Published for SISSA by Springer Received: February 22, 2019 Revised: June 11, 2019 Accepted: June 17, 2019 Published: June 28, 2019 Searches for third-generation scalar leptoquarks in JHEP06(2019)144 √ s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector The ATLAS collaboration E-mail: atlas.publications@cern.ch Abstract: Limits are set on the pair production of scalar leptoquarks, where all possible decays of the leptoquark into a quark (t, b) and a lepton (τ , ν) of the third generation are considered. The limits are presented as a function of the leptoquark mass and the branching ratio into charged leptons for up-type (LQu3 → tν/bτ ) and down-type (LQd3 → bν/tτ ) leptoquarks. Many results are reinterpretations of previously published ATLAS searches. In all cases, LHC proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √ s = 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016 are used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1 . Masses below 800 GeV are excluded for both LQu3 and LQd3 independently of the branching ratio, with masses below about 1 TeV being excluded for the limiting cases of branching ratios equal to zero or unity. Keywords: Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments) ArXiv ePrint: 1902.08103 Open Access, Copyright CERN, https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2019)144 for the benefit of the ATLAS Collaboration. Article funded by SCOAP3 . Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 ATLAS detector 3 3 Signal simulation 3 4 The bτ bτ channel 4 JHEP06(2019)144 miss channel with one lepton 5 The tt plus ET 13 miss channel with zero leptons 6 The tt plus ET 16 miss channel 7 The τ τ b plus ET 17 miss channel 8 The bb plus ET 22 9 Limits on the LQ mass as a function of B 25 10 Conclusion 27 The ATLAS collaboration 31 1 Introduction Leptoquarks (LQ) are predicted by many extensions [1–7] of the Standard Model (SM) and provide a connection between the quark and lepton sectors, which exhibit a similar structure in the SM. Also, recent hints of a potential violation of lepton universality in measurements of B-meson decays can be attributed, if confirmed, to the exchange of LQs [8–14]. LQs are bosons carrying colour and fractional electrical charge. They possess non-zero baryon and lepton numbers and decay into a quark-lepton pair. Leptoquarks can be scalar or vector bosons and can be produced singly or in pairs in proton-proton collisions. This analysis focuses on the pair-production of third-generation scalar leptoquarks, i.e. LQs that decay into third-generation SM particles. The assumption that LQs can only interact with leptons and quarks of the same family follows the minimal Buchmüller-Rückl- Wyler model [15], which is the benchmark model used in this analysis. The LQs couple to the quark-lepton pair via a Yukawa interaction. The couplings are determined by two parameters: a model parameter β and the coupling parameter λ. The coupling to the √ √ charged lepton (τ ) is given by βλ, and the coupling to the τ -neutrino ν by 1 − βλ. The search is carried out for an up-type (LQu3 → tν/bτ ) and a down-type (LQd3 → bν/tτ ) leptoquark. –1– t, b b, t p p LQu3 ν, τ LQd3 ν, τ LQu3 ν, τ ν, τ LQd3 p p JHEP06(2019)144 t, b b, t Figure 1. Pair production and decay of LQu3 and LQd3 . The LQ model is identical to the one used for a recent ATLAS search for first- and second-generation scalar LQs using the dataset from 2015 and 2016, consisting of 36.1 fb−1 √ of data taken at s = 13 TeV [16]. In the following, the third-generation results are presented for that same dataset, where all possible decays of the pair-produced LQ u3 and LQd3 into a quark (t, b) and a lepton (τ , ν) of the third generation are considered. The results are presented as a function of the leptoquark mass and the branching ratio (B) into charged leptons, in contrast to using mass and β as done for the first and second generations. This is due to the fact that β is not equal to the branching ratio for third-generation LQs due to the sizeable top-quark mass. Previous ATLAS results for third-generation LQs for √ the case B = 0 for both LQu3 and LQd3 used the s = 8 TeV dataset from 2012 [17]. The most recent CMS results are based on the 2016 dataset targeting B = 0 for both LQu3 and LQd3 [18] as well as B = 1 for LQu3 [19] and LQd3 [20]. The results presented here are from a dedicated LQ search based on a search for pair- produced Higgs bosons decaying into two b-jets and two τ -leptons [21], where the search is optimized for the LQu3 pair production with B ≈ 1, and four reinterpretations of ATLAS searches for supersymmetric particles. Supersymmetric particles can have similar or even identical experimental signatures and very similar kinematics to pair-produced LQs. Pair production of the supersymmetric partner of the top (bottom) quark, known as the top (bottom) squark, has the same experimental signature of a tt̄-pair (bb̄-pair) and missing transverse momentum as LQu3 (LQd3 ) pair production with B = 0 (see figure 1). Hence, the ATLAS searches for top squarks in final states with one [22] or zero [23] leptons and for bottom squarks [24] are optimal when searching for LQu3 and LQd3 with B = 0, respectively. The final state of two τ -leptons, b-jets, and missing transverse momentum is targeted in another top-squark pair-production search [25] and is expected to be sensitive to medium and high branching ratios into charged leptons. For all analyses, the results are presented as a function of B and the leptoquark mass for both LQu3 and LQd3 . The paper is structured as follows. After a brief description of the ATLAS detector, the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of LQ pair production are discussed. This is followed by –2– a description of the five analyses, starting with the dedicated search for two b-jets and two τ -leptons. Four brief sections describe the reinterpretations of searches for supersymmetric particles, as the published analyses are not modified for this reinterpretation. Each of the five analysis sections finish with cross-section and mass limits for a fixed value of B to which the analysis is particularly sensitive. Finally, the results of all analyses are presented as a function of B and leptoquark mass. 2 ATLAS detector JHEP06(2019)144 The ATLAS detector [26] is a multipurpose particle detector at the LHC with nearly 4π coverage around the collision point.1 Closest to the beam is the inner detector, which provides charged-particle tracking in the range |η| < 2.5. During the LHC shutdown between Run 1 and Run 2, a new innermost layer of silicon pixels was added, which im- proves the track impact parameter resolution and vertex position resolution [27–29]. The inner detector is surrounded by a superconducting solenoid providing a 2 T axial mag- netic field, followed by a lead/liquid-argon electromagnetic sampling calorimeter and a steel/scintillator-tile hadronic calorimeter. The endcap and forward regions are instru- mented with liquid-argon calorimeters for both the electromagnetic and hadronic energy measurements up to |η| = 4.9. The outer part of the detector consists of a muon spec- trometer with high-precision tracking chambers for coverage up to |η| = 2.7, fast detectors for triggering over |η| < 2.4, and three large superconducting toroidal magnets with eight coils each. Events are selected by a two-level trigger system consisting of a hardware-based trigger for the first level and a software-based system for the second level [30]. 