parameters. The difference between the two fits at (iii) f HT by 40%, SðMDT dE=dxÞ ¼ 4 is used to assign an additional 75% (iv) SðTRT dE=dxÞ by 15%, systematic uncertainty (0.022 events). (v) and SðMDT dE=dxÞ by 3%. Summarizing the above, the final systematic uncertain- The values of these variations are obtained by averaging ties in the estimation of the expected background are 67% the bin-by-bin ratios of Z → μμ yields in data to those in for z ¼ 2 and 75% for z > 2. simulation (see Figs. 1–3) in the cores of the corresponding distributions (within 3σ with respect to the position of the B. Signal yield uncertainty mean of each distribution). The total systematic uncertain- ties in the efficiency arising from these variations range Several sources of systematic uncertainty in the signal between 5% and 80%, where the largest uncertainty efficiency are considered. The most significant uncertain- corresponds to lower-mass z ¼ 2.5 signal samples, which ties are those due to imperfect agreement between data and are fairly sensitive to the f HT variation. simulation, the trigger efficiency, and the parametrization The uncertainty in the trigger efficiency also has several of the parton distribution function used in the signal sources, including an uncertainty in the muon-trigger generation. efficiency (<0.5%), accounting for differences between The uncertainty due to the disagreement between data triggering on the same muons in data and simulation, and and simulation is evaluated by varying the signal accep- tance requirements used in the analysis. Several consid- an uncertainty in the Emiss T trigger efficiency (23% on erations motivate these variations. The uncertainty in the average). This second uncertainty depends on the accuracy amount of material in front of the MS, which is about 1% of modeling the Emiss T turn-on curve, and is sensitive to the miss [35], propagates into an uncertainty in the selection offline ET reconstruction. The former (9.4%) was efficiency due to the slowing down of particles, and is assessed by comparing the turn-on curves of the corre- covered by varying the pμT requirement. When considering sponding triggers in data and simulation using Z → μμ the Z → μμ dE=dx distributions together with those of the samples and taking the largest difference between all pairs. signal, the lower parts of the dE=dx ranges are the most The latter (21% on average) was assessed using the offline important for determining the signal efficiency. These Emiss T spectra (in events triggered exclusively by the Emiss T correspond to the cores of the Z → μμ distributions and trigger), varied to account for any possible uncertainties in are the most relevant because if there is good agreement the Emiss T term. There is also a β-dependent uncertainty between data and simulation in that dE=dx range (below originating from uncertainties in the modeling of the muon- the corresponding selection cut), the signal efficiencies will trigger timing for particles with β ≪ 1. In order to improve agree between the data and simulation. The variation the description of the trigger simulation, parametrized applied to the nominal pμT requirement is pμT value by 3%. corrections were applied to the probability for MCPs to In addition, the mean and the root-mean-square width of fire the RPC trigger. To assess the uncertainty, the param- the distributions in Z → μμ events disagree between data eters of these corrections were varied. The β value of and simulation, and the ionization estimators may be particles was varied between the true generated value and mismodeled. These are accounted for by the following the one reconstructed in the MS from the hypothesized variations of the signal selection criteria: mass and measured momentum. The time interval needed (i) number of overflowing IBL clusters by 0.5%, for a signal particle to reach the RPC trigger planes was (ii) Sðpixel dE=dxÞ by 25%, varied by the root-mean-square width of the timing TABLE V. Overview of the most significant individual contributions (in %) to the overall systematic uncertainties in the signal selection efficiency, as well as the resulting values of the relative uncertainties (rightmost column). Signal benchmark point Data-simulation Trigger PDF Selection efficiency z Mass [GeV] comparison [%] efficiency [%] parametrization [%] overall uncertainty [%] 200 12 0.9 6.5 14 2.0 800 7.2 3.6 10 13 1400 6.1 5.0 17 19 200 8.9 1.4 6.9 12 4.5 800 5.7 2.4 11 12 1400 5.9 10.2 17 21 200 9.3 3.1 7.2 14 7.0 800 6.6 8.2 11 16 1400 6.7 5.6 18 21 052003-9 M. AABOUD et al. PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) distribution for muons measured in the full Z → μμ data TABLE VI. Observed 95% C.L. lower mass limits of leptonlike sample. The uncertainty, assessed as the maximum relative MCPs for the Drell-Yan production model. difference between the nominal efficiency values and those z obtained after the variations, ranges up to 1% for signal particles with the highest charges and masses. For the TGC 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 trigger, no mismatch between the timing distributions in Lower 0.98 1.06 1.13 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.16 1.12 data and simulation was observed; therefore the trigger mass efficiency as obtained from simulation can be trusted. limit For MCPs with β significantly less than 1 the drift time in [TeV] the TRT and MDT could be mismeasured (due to the arrival time of the particle to the detector), worsening the momen- tum resolution, but TRT and MDT simulations model this overall systematic uncertainties, are shown in Table V effect. In the TRT, the effect is hardly noticeable due to the for several benchmark points. relatively small distance between the interaction point and the TRT. An MCP traveling one meter gets delayed by 0.6 ns VIII. RESULTS for β ¼ 0.8, while the TRT time bin is 3.1 ns. Also, the track No candidate events with MCPs were found for either reconstruction accepts hits within a timing uncertainty of the z ¼ 2 search or the z > 2 search. The results are ð3–4Þ ns. The time difference is larger for the MS (up to consistent with the expectation of 0.15  0.05 ðstat:Þ  7 ns); however, the total drift time in MDT, with drift tubes of 0.10 ðsyst:Þ and ð2.9  0.4 ðstat:Þ  2.2 ðsyst:ÞÞ × 10−2 radius 15 mm, is about 700 ns, and thus any likely difference background events, respectively. Since the number of between data and simulation would not contribute signifi- events expected from background is very small and no cantly to the track reconstruction efficiency. signal events were found, the observed and expected limits The NNPDF23LO parton distribution function (PDF) was are practically identical. varied within its error sets, each with a slightly different The limits are computed with the ROOSTATS framework parametrization. These variations were translated into an [37], which uses the CLs method [38] to discriminate uncertainty in the signal efficiency, ranging from 6% for low- between the background-only hypothesis and the signal- mass MCPs to 18% for MCPs with the highest mass. plus-background hypothesis, and determines exclusion A 2.1% uncertainty was assigned to the integrated limits for various MCP scenarios. The signal selection luminosity used for this analysis. This uncertainty is efficiency, luminosity, expected and observed numbers of derived, following a methodology similar to that detailed events and their uncertainties (as well as signal leakages in Ref. [36], from a calibration of the luminosity scale using (fractions of the signal distributions outside the D region of x-y beam-separation scans. the ABCD plane), handled as nuisance parameters, are A subset of contributions from the separate sources of the most significant systematic uncertainties in the signal 1400 selection efficiency, as well as the resulting values of ATLAS Lower limit on MCP mass [GeV] 1300 -1 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb 1200 103 ATLAS Theory Observed 1100 102 prediction 95% CL limit s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 DY z=2.0 z=2.0 1000 10 DY z=3.5 z=3.5 900 1 σ [pb] DY z=5.0 z=5.0 Observed 95% CL limit 10-1 800 DY z=7.0 z=7.0 10-2 700 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 10-3 z 10-4 FIG. 9. Observed 95% C.L. lower mass limits of leptonlike MCPs for charges z ∈ ½2; 7 with a Drell-Yan pair-production 10-5 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 model. The mismatch between the left end of the continuous line MCP mass [GeV] and the marker at z ¼ 2.0 (a shift by 150 GeV) is due to the difference in efficiencies between the cases where the z ¼ 2 and FIG. 8. Observed 95% C.L. cross-section upper limits and z > 2 selections are applied to the z ¼ 2.0 samples, making this theoretical cross sections as functions of the leptonlike MCP’s line segment constitute a conservative mass limit for 2.0 < z < mass for several values of z between 2 and 7. 