3 Signal simulation Signal samples were generated at next-to-leading order (NLO) in QCD with MadGraph5 aMC@NLO 2.4.3 [31], using the LQ model of ref. [32] that adds parton showers to previous fixed-order NLO OCD calculations [33], and the NNPDF 3.0 NLO [34] parton distribution functions (PDF), interfaced with Pythia 8.212 [35] using the A14 set of tuned parameters [36] for the parton shower and hadronization. The leptoquark signal produc- tion cross-sections are taken from calculations [37] of direct top-squark pair production, as both are massive, coloured, scalar particles with the same production modes. The calcula- tions are at NLO plus next-to-leading-logarithm accuracy, with uncertainties determined by variations of factorization and renormalization scales, αs , and PDF variations. Madspin [38] was used for the decay of the LQ. The parameter λ was set to 0.3, resulting in a LQ width of about 0.2% of its mass [15, 39]. The samples were produced for a model parameter of β = 0.5, where desired branching ratios B were obtained by 1 ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the centre of the detector and the z-axis along the beam pipe. The x-axis points from the IP to the centre of the LHC ring, and the y-axis points upward. Cylindrical coordinates (r,φ) are used in the transverse plane, φ being the azimuthal angle around the beam pipe. The pseudorapidity is defined p in terms of the polar angle θ as η = − ln tan(θ/2). Angular distance is measured in units of ∆R = (∆η)2 + (∆φ)2 . –3– B (LQ → qτ) 0.65 ATLAS Simulation u β = 0.5 B(LQ3→ bτ) 3 0.6 d B(LQ3→ tτ) 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 JHEP06(2019)144 0.35 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 m (LQ3) [GeV] Figure 2. Branching ratio into charged leptons for β = 0.5 and different LQ masses for LQu3 → bτ /tν and LQd3 → tτ /bν. reweighting the samples based on generator information. Additional samples for β = 1 are used in the analysis of the final state with two b-jets and two τ -leptons. Due to the difference between the model parameter β and B for third-generation LQs, the branching ratio B̂ in the simulated sample with β = 0.5 can either be calculated from the given parameter λ and the resulting decay width or be taken from the generator information of the MC sample. It is shown in figure 2 as a function of the leptoquark mass. The reweighting is based on the number of charged leptons ncl at generator level originating directly from the decaying leptoquarks for each event. The weight w depends on the B̂ of the produced MC sample and on the B of the decay channel and is  ncl  (2−ncl ) B 1−B w(B) = × . B̂ 1 − B̂ 4 The bτ bτ channel To search for pair-produced scalar leptoquarks decaying into bτ bτ , final states in which one τ -lepton decays leptonically and the other hadronically (τ` τhad ), as well as the case in which both τ -leptons decay hadronically (τhad τhad ), are considered. This analysis utilizes the same analysis strategy employed by the ATLAS search for pair-produced Higgs bosons decaying into bbτ τ final states [21] but optimized for a leptoquark signal with decays into bτ bτ . Object reconstruction in the detector (electrons, muons, τ -leptons, jets, and b-jets) employed for τ` τhad and τhad τhad channels is the same as in ref. [21]. The data were collected through three triggers, a single-lepton (electron or muon) trigger (SLT), a single-τ -lepton trigger (STT), and a di-τ -lepton trigger (DTT). The offline selection is dependent on the trigger and is summarized in table 1. Events in each channel must pass the associated trigger or else the event is discarded. The selection criteria are chosen to optimize the –4– 0.06 Acceptance × Efficiency ATLAS τlepτhad 1 b-tag -1 τlepτhad 2 b-tags s=13 TeV, 36.1 fb τhadτhad 1 b-tag 0.05 u u LQ3LQ3→ bτbτ (B = 1) τhadτhad 2 b-tags bτ bτ 0.04 0.03 0.02 JHEP06(2019)144 0.01 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 u m (LQ ) [GeV] 3 Figure 3. The acceptance times efficiency for the up-type leptoquark signal is shown for the τ` τhad and τhad τhad channels as a function of the leptoquark mass. The offline selection is summarized in table 1. The results are given separately for selected events with one and two b-tagged jets. trigger efficiency for the associated data samples. Events are split into categories according to the multiplicity of b-tagged jets. Events with one or two b-tagged jets are considered signal-like events (1-tag and 2-tag events), which form two separate signal regions. In events with one b-tag, the highest-pT non-tagged jet is considered for leptoquark event reconstruction. The acceptance times efficiency for the LQu3 signal is shown in figure 3 for τ` τhad and τhad τhad channels as a function of the leptoquark mass with B = 1. The decrease in acceptance times efficiency with leptoquark mass is driven by a combination of reduced b-tagging effiency and the efficiency in pairing the bottom quark and τ -lepton. After applying the selection criteria, boosted decision trees (BDTs) are used to improve discrimination between signal and background. The BDTs are only trained on the up-type leptoquark signal. The sensitivity to the down-type leptoquark decay channel is due to the final state tτ tτ → W bτ W bτ , where the W bosons decay into jets. Because this analysis does not veto additional jets, it is sensitive to this decay chain, although it is not optimal. BDTs are trained to separate the signal from the expected backgrounds, and the BDT score distributions are used as the final discriminant to test for the presence of a signal. The BDTs utilize several input variables, shown in the list below, including those derived from a mass-pairing strategy which extracts the most likely bτ pairs by minimizing the mass difference between the leptoquark candidates: • sT : the scalar sum of missing transverse momentum (ET miss ), the p of any recon- T structed τ -lepton(s), the pT of the two highest-pT jets, and the pT of the lepton in τ` τhad events • mτ,jet : the invariant mass between the leading τ -lepton and its mass-paired jet –5– • Exactly one e passing ‘tight’ identification criteria or one µ passing ‘medium’ identification criteria [40, 41]. Events containing additional electrons or muons with ‘loose’ identification criteria and pT > 7 GeV are vetoed. • Exactly one hadronically decaying τ -lepton with transverse momentum (pT ) > 25 GeV τ` τhad (SLT) and |η| < 2.3. • Opposite-sign charge between the τ -lepton and the light lepton (e/µ). • At least two central jets in the event with pT > 60 (20) GeV for the leading (subleading) jet. • Events containing electrons or muons with ‘loose’ identification criteria and pT > 7 GeV JHEP06(2019)144 are vetoed. • Exactly two hadronically decaying τ -leptons with |η| < 2.3. The leading τ -lepton must have pT > 100, 140, or 180 GeV for data periods where the trigger pT threshold was 80, τhad τhad (STT) 125, or 160 GeV respectively. The subleading τ -lepton is required to have pT > 20 GeV. • The two τ -leptons must have opposite-sign charge. • At least two jets in the event with pT > 45 (20) GeV for the leading (subleading) jet. • Selected events from STT are vetoed as are events containing electrons or muons with ‘loose’ identification criteria and pT > 7 GeV. • Exactly two hadronically decaying τ -leptons with |η| < 2.3. The leading (subleading) τhad τhad (DTT) τ -lepton must have pT > 60 (30) GeV. • The two τ -leptons must have opposite-sign charge. • At least two jets in the event with pT > 80 (20) GeV for the leading (subleading) jet. Table 1. Summary of applied event selection for the τ` τhad and τhad τhad channels. • m`,jet : the invariant mass between the lepton and its matching jet from the mass- pairing strategy (τ` τhad only) • ∆R(lep, jet): the ∆R between the electron or muon (leading τ -lepton) and jet in τ` τhad (τhad τhad ) miss φ centrality: quantifies the φ separation between the E miss and τ -lepton(s). • ET T Full definition is in ref. [21] • pτT : the pT of the leading τ -lepton miss ): the opening angle between the lepton and E miss (τ τ • ∆φ(lep, ET T ` had only) Kinematic distributions for τ` τhad and τhad τhad signal regions in 2-tag events are shown in figure 4. Separate BDTs are trained for τ` τhad and τhad τhad categories for each mass point of the LQu3 MC sample and for each b-tag signal region. The signal samples used in the training include events with a small range of leptoquark masses around the given mass point to ensure the BDT is sensitive to signals that have masses between the hypotheses simulated. In the τ` τhad channel the training is performed against the dominant tt̄ back- ground only. BDTs for the τhad τhad channel are trained against simulated tt̄ and Z → τ τ events and multi-jet events from data. –6– Events / 50 GeV Events / 50 GeV 6 10 ATLAS Data u 104 ATLAS Data u m (LQ3)=800 GeV, B =1 m (LQ3)=800 GeV, B =1 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Top-quark s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Top-quark 5 bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes 10 τ lepτ had 2 b-tags Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) 103 τ hadτ had 2 b-tags Top-quark fakes Other Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) 