2.5 particles. 052003-10 SEARCH FOR HEAVY LONG-LIVED MULTICHARGED … PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) taken as input for pseudoexperiments, resulting in an Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and observed limit at 95% confidence level (C.L.). FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; The measurement excludes the DY model of leptonlike CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; MCP pair production over wide ranges of tested masses. COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and Figure 8 summarizes the observed 95% C.L. cross-section VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; limits as a function of mass for several MCP charges and IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, compares them with those predicted by the DY model. Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, For this model, the cross-section limits can be trans- Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and formed into mass exclusion regions from 50 GeV up to Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, the values in Table VI. Figure 9 demonstrates the Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, dependence of the lower mass exclusion limits on MCP Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; charge values. The mass limits are obtained from the MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, intersection of the observed limits and the theoretical Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, cross-section values. Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, IX. CONCLUSION Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, This article reports on a search for long-lived multi- United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of charged particles produced in proton-proton collisions with America. In addition, individual groups and members have the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The searchpffiffiffi uses a data received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and sample with a center-of-mass energy of s ¼ 13 TeV and Compute Canada, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1 . Leptonlike particles 2020, and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European are searched for with electric charges from jqj ¼ 2e to Union; Investissements d’ Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, jqj ¼ 7e penetrating the full ATLAS detector and produc- France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, ing anomalously high ionization signals in multiple detec- Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF tor elements. Less than one background event is expected and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; and no events are observed. Upper limits are derived on the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; The cross sections using a Drell-Yan production model and Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. exclude leptonlike multicharged particles with masses The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is between 50 and 980–1220 GeV. acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; non-WLCG resource providers. 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Willocq,100 J. A. Wilson,21 I. Wingerter-Seez,5 E. Winkels,153 F. Winklmeier,128 O. J. Winston,153 B. T. Winter,50 M. Wittgen,150 M. Wobisch,93 A. Wolf,97 T. M. H. Wolf,118 R. Wolff,99 J. Wollrath,50 M. W. Wolter,82 H. Wolters,137a,137c V. W. S. Wong,172 N. L. Woods,143 S. D. Worm,21 B. K. Wosiek,82 K. W. Woźniak,82 K. Wraight,55 M. Wu,36 S. L. Wu,178 X. Wu,52 Y. Wu,58a T. R. Wyatt,98 B. M. Wynne,48 S. Xella,39 Z. Xi,103 L. Xia,175 D. Xu,15a H. Xu,58a,q L. Xu,29 T. Xu,142 W. Xu,103 Z. Xu,150 B. Yabsley,154 S. Yacoob,32a K. Yajima,130 D. P. Yallup,92 D. Yamaguchi,162 Y. Yamaguchi,162 A. Yamamoto,79 T. Yamanaka,160 F. Yamane,80 M. Yamatani,160 T. Yamazaki,160 Y. Yamazaki,80 Z. Yan,25 H. J. Yang,58c,58d H. T. Yang,18 S. Yang,75 Y. Yang,160 Z. Yang,17 W-M. Yao,18 Y. C. Yap,44 Y. Yasu,79 E. Yatsenko,58c,58d J. Ye,41 S. Ye,29 I. Yeletskikh,77 E. Yigitbasi,25 E. Yildirim,97 K. Yorita,176 K. Yoshihara,134 C. J. S. Young,35 C. Young,150 J. Yu,8 J. Yu,76 X. Yue,59a S. P. Y. Yuen,24 B. Zabinski,82 G. Zacharis,10 E. Zaffaroni,52 R. Zaidan,14 A. M. Zaitsev,121,oo T. Zakareishvili,156b N. Zakharchuk,33 S. Zambito,57 D. Zanzi,35 D. R. Zaripovas,55 S. V. Zeißner,45 C. Zeitnitz,179 G. Zemaityte,132 J. C. Zeng,170 Q. Zeng,150 O. Zenin,121 D. Zerwas,129 M. Zgubič,132 D. F. Zhang,58b D. Zhang,103 F. Zhang,178 G. Zhang,58a G. Zhang,15b H. Zhang,15c J. Zhang,6 L. Zhang,15c L. Zhang,58a M. Zhang,170 P. Zhang,15c R. Zhang,58a R. Zhang,24 X. Zhang,58b Y. Zhang,15d Z. Zhang,129 P. Zhao,47 Y. Zhao,58b,129,aa Z. Zhao,58a A. Zhemchugov,77 Z. Zheng,103 D. Zhong,170 B. Zhou,103 C. Zhou,178 M. S. Zhou,15d M. Zhou,152 N. Zhou,58c Y. Zhou,7 C. G. Zhu,58b H. L. Zhu,58a H. Zhu,15a J. Zhu,103 Y. Zhu,58a X. Zhuang,15a K. Zhukov,108 V. Zhulanov,120b,120a A. Zibell,174 D. Zieminska,63 N. I. Zimine,77 S. Zimmermann,50 Z. Zinonos,113 M. Ziolkowski,148 G. Zobernig,178 A. Zoccoli,23b,23a K. Zoch,51 T. G. Zorbas,146 R. Zou,36 M. Zur Nedden,19 and L. Zwalinski35 (ATLAS Collaboration) 052003-20 SEARCH FOR HEAVY LONG-LIVED MULTICHARGED … PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) 1 Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 2 Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany, New York, USA 3 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 4a Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey 4b Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey 4c Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey 5 LAPP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, France 6 High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA 7 Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA 8 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA 9 Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece 10 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece 11 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 12a Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey 12b Istanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey 12c Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey 12d Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey 13 Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan 14 Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain 15a Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 15b Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 15c Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China 15d University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing, China 16 Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 17 Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 18 Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA 19 Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany 20 Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 21 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom 22 Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogota, Colombia 23a Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy 23b INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy 24 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany 25 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 26 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA 27a Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania 27b Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania 27c Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania 27d National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 27e University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania 27f West University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania 28a Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 28b Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic 29 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA 30 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina 31 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom 32a Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa 32b Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 32c School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 33 Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 34a Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies—Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco 34b Centre National de l’Energie des Sciences Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco 34c Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech, Morocco 052003-21 M. AABOUD et al. PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) 34d Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier and LPTPM, Oujda, Morocco 34e Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco 35 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 36 Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA 37 LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France 38 Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington, New York, USA 39 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 40a Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy 40b INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy 41 Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA 42 Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA 43a Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Sweden 43b Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden 44 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany 45 Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany 46 Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany 47 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 48 SUPA—School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 49 INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy 50 Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany 51 II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany 52 Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland 53a Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy 53b INFN Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy 54 II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany 55 SUPA—School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom 56 LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France 57 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 58a Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China 58b Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao, China 58c School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, KLPPAC-MoE, SKLPPC, Shanghai, China 58d Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai, China 59a Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 59b Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 60 Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan 61a Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China 61b Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 61c Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China 62 Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 63 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA 64a INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy 64b ICTP, Trieste, Italy 64c Dipartimento di Chimica, Fisica e Ambiente, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy 65a INFN Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy 65b Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy 66a INFN Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy 66b Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy 67a INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy 67b Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy 68a INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 68b Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 69a INFN Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 69b Dipartimento di Fisica E.Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 70a INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy 70b Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy 71a INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy 052003-22 SEARCH FOR HEAVY LONG-LIVED MULTICHARGED … PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) 71b Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy 72a INFN Sezione di Roma Tre, Roma, Italy 72b Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy 73a INFN-TIFPA, Trento, Italy 73b Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy 74 Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Austria 75 University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA 76 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA 77 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia 78a Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil 78b Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 78c Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), São João del Rei, Brazil 78d Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 79 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan 80 Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan 81a AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland 81b Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland 82 Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland 83 Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 84 Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan 85 Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 86 Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina 87 Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom 88 Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom 89 Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia 90 School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom 91 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom 92 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom 93 Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA 94 Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden 95 Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne, France 96 Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 97 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany 98 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom 99 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France 100 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA 101 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada 102 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 103 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 104 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA 105 B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus 106 Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Byelorussian State University, Minsk, Belarus 107 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada 108 P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 109 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia 110 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia 111 D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 112 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany 113 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany 114 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan 115 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan 116 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA 052003-23 M. AABOUD et al. PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) 117 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen, Netherlands 118 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands 119 Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA 120a Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics and NSU, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 