104 Uncertainty Other Uncertainty 102 103 10 102 1 10 1 10− 1 2 2 Data/SM Data/SM 1.5 1.5 1 1 JHEP06(2019)144 0.5 0.5 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 s T [GeV] s T [GeV] Events / 64 GeV Events / 40 GeV 6 Data Data 10 ATLAS u 104 ATLAS u m (LQ3)=800 GeV, B =1 m (LQ3)=800 GeV, B =1 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Top-quark s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Top-quark 5 bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes 10 τ lepτ had 2 b-tags Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) τ hadτ had 2 b-tags Top-quark fakes Other 103 Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) 104 Uncertainty Other Uncertainty 103 102 102 10 10 1 1 2 2 Data/SM Data/SM 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 mτ , jet [GeV] mτ , jet [GeV] Events / 0.1 Events / 0.5 8000 ATLAS Data u 3 10 4 ATLAS Data u 3 m (LQ3)=800 GeV, B =1 (× 10 ) m (LQ3)=800 GeV, B =1 (× 10 ) s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Top-quark s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Top-quark 7000 bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes bτ bτ Top-quark fakes 3 τ lepτ had 2 b-tags Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) 10 τ hadτ had 2 b-tags jet → τ had fakes 6000 Uncertainty Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) Other Uncertainty 5000 102 4000 10 3000 1 2000 1000 10− 1 2 2 Data/SM Data/SM 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 ∆ R (l , jet) E miss T φ centrality Figure 4. Kinematic distributions for τ` τhad (left) and τhad τhad (right) signal regions in 2-tag events after performing the combined channel fit. The ratio of the data to the sum of the backgrounds is shown in the lower panel. The hatched bands indicate the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background. Distributions include the scalar sum of transverse momentum of reconstructed objects in the event (sT ), the invariant mass between the leading τ -lepton and its mass-paired jet (mτ,jet ), the invariant mass between the lepton and its matching jet from the mass-pairing strategy (m`,jet ), the ∆R between the leading τ -lepton and jet (∆R(lep, jet)), and the miss miss ET φ centrality, which quantifies the φ separation between the ET and τ -lepton(s). –7– The background estimation techniques in this analysis are the same as used in ref. [21] and are summarized here. In both channels, background processes containing true τ -leptons are taken from simulation. The dominant background processes are tt̄ and Z/γ ∗ → τ τ pro- duced in association with jets originating from heavy-flavour quarks (bb, bc, cc). The tt̄ events are normalized using events with low BDT output score in the τ` τhad category. Events from Z/γ ∗ → τ τ plus heavy-flavour jets are normalized using a control region of events that include two muons with combined invariant mass consistent with that of a Z boson. Backgrounds in which quark- or gluon-initiated jets are misidentified as hadron- ically decaying τ -leptons are estimated using data-driven methods. In both channels, tt̄ events are estimated separately from other background sources if one or more reconstructed JHEP06(2019)144 τ -lepton decays are mis-reconstructed jets (so-called ‘fake τ -leptons’). In the τ` τhad chan- nel all fake-τ -lepton contributions from tt̄, W +jets, and multi-jet processes are estimated using an inclusive fake-factor method, described in ref. [21]. Theory uncertainties in the modeling of the tt̄ and Z+jets background containing true τhad are assessed by varying the matrix element generator and the parton shower model, and by adjusting the factorization and renormalization scales along with the amount of additional radiation. The resulting variations in the BDT distributions are included as shape uncertainties in the final fit. In the τhad τhad channel, the fake-τ -lepton tt̄ component is estimated as follows: the probability for a jet from a hadronic W -boson decay to be reconstructed as a hadronically decaying τ -lepton is measured in data. This is used then to correct the MC prediction, after subtracting the predicted number of true τ -leptons from the MC. Three control regions are defined for both τ` τhad and τhad τhad : these include 1-b-tag and 2-b-tag same- sign lepton events that are mostly events with fake τ -leptons and a tt̄ control region as defined in ref. [21]. The uncertainty in the modeling is estimated by varying the fake- factors and fake-rates within their statistical uncertainties and varying the amount of true τhad background subtracted. Systematic uncertainties on the extrapolation of the fake τhad backgrounds from the control regions, where they are derived, to the signal regions are estimated by varying the control region definition; an uncertainty due to the difference in the flavour composition of the jet faking the τhad is also assigned based on simulation. The BDT responses in the 2-tag same-sign and top-quark control regions are shown in figure 5. The background modeling was checked in these control regions, which validates the signal-sensitive region at high BDT score. The 1-tag and 2-tag τ` τhad and τhad τhad signal regions are shown in figures 6 and 7 for up-type samples with a mass of 400 GeV (B = 1) and down-type leptoquark samples with a mass of 800 GeV (B = 1). The binning choice differs between the figures as this follows an algorithm depending on the number of signal (in the case of the signal region only) and background events in each bin. Yield tables are shown for both 1-tag and 2-tag regions in table 2, where the numbers quoted are after performing the combined fit, described below. Systematic uncertainties are considered and propagated through the full analysis. The uncertainties in the luminosity, background modeling, and detector modeling are calculated as in ref. [21]. The impact of varying the renormalization/factorization scales and choice of PDF on the signal acceptance was also investigated. –8– Events/Bin Events/Bin ATLAS Data 105 ATLAS Data jet → τ had fakes Top-quark s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Top-quark s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 jet → τ had fakes 104 bτ bτ Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) bτ bτ Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) τ lepτ had 2 b-tags Other τ lepτ had 2 b-tags Other Uncertainty 104 Uncertainty SS control region Top control region 3 10 103 2 10 102 10 1 10 JHEP06(2019)144 2 2 Data/SM Data/SM 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 BDT Score BDT Score Events/Bin 104 ATLAS Data Events/Bin 104 ATLAS Data jet → τ had fakes Top-quark -1 -1 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb Top-quark s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb Top-quark fakes bτ bτ Top-quark fakes bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes 103 τ hadτ had 2 b-tags Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) 103 τ hadτ had 2 b-tags Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) Other Other SS control region Uncertainty Top control region Uncertainty 102 102 10 10 1 1 10− 1 10− 1 2 2 Data/SM Data/SM 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 BDT Score BDT Score Figure 5. BDT score distributions for τ` τhad (top) and τhad τhad (bottom) 2-tag channels in the same-sign (left) and top-quark (right) control regions after performing the combined fit to all chan- nels. The ratio of the data to the sum of the backgrounds is shown in the lower panel. The hatched bands indicate the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background. The fit strategy follows that in ref. [21]. The BDT output score is the discriminat- ing variable for all channels and signals in a single combined fit of all signal and control regions. A CLs method [42] based on one-sided profile-likelihood test statistics is used to test the signal hypothesis. In the profile-likelihood function, Gaussian constraints are used for shape systematic uncertainties and log-normal constraints for normalization uncertain- ties. The binning in the BDT output categories at high BDT output score is modified to ensure sufficient statistics. The Standard Model predictions are consistent with the data. Figure 8 shows the expected and observed 95% confidence level (CL) upper limits on the cross-section for scalar up-type and down-type leptoquark pair production as a function of –9– Events/Bin Events/Bin 6 106 ATLAS Data u 10 ATLAS Data u m (LQ3)=400 GeV, B =1 m (LQ3)=400 GeV, B =1 -1 -1 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb Top-quark s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb Top-quark bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes 5 bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes 10 105 τ lepτ had 1 b-tag Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) τ lepτ had 2 b-tags Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) Other Other Uncertainty 104 Uncertainty 104 103 3 10 JHEP06(2019)144 102 102 10 10 1 2 2 Data/SM Data/SM 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 BDT Score BDT Score Events/Bin Events/Bin Data 6 Data 104 ATLAS u 10 ATLAS u m (LQ3)=400 GeV, B =1 m (LQ3)=400 GeV, B =1 -1 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb Top-quark s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Top-quark bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes 5 bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes 10 τ hadτ had 1 b-tag Top-quark fakes τ hadτ had 2 b-tags Top-quark fakes Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) 103 Other 104 Other Uncertainty Uncertainty 103 2 10 102 10 10 1 2 2 Data/SM Data/SM 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 BDT Score BDT Score Figure 6. BDT score distributions for τ` τhad (top) and τhad τhad (bottom) channels in the 1-tag (left) and 2-tag (right) regions after performing the combined channel fit. The stacked histograms show the various SM background contributions, which are normalized to the expected cross-section. The hatched band indicates the total statistical and systematic uncertainty in the SM background. The error bars on the black data points represent the statistical uncertainty in the data yields. The dashed histogram shows the expected additional yields from a leptoquark signal model for a up-type leptoquark sample with a mass of 400 GeV (B = 1) added on top of the SM prediction. The ratio of the data to the sum of the backgrounds is shown in the lower panel. – 10 – Events/Bin Events/Bin 6 106 ATLAS Data d 10 ATLAS Data d m (LQ3 )=800 GeV, B =1 m (LQ3 )=800 GeV, B =1 -1 -1 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb Top-quark s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb Top-quark bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes 5 bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes 10 105 τ lepτ had 1 b-tag Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) τ lepτ had 2 b-tags Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) Other Other Uncertainty 104 Uncertainty 104 103 3 10 JHEP06(2019)144 102 102 10 10 1 2 2 Data/SM Data/SM 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 BDT Score BDT Score Events/Bin Events/Bin 104 Data 104 Data ATLAS d ATLAS d m (LQ3 )=800 GeV, B =1 m (LQ3 )=800 GeV, B =1 s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Top-quark s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Top-quark bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes bτ bτ jet → τ had fakes τ hadτ had 1 b-tag Top-quark fakes τ hadτ had 2 b-tags Top-quark fakes Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) 103 Z → τ τ +(bb ,bc ,cc ) 103 Other Other Uncertainty Uncertainty 102 2 10 10 10 1 2 2 Data/SM Data/SM 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 BDT Score BDT Score Figure 7. BDT score distributions for τ` τhad (top) and τhad τhad (bottom) channels in the 1-tag (left) and 2-tag (right) regions after performing the combined channel fit. The stacked histograms show the various SM background contributions, which are normalized to the expected cross-section. The hatched band indicates the total statistical and systematic uncertainty in the SM background. The error bars on the black data points represent the statistical uncertainty in the data yields. The dashed histogram shows the expected additional yields from a leptoquark signal model for a down-type leptoquark sample with a mass of 800 GeV (B = 1) added on top of the SM prediction. The ratio of the data to the sum of the backgrounds is shown in the lower panel. – 11 – Sample Post-fit yield τ` τhad τhad τhad 1-tag 2-tag 1-tag 2-tag tt̄ 17800 ± 1500 14460 ± 980 285 ± 83 238 ± 69 Single top 2500 ± 180 863 ± 73 63 ± 8 27 ± 3 QCD fake-τ – – 1860 ± 110 173 ± 34 tt̄ fake-τ – – 200 ± 110 142 ± 79 Fake-τ 13900 ± 1700 6400 ± 1000 – – JHEP06(2019)144 Z → τ τ + (bb, bc, cc) 520 ± 160 285 ± 83 258 ± 64 156 ± 36 Other 2785 ± 270 158 ± 26 817 ± 95 21 ± 4 Total Background 37510 ± 220 22120 ± 160 3482 ± 59 756 ± 27 Data 37527 22117 3469 768 m(LQu3 ) = 400 GeV 2140 ± 140 1950 ± 160 1430 ± 190 1430 ± 200 m(LQd3 ) = 400 GeV 1420 ± 170 1096 ± 82 850 ± 110 672 ± 88 m(LQu3 ) = 800 GeV 39.1 ± 2.8 25.2 ± 2.3 25.6 ± 3.9 16.8 ± 2.7 m(LQd3 ) = 800 GeV 23 ± 2.3 16.6 ± 1.4 17.8 ± 2.8 12.4 ± 2.2 m(LQu3 ) = 1500 GeV 0.25 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.03 0.05 ± 0.01 Table 2. Post-fit expected numbers of signal and background events, determined from a background-only fit, compared to the observed number of data events after applying the selec- tion criteria and requiring at least one b-tagged jet. Both the up-type and down-type leptoquark samples here use B = 1. In the τ` τhad channel, the fake-τ -lepton background includes all processes in which a jet is misidentified as a τ -lepton, while in the τhad τhad case the fake background from QCD multi-jet processes and tt̄ production are derived separately. The tt̄ background includes events with true τhad and the very small contribution from leptons misidentified as τhad . The ‘Other’ category includes contributions from W +jets, Z+jets, and diboson processes. The total background is not identical to the sum of the individual components since the latter are rounded for presentation, while the sum is calculated with the full precision before being rounded. The uncertainty in the total background is smaller than that in the tt̄ and multi-jet backgrounds due to these being strongly anti-correlated. leptoquark mass for the combined τ` τhad + τhad τhad channels. The theoretical prediction for the cross-section of scalar leptoquark pair production is shown by the solid line, along with the uncertainties. These limits are used to set upper limits on the leptoquark branch- ing ratio B(LQ → qτ ) as a function of the leptoquark mass. From the data, masses below 1030 GeV and 930 GeV are excluded for LQu3 and LQd3 respectively, at 95% CL for the case of B equal to unity. The expected exclusion ranges are 1030 GeV and 930 GeV, respectively. – 12 – σ(pp → LQu3LQu3) [pb] 1 σ(pp → LQ3LQ3) [pb] Obs 95% CL limit Obs 95% CL limit Exp 95% CL limit 1 Exp 95% CL limit d ± 1σ ± 1σ d ± 2σ ± 2σ 10−1 u u LQ3LQ3 production d d LQ3LQ3 production u u d d LQ3LQ3 → b τ b τ (B =1) 10−1 LQ3LQ3 → t τ t τ (B =1) bτ bτ bτ bτ 10−2 10−2 ATLAS ATLAS -1 13 TeV, 36.1 fb 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 −3 10 Limit at 95% CL Limit at 95% CL 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 10−3400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 u m(LQ ) [GeV] m(LQd) [GeV] JHEP06(2019)144 3 3 Figure 8. Expected and observed 95% CL upper limits on the cross-section for up-type (left) and down-type (right) scalar leptoquark pair production with B = 1 as a function of leptoquark mass for the combined τ` τhad and τhad τhad channels. The observed limit is shown as the solid line. The thickness of the theory curve represents the theoretical uncertainty from PDFs, renormalization and factorization scales, and the strong coupling constant αs . miss 5 The tt plus ET channel with one lepton In this section, the LQ reinterpretation of a dedicated search for top-squark pair produc- tion [22] in final states with one lepton is described. Events where both LQs decay into a top quark and a neutrino are targeted, where one top quark decays hadronically and the other one semileptonically. Events containing one isolated lepton, jets, and missing transverse momentum in the final state are considered. Two signal regions (SR) of the top-squark search [22], tN med and tN high, have optimal sensitivity for medium (∼600 GeV) and high (∼1 TeV) masses of the leptoquark. The tN med SR is additionally binned in ET miss , while the tN high SR is taken as a single-bin cut-and-count experiment. Both