120b Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk, Russia 121 Institute for High Energy Physics of the National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Protvino, Russia 122 Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York, USA 123 The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 124 Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan 125 Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA 126 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA 127 Palacký University, RCPTM, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc, Czech Republic 128 Center for High Energy Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA 129 LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France 130 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 131 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 132 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom 133 LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France 134 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 135 Konstantinov Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, PNPI, St. Petersburg, Russia 136 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 137a Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP, Lisboa, Portugal 137b Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal 137c Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal 137d Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal 137e Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal 137f Departamento de Física Teorica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain), Spain 137g Dep Física and CEFITEC of Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal 138 Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic 139 Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 140 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic 141 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom 142 IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France 143 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA 144a Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 144b Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile 145 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA 146 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom 147 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan 148 Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany 149 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada 150 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California, USA 151 Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden 152 Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA 153 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom 154 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 155 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 156a E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 156b High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 157 Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 158 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 159 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece 160 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 161 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan 052003-24 SEARCH FOR HEAVY LONG-LIVED MULTICHARGED … PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) 162 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan 163 Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia 164 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 165a TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 165b Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 166 Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan 167 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA 168 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA 169 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden 170 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA 171 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia—CSIC, Valencia, Spain 172 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 173 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 174 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany 175 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom 176 Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan 177 Department of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 178 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 179 Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany 180 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA 181 Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia a Deceased. b Also at Department of Physics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom. c Also at Istanbul University, Dept. of Physics, Istanbul, Turkey. d Also at Instituto de Física Teórica de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. e Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan. f Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. g Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA. h Also at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland. i Also at Departament de Fisica de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. j Also at Tomsk State University, Tomsk, and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny, Russia. k Also at The Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter (CICQM), Beijing, China. l Also at Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. m Also at Universita di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy. n Also at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP), Canada. o Also at II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. p Also at Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania. q Also at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France. r Also at Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia. s Also at Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York, USA. t Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, USA. u Also at Department of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece. v Also at Centre for High Performance Computing, CSIR Campus, Rosebank, Cape Town, South Africa. w Also at Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA. x Also at California State University, East Bay, California, USA. y Also at Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain. z Also at Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. aa Also at LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France. bb Also at Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. cc Also at Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. dd Also at Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen, Netherlands. ee Also at Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia. ff Also at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. gg Also at Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. hh Also at Manhattan College, New York, New York, USA. ii Also at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia. 052003-25 M. AABOUD et al. PHYS. REV. D 99, 052003 (2019) jj Also at Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece. kk Also at LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France. ll Also at The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA. mm Also at Departamento de Física Teorica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain), Spain. nn Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA. oo Also at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny, Russia. pp Also at Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland. qq Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom. rr Also at School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. ss Also at Department of Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. tt Also at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. uu Also at National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia. vv Also at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary. ww Also at Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun, Turkey. xx Also at Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. 052003-26