signal regions re- quire at least four jets, at least one b-tagged jet, exactly one isolated electron or muon, and high ET miss . Variables sensitive to the direction of the E miss are used, e.g. the transverse T mass of the lepton and ET miss , denoted by m ,2 and am T T2 [43], which targets pair-produced heavy objects that each decay into a different number of measured and unmeasured par- ticles in the detector. The hadronically decaying top quark is reconstructed using jet reclustering, where several jets are combined using the anti-kt algorithm [44] with a large radius parameter that is initially set to 3.0 and then adjusted in an iterative process [22]. The various backgrounds are estimated using simulated data. The dominant back- ground consists of tt̄ events, which, due to the high mT requirements, are mainly from dileptonic tt̄ decays in which one lepton is not reconstructed (tt̄ 2L), even though this decay topology is strongly suppressed by requiring amT2 to be above the top-quark mass. Other major backgrounds are due to the production of a W boson in association with one or more jets (W +jets) and the production of a tt̄ pair in association with a vector boson (tt̄ + V ), where the latter is dominated by contributions from tt̄ + Z(→ νν). For each SR, a q 2 The transverse mass mT is defined as mT = 2plep T ET miss [1 − cos(∆φ)], where ∆φ is the azimuthal angle between the lepton and the missing transverse momentum direction and plep T is the transverse momentum of the charged lepton. – 13 – Observed events 8 Total SM 3.8 ± 1.0 m(LQu3 ) = 800 GeV 11.9 ± 1.8 m(LQu3 ) = 900 GeV 9.5 ± 1.2 m(LQu3 ) = 1000 GeV 6.7 ± 0.7 m(LQu3 ) = 1100 GeV 3.7 ± 0.3 Table 3. The number of observed events in the cut-and-count SR tN high, together with the expected number of background events including their total uncertainties, taken from ref. [22]. Additionally, the expected number of signal events are given for B = 0 for up-type LQs of different JHEP06(2019)144 masses with statistical uncertainties. set of dedicated single-bin CRs is defined in order to control the background normalization. The tt̄ 2L CR is defined at high mT and with a veto on hadronically decaying top-quark candidates, while the W +jets CR is defined at low mT and with a veto on hadronically decaying top-quark candidates. The top-quark candidate veto is fulfilled if either no top- quark candidate is found or if the mass is lower than the SR threshold. Additionally, a CR for semileptonic tt̄ events (tt̄ 1L) is defined, as these events contribute strongly to the other CRs. A CR for single-top events is defined similarly to the W +jets CR, but with at least two b-jets. The tt̄ + Z background is estimated with a three-lepton selection. The statistical analysis for a SR is based on a simultaneous likelihood fit to the observed events in the CRs and the SR, where the background samples and a signal sample are included in all regions. The fit determines at the same time the background normalization as well as a potential signal contribution. For each SR, a set of validation regions is defined in addition to the CRs. The validation regions are not part of the fit but are used to validate the background normalization in this second set of disjunct regions. Systematic uncertainties are included as nuisance parameters in the profile-likelihood estimate. The test statistic is the profile log-likelihood ratio and its distribution is calculated using the asymptotic approximation [45]. The number of observed events in the data in each SR and the expected number of background events as calculated in a fit to only the CRs while neglecting a potential signal contamination are taken from ref. [22] and shown in tables 3 and 4. In addition, the expected number of signal events for different leptoquark masses is shown for each SR. The contamination from the leptoquark signal in the CRs is below 10% in all cases. Figure 9 shows the ET miss distribution in the tN med SR. The combination of the exclusion limits for the SRs is obtained by selecting the signal region with the better expected limit for each mass point. For LQ masses of 950, 1000, and 1100 GeV, the limit of the tN high signal region is selected, otherwise the limit of the tN med signal region is selected. The expected and observed exclusion limits are shown in figure 10. The theoretical prediction for the cross-section of scalar leptoquark pair produc- tion is shown by the solid line along with the uncertainties. Pair-produced third-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying into tν t̄ν̄ are excluded at 95% CL for mLQ < 930 GeV. The expected exclusion range is mLQ < 1020 GeV. – 14 – Events 45 ATLAS TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Data Total SM 40 s = 13 miss tt 2L tt 1L tt + E T −1ℓ 35 tN_med tt+V W+jets 30 Single top Diboson m(LQu) = 800 GeV, B=0 25 3 20 15 10 JHEP06(2019)144 5 0 Data / SM 1.5 1 0.5 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 E miss T [GeV] miss Figure 9. Observed and expected ET distributions are shown in the tN med signal region, as is their ratio. The error band includes statistical and systematic uncertainties. The expected SM backgrounds are normalized to the values determined in the fit. The expected number of signal events for an up-type LQ with mLQ = 800 GeV and B = 0 is added on top of the SM prediction. The last bin contains the overflow events. σ(pp →LQu3LQu3) [pb] ATLAS Observed limit s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Expected limit Limit at 95% CL Expected limit ± 1 σ 1 Expected limit ± 2 σ u u LQ3LQ3 production LQ3LQu3→ tνtν (B = 0) u 10−1 tt + ETmiss−1ℓ 10−2 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 m (LQu) [GeV] 3 Figure 10. Observed and expected 95% CL upper limit on the cross-section for up-type LQ pair production with B = 0 as a function of the LQ mass. The ±1(2)σ uncertainty bands around the expected limit represent all sources of statistical and systematic uncertainties. The thickness of the theory curve represents the theoretical uncertainty from PDFs, renormalization and factorization scales, and the strong coupling constant αs . – 15 – miss ET [250, 350] GeV [350, 450] GeV [450, 600] GeV > 600 GeV Observed events 21 17 8 4 Total SM 14.6 ± 2.8 11.2 ± 2.2 7.3 ± 1.7 3.16 ± 0.74 m(LQu3 ) = 400 GeV 166 ± 44 58 ± 32 11 ± 11 5.7 ± 5.7 m(LQu3 ) = 600 GeV 21.0 ± 5.6 49.6 ± 8.8 31.8 ± 5.5 1.4 ± 2.1 m(LQu3 ) = 800 GeV 5.0 ± 1.5 10.6 ± 1.7 11.2 ± 2.0 6.3 ± 1.4 m(LQu3 ) = 1000 GeV 0.46 ± 0.14 1.18 ± 0.24 2.92 ± 0.49 4.61 ± 0.64 Table 4. The number of observed events in the shape-fit SR tN med, together with the expected number of background events including their total uncertainties, taken from ref. [22]. Additionally, JHEP06(2019)144 the expected number of signal events are given for B = 0 for up-type LQs of different masses with statistical uncertainties. The numbers are given for the four bins characterized by an interval of miss the ET variable. miss 6 The tt plus ET channel with zero leptons In this section, the LQ reinterpretation of the ATLAS analysis optimized for the search of top-squark pair production [23] in final states with zero leptons is discussed. The signature targeted is two hadronically decaying top quarks and invisible particles, closely matching the signature where both LQs decay into a top quark and a neutrino. Three signal regions (SRA, SRB, SRD) of the top-squark search [23] have the greatest sensitivity to the LQ signal models. SRA is optimal for high LQ masses, e.g. mLQ ≈ 1 TeV, which typically results in high ETmiss and top quarks with a significant boost. SRB is sensitive to medium LQ masses, which tend to have a softer ET miss spectrum and less-boosted top quarks. SRD targets a resonance decaying into a b-quark and an invisible particle, giving sensitivity to LQd3 → bν events. A common preselection is defined for all signal regions. At least four jets are required, of which at least one must be b-tagged. The four leading jets (ordered in pT ) must satisfy pT > 80, 80, 40, 40 GeV, respectively, due to the tendency for signal events to have higher- energy jets than background events. Events containing reconstructed electrons or muons are vetoed. The ET miss trigger threshold motivates the E miss > 250 GeV requirement and T rejects most of the background from multi-jet and all-hadronic tt̄ events. Similarly to the tt+ET miss -1` analysis in section 5, hadronically decaying top quarks are reconstructed using jet reclustering. SRA and SRB require the presence of two reclustered R = 1.2 jets. Both SRA and SRB are divided into three orthogonal, one-bin subregions, which are combined for maximal signal sensitivity. The categorization in subregions is based on the mass of the subleading (ordered in pT ) reclustered jet (m1jet,R=1.2 ). In all subregions it is required that the leading reclustered R = 1.2 jet has a mass (m0jet,R=1.2 ) of at least 120 GeV. The subregions are denoted by TT, TW, and T0 corresponding to requirements of m1jet,R=1.2 > 120 GeV, 60 < m1jet,R=1.2 < 120 GeV, and m1jet,R=1.2 < 60 GeV, respectively. In addition to the R = 1.2 reclustered jet mass, one of the most discriminating variables in SRA is ET miss , which has to be above 400 GeV or higher depending on the subregion. In SRB, the ET miss requirement is looser (E miss > 250 GeV) than in SRA since T the signals that SRB is targeting tend to have softer ET miss spectra. – 16 – Two SRD subregions, SRD-low and SRD-high, are defined for which at least five jets are required, two of which must be b-tagged. Requirements are made on the transverse momenta of the jets as well as on the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of the two b-tagged jets, which needs to be above 400 GeV for SRD-high and above 300 GeV for SRD- low. Tight requirements are also applied to the mT calculated from ET miss and the b-tagged jet that has the smallest (mb,min T ) and largest (mb,max T ) ∆φ relative to the ET miss direction. The dominant background processes are Z → νν in association with b-jets, semilep- tonic tt̄ where one of the W bosons decays into τ ν, and tt̄ + Z(→ νν). To estimate the normalization of these backgrounds, control regions are designed to be as close as possible to JHEP06(2019)144 individual signal regions while being strongly enhanced in the background of interest. For the Z → νν background, Z → `` control regions are used where the leptons are removed to mimic the ET miss produced by the Z → νν process. To estimate the tt̄ background, a set of one-lepton control regions is used. Finally, the tt̄ + Z(→ νν) background is estimated using a tt̄ + γ control region where the photon pT is used to approximate ET miss . Several normal- izations for the subdominant backgrounds, such as single-top and W +jets production, are also estimated using control regions. The normalizations are calculated using a simultane- ous binned profile-likelihood fit. Signal contamination in the control regions, specifically regions used to estimate the normalization of tt̄, single top, and W +jets, is negligible. The statistical analysis is done similarly to the one described in section 5. Here the signal yields are extracted during a simultaneous fit to all control regions plus SRD or the three subregion categories of either SRA or SRB. The two subregions of SRD are not orthogonal and are not statistically combined. The combined limits use the best expected limit among all signal regions. Figure 11 shows observed and expected ET miss distributions in SRA, ∆R (b, b) distribu- b,max tions in SRB, and mT distributions in SRD-low and SRD-high. In addition, examples of signal distributions with different LQ masses and branching ratios are added on top of the SM prediction. These examples are chosen such that these signals are close to being excluded. The expected and observed numbers of events as well as the expected number of events for the example signals are shown in table 5 for each region. The expected and observed exclusion limits on the cross-section for LQu3 and LQd3 for B = 0 are shown as a function of the leptoquark mass in figure 12. The theoretical prediction for the cross-section of scalar leptoquark pair-production is shown by the solid line along with the uncertainties. As expected, there is better sensitivity to LQ u3 than to LQd3 , excluding pair-produced LQu3 decaying into tν t̄ν̄ for masses smaller than 1000 GeV at 95% CL. The expected limit is mLQ < 1020 GeV. miss 7 The τ τ b plus ET channel The ATLAS search for top-squark pair production with decays via τ -sleptons [25] selects events containing two τ -leptons, at least two jets, of which at least one must be b-tagged, and missing transverse momentum. Its reinterpretation is expected to have good sensitivity for all B except at very low values, with the maximum sensitivity at intermediate values. – 17 – Events / 50 GeV Events / 50 GeV ATLAS Data SM Total ATLAS Data SM Total 8 s=13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 s=13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 SRA-TT tt + E Tmiss−0ℓ Z+jets tt SRA-T0 tt + E Tmiss−0ℓ Z+jets tt Single top tt+V Single top tt+V 10 W+jets W+jets 6 d d m(LQ )=800 GeV,B=0 m(LQ )=800 GeV,B=0 3 3 u u m(LQ )=1000 GeV,B=0 m(LQ )=1000 GeV,B=0 3 3 4 5 JHEP06(2019)144 2 0 0 400 600 800 1000 600 800 1000 miss miss ET [GeV] ET [GeV] Events / 0.4 Events / 0.4 ATLAS Data SM Total ATLAS Data SM Total s=13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 80 s=13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 20 SRB-TT tt + E Tmiss−0ℓ Z+jets tt SRB-T0 tt + E Tmiss−0ℓ Z+jets tt Single top tt+V Single top tt+V W+jets Diboson W+jets Diboson u 60 u 15 m(LQ )=400 GeV,B=0.7 3 m(LQ )=400 GeV,B=0.7 3 d d m(LQ )=400 GeV,B=0.9 m(LQ )=400 GeV,B=0.9 3 3 10 40 5 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 ∆ R(b,b) ∆ R(b,b) Events / 100 GeV Events / 100 GeV ATLAS Data SM Total 10 ATLAS Data SM Total s=13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Z+jets tt s=13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 10 SRD-low tt + E Tmiss−0ℓ SRD-high tt + E Tmiss−0ℓ Z+jets tt Single top tt+V Single top tt+V W+jets W+jets d m(LQ )=800 GeV,B=0.9 d 3 m(LQ )=800 GeV,B=0.9 3 5 5 0 0 500 1000 500 1000 m bT,max [GeV] m bT,max [GeV] miss Figure 11. Distributions of ET in SRA (upper panels) and ∆R (b, b) in SRB (middle panels) separately for the individual top reconstruction categories TT and T0 and the mb,max T distribution in SRD-low and SRD-high (lower panels). The expected SM backgrounds are normalized to the values determined in the fit. The expected number of signal events for different LQ masses and branching ratios B is added on top of the SM prediction. The last bin contains the overflow events. – 18 – SR TT TW T0 low high Observed 11 9 18 SM Total 8.6 ± 2.1 9.3 ± 2.2 18.7 ± 2.7 A - - m(LQu3 ) = 1000 GeV, B = 0 8.5 ± 0.7 4.8 ± 0.6 5.0 ± 0.7 m(LQd3 ) = 800 GeV, B = 0 3.1 ± 1.1 3.7 ± 1.2 15.5 ± 2.5 Observed 38 53 206 SM Total 39 ± 8 52 ± 7 179 ± 26 B - - m(LQu3 ) = 400 GeV, B = 0.7 26 ± 7 18 ± 8 27 ± 9 m(LQd3 ) = 400 GeV, B = 0.9 9±4 18 ± 9 63 ± 9 Observed - 27 11 JHEP06(2019)144 D SM Total - 25 ± 6 8.5 ± 1.5 m(LQd3 ) = 800 GeV, B = 0.9 - 2.87 ± 0.35 1.45 ± 0.23 Table 5. Number of observed events in SRA, SRB, and SRD, together with the number of fitted background events including their total uncertainty, taken from ref. [23] (CR background-only fit). Additionally, the expected number of signal events for different branching ratios and LQ masses close to the exclusion limits are given with statistical uncertainties. σ(pp →LQu3LQu3) [pb] σ(pp →LQ3LQd3) [pb] ATLAS Observed limit ATLAS Observed limit s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Expected limit s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Expected limit Limit at 95% CL Expected limit ± 1 σ Limit at 95% CL Expected limit ± 1 σ 1 Expected limit ± 2 σ 1 Expected limit ± 2 σ d u u d d LQ3LQ3 production LQ3LQ3 production LQu3LQu3 → tνtν (B = 0) LQd3LQd3 → bνbν (B = 0) tt + E Tmiss−0ℓ tt + E Tmiss −0ℓ 10−1 10−1 10−2 10−2 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 d m (LQu) [GeV] m (LQ3) [GeV] 3 Figure 12. Observed and expected 95% CL upper limits on the cross-section for up-type (left panel) and down-type (right panel) LQ pair production with B = 0 as a function of the LQ mass. The ±1(2)σ uncertainty bands around the expected limit represent all sources of statistical and systematic uncertainties. In the right panel the expected limit has an undulated behaviour due to the use of different signal regions for different mass points and the statistical uncertainties of the background MC in SRD. The thickness of the theory curve represents the theoretical uncertainty from PDFs, renormalization and factorization scales, and the strong coupling constant αs . Events are classified according to the decay of the τ -leptons. Both the τhad τhad and the τ` τhad channels are considered. Two signal selections are defined, one for the τ` τhad channel (SR LH) and another one for the τhad τhad channel (SR HH). Both signal selections require the two leptons to have opposite electric charge. The main discriminating variables are ET miss and the stransverse mass m , which is a generalization of the transverse mass T2 for final states with two invisible particles [46–48] and computed from the selected lepton pair and ET miss . – 19 – The dominant background process with the targeted final-state signature is pair pro- duction of top quarks. As in the original analysis, two types of contributions are dis- criminated, depending on whether the identified hadronically decaying τ -lepton(s) in the selected event are real or candidate particles (typically jets, electrons, or, in rare cases, muons), which are misidentified as hadronically decaying τ -leptons (fake τ -leptons). In the τ` τhad channel, the contribution of events with fake τ -leptons is estimated using a data-driven method, which is based on a measurement of the number of hadronically decaying τ -leptons satisfying loose identification criteria that also pass the tighter analysis selection (fake-factor method). The contribution of events with true τ -leptons is estimated JHEP06(2019)144 from simulation, using a dedicated control-region selection to normalize the overall contri- bution to the level observed in data. In the τhad τhad channel, both the contributions with fake and with true τ -leptons are estimated from simulation with data-driven normaliza- tion factors obtained from two dedicated control regions. A requirement on the transverse mass computed from the transverse momentum of the leading τ -lepton and the missing transverse momentum is used to discriminate between events with true and fake τ -leptons. The requirement of opposite electric charge is not used for the control region targeting events with fake τ -leptons, since in that case the charges of the two τ -leptons are not correlated. Two additional control regions common to both channels are used to obtain data-driven normalization factors for the background contributions from diboson produc- tion and production of top-quark pairs in association with an additional W or Z boson. For these control regions, events that pass a single-lepton trigger and contain at least two signal leptons and two jets are used. The remaining definitions of these control regions and further details of the background estimation and its validation are in ref. [25]. Good agreement between data and predicted background yields is found in validation regions when the normalization factors derived in the control regions are applied. The statistical analysis is done similarly to the one described in section 5. However, the signal regions are independent and can therefore be statistically combined in the fit. The expected number of events from the background-only fit and the number of observed events in the signal regions are shown in table 6 for the two analysis channels, together with the predicted event yields for a number of leptoquark signals. The number of observed events agrees with the predicted Standard Model background. Figure 13 shows the distri- bution of mT2 (`, τhad ), one of the main discriminating variables, after applying all selection requirements of the signal region SR LH except for the one on mT2 (`, τhad ), which is indi- cated by the vertical line and arrow instead. The stacked histograms in the plot are the expected Standard Model backgrounds. In addition, the stacked dashed histogram shows the predicted distribution of a benchmark signal model for up-type leptoquarks with a mass of 750 GeV and branching ratio B = 0.5. As no significant excess in the signal regions is observed in the data, upper limits are set on the production cross-section. Figure 14 shows the expected and observed cross-section limits as a function of the leptoquark mass both for up- and down-type leptoquarks. Leptoquark masses up to 780 GeV and 800 GeV are excluded for B = 0.5 at 95% confidence level for pair-produced up- and down-type leptoquarks, respectively. – 20 – SR HH SR LH Observed events 2 3 Total SM 1.9 ± 1.0 2.2 ± 0.6 m(LQu3 ) = 500 GeV B = 0.5 10.8 ± 3.4 27 ± 7 m(LQu3 ) = 750 GeV B =0 < 0.1 1.0 ± 0.3 m(LQu3 ) = 750 GeV B = 0.5 2.6 ± 0.8 7.3 ± 1.5 m(LQu3 ) = 750 GeV B =1 2.6 ± 0.9 0.33 ± 0.1 m(LQu3 ) = 1000 GeV B = 0.5 0.3 ± 0.09 1.1 ± 0.3 m(LQd3 ) = 500 GeV JHEP06(2019)144 B = 0.5 25 ± 7 49 ± 11 m(LQd3 ) = 750 GeV B =0 < 0.1 < 0.1 m(LQd3 ) = 750 GeV B = 0.5 1.9 ± 0.5 6.2 ± 1.5 m(LQd3 ) = 750 GeV B =1 2.4 ± 1.1 2.5 ± 1.0 m(LQd3 ) = 1000 GeV B = 0.5 0.53 ± 0.16 1.6 ± 0.4 Table 6. The expected number of SM background events obtained from the background fit and the number of observed events in SR HH and SR LH, together with the expected number of signal events for different mass hypotheses m, leptoquark types, and branching ratios B into charged leptons. Entries / 50 GeV 104 ATLAS tt Single top s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Fake τhad + e/µ V + jets miss 103 ττb + ET tt + V Diboson Others Data 102 u m(LQ ) = 750 GeV, B=0.5 3 10 1 10−1 Data / SM 2 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Figure 13. Distribution of the stransverse mass mT2 (`, τhad ) [46–48] in the signal region of the τ` τhad channel before applying the selection requirement on mT2 (`, τhad ), which is indicated by the dashed vertical line and arrow. The stacked histograms show the various SM background contributions, which are normalized to the values determined in the fit. The hatched band indicates the total statistical and systematic uncertainty in the SM background. The error bars on the black data points represent the statistical uncertainty in the data yields. The dashed histogram shows the expected additional yields from a leptoquark signal model LQu3 with mLQ = 750 GeV and B = 0.5 added on top of the SM prediction. The rightmost bin includes the overflow. – 21 – ATLAS Observed limit ATLAS Observed limit σ(pp →LQu3LQu3) [pb] σ(pp →LQd3LQd3) [pb] s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Expected limit s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Expected limit Expected limit ± 1 σ Expected limit ± 1 σ 1 Expected limit ± 2 σ 1 Expected limit ± 2 σ u u d d LQ3LQ3 production LQ3LQ3 production u u u LQu33LQ LQ3, LQ3→t ν /b τ ( =0.5) d d d LQ3LQ3, LQ3→bν /t τ (B=0.5) miss miss ττb + ET ττb + ET 10−1 10−1 10−2 10−2 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 u d m (LQ3) [GeV] m (LQ3) [GeV] JHEP06(2019)144 Figure 14. Expected cross-section limits, their combined statistical and systematic uncertainties excluding the theoretical cross-section uncertainty, and observed cross-sections limits at 95% CL for B = 0.5 as a function of the leptoquark mass. The two channels, τhad τhad and τ` τhad , are combined for the LQu3 model (left) and LQd3 model (right). Statistical fluctuations are present in the expected limits because of the low number of simulated signal events passing the comparably tight signal-region selections. The thickness of the band around the theoretical cross-section curve represents the uncertainty from PDFs, renormalization and factorization scales, and the strong coupling constant αs . For low leptoquark masses and high branching ratios into charged leptons, a non- negligible number of simulated signal events pass the control-region selections. This leads to the background normalization factors being biased towards lower values when obtained from the exclusion fits instead of the background-only fits, and drives the nuisance param- eters for the systematic uncertainties away from their nominal values. Several tests were performed to check the validity of the fit procedure used to derive the exclusion. Signal- injection tests confirmed that the fit reliably reproduces the input signal yield. In addition, it was shown that artificially reducing the input signal yield for excluded phase-space re- gions with a high signal contamination in the control regions, thereby reducing the signal contamination, would still allow to exclude the leptoquark signal. miss 8 The bb plus ET channel The search for direct bottom-squark pair production in either the zero- or one-lepton channel [24] is reinterpreted in the context of LQ production. The analysis in the zero- lepton channel targets LQs which both decay into a bottom quark and a neutrino, i.e. LQd3 production with B = 0. The one-lepton channel, also requiring two b-tagged jets and ETmiss , is expected to provide sensitivity to LQd production at intermediate values of B, as 3 well as to small and intermediate values of B for LQu3 production. For the zero-lepton SRs (denoted by b0L), events with two high-pT b-tagged jets, zero leptons, and a large amount of ET miss are selected. An exclusive jet selection (requir- ing 2–4 jets) is applied, preventing sizeable sensitivities to LQ u3 production in this SR. Events with large ET miss arising from mismeasured jets are rejected using a selection of ∆φ jeti , ET miss  (i=1...4) > 0.4. The two b-jets are required to be the two leading jets in the event and their invariant mass must be greater than 200 GeV. After these baseline – 22 – selections, three SRs are constructed using increasingly tighter selections on the contrans- verse mass mCT [49], which targets pair-produced heavy objects that each decay in an identical way into a visible and an invisible particle. It is the main discriminating variable in the zero-lepton channel, with overlapping selections of mCT > 350, 450, and 550 GeV distinguishing the SRs. For the one-lepton SRs (denoted by b1L), events with two b-tagged jets, one lepton (e/µ) with pT > 27 GeV, and large ET miss are selected. Unlike the zero-lepton regions, an inclusive jet selection is used, with any two of the jets being tagged as b-jets. A selection of ∆φ jeti , ET miss miss  > 0.4 for the four leading jets is used to reject events with large ET JHEP06(2019)144 from mismeasured jets. Selections on the minimum invariant mass of the lepton and one of the two b-jets, mmin b,` , and on amT2 are used to reduce the tt̄ background, while a selection on mT is used to reject W +jets events. After applying the previously introduced selections, two overlapping SRs are designed using meff , the scalar sum of the pT of the jets and the ETmiss , as the main discriminating variable. The SRs are designed with selections of either meff > 600 or 750 GeV. The dominant backgrounds in the analysis are dependent upon the lepton multiplic- ity of the SR under consideration. For the zero-lepton SRs, the main SM background is Z-boson production (Z → νν) in association with b-jets. Other significant sources of background arise from tt̄ pair production, single-top W t production, and W -boson pro- duction in association with b-jets. Control regions are defined to constrain each of the aforementioned SM backgrounds, which are designed to be kinematically close, yet orthog- onal, to the SRs and also mutually orthogonal to each other. A two-lepton CR is used to constrain the Z+jets process, where the invariant mass of the leptons is required to be near the Z-boson mass. The leptons are removed from the ET miss calculation to mimic the expected ET miss from the Z → νν process. The tt̄, single-top, and W +jets processes are constrained in three one-lepton CRs: one CR with an inverted (relative to the SR) amT2 selection to create a region dominated by tt̄; a region with an inverted mT selection to constrain W +jets; and a final region with an inverted mmin b,` selection to constrain single- top production. For the one-lepton SRs, the main SM backgrounds are tt̄ pair production and single-top production. A one-lepton CR is designed to constrain the tt̄ background by inverting the SR amT2 selection. The single-top background is constrained using the same CR as used for the zero-lepton single-top background. Signal contamination in these CRs is below 10% in all regions. The statistical analysis is done in full analogy to the one described in section 5. The number of observed events in data for each SR and the expected post-fit SM back- ground yields are presented in table 7. Two example LQ signal sample yields with mLQ = 750 GeV are presented for comparison, with various assumptions about the branch- ing ratio. Figure 15 presents the distributions of four key kinematic variables in the SRs, with two signal samples added on top of the SM background. The top row shows the mCT and ET miss in the zero-lepton b0L SRA350 region. The bottom row shows the am T2 and meff in the one-lepton b1L SRA600 region. – 23 – SR selection b0L SRA350 b0L SRA450 b0L SRA550 b1L SRA600 b1L SRA750 Observed events 81 24 10 21 13 Fitted bkg events 70.1 ± 13.0 21.4 ± 4.5 7.2 ± 1.5 23.0 ± 5.4 14.4 ± 3.6 mLQ = 750 GeV B(LQd3 → tτ ) = 1.0 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 0.4 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.2 B(LQd3 → tτ ) = 0.5 28.4 ± 1.7 18.1 ± 1.5 7.6 ± 0.9 5.1 ± 0.8 5.0 ± 0.9 B(LQd3 → tτ ) = 0.0 107.1 ± 6.7 68.3 ± 5.8 29.6 ± 3.7 0.3 ± 0.2 0.3 ± 0.2 B(LQu3 → bτ ) = 1.0 1.3 ± 0.6 0.8 ± 0.5 0.2 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.4 0.6 ± 0.3 B(LQu3 → bτ ) = 0.5 2.4 ± 0.4 1.5 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.1 10.2 ± 1.1 9.6 ± 0.1 JHEP06(2019)144 B(LQu3 → bτ ) = 0.0 2.6 ± 1.0 1.7 ± 0.6 0.4 ± 0.3 16.7 ± 3.3 14.7 ± 0.3 Table 7. Number of observed events and background-only fit results in the SRs. The uncertainties contain both the statistical and systematic uncertainties. Two example LQ signal samples are also shown for comparison, with various assumptions about B(LQ → qτ ). 3 10 Events / 50 GeV Events / 50 GeV ATLAS Data tt+V ATLAS Data tt+V SM total Diboson SM total Diboson s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 tt W + jets s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 tt W + jets 102 bb+E T miss Single top Z + jets 102 bb+E T miss Single top Z + jets d d m(LQ3) = 750 GeV, B=0 m(LQ3) = 750 GeV, B=0 10 10 1 1 10−1 10−1 2 2 Data / SM Data / SM 1 1 0 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 m CT [GeV] E miss T [GeV] 102 Events / 50 GeV Events / 50 GeV ATLAS Data W + jets ATLAS Data W + jets SM total tt+V SM total tt+V s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 tt Diboson s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 tt Diboson 102 bb+E T miss Single top Z + jets bb+E T miss Single top Z + jets u m(LQ ) = 750 GeV, B=0 10 u m(LQ ) = 750 GeV, B=0 3 3 10 1 1 10−1 10−1 250 2 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 600 2 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Data / SM Data / SM 1 1 0 0 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 am T2 [GeV] m eff [GeV] Figure 15. Distributions for key kinematic variables in the zero- and one-lepton SR selections miss for the contransverse mass, mCT [49] and ET in the zero-lepton SR (top) and amT2 [43] and meff in the one-lepton SRs (bottom). Two example LQ signal samples are added on top of the SM background, LQd3 (dashed lines top plots) and LQu3 (dashed lines bottom plots). The assumed B(LQ → qτ ) for both signal samples is zero, and mLQ is 750 GeV. The expected SM backgrounds are normalized to the values determined in the fit. The last bin contains the overflow events. – 24 – σ (pp → LQd3LQd3) [pb] Observed limit ATLAS Expected limit s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb-1 Expected limit ±1 σ Limit at 95% CL 1 Expected limit ±2 σ d d LQ3LQ3 Production d d LQ3LQ3 → bνbν (B = 0) miss 10−1 bb + E T 10−2 JHEP06(2019)144 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 d m(LQ ) [GeV] 3 Figure 16. Observed and expected 95% CL upper limits on the cross-section for down-type LQ pair production with B = 0 as a function of the LQ mass. The ±1(2)σ uncertainty bands around the expected limit represent all sources of statistical and systematic uncertainties. The thickness of the theory curve represents the theoretical uncertainty from PDFs, renormalization and factorization scales, and the strong coupling constant αs . The combination of the exclusion limits for the SRs is obtained by selecting the signal region with the best expected limit for each mass point. The expected and observed exclusion limits on the cross-section for LQd3 and B = 0 are shown in figure 16 as a function of the leptoquark mass. Also shown is the theoretical prediction for the cross-section of scalar leptoquark pair production including the uncertainties. The expected and observed 95% CL lower limits on the mass of a down-type LQ decaying into bν b̄ν̄ are 980 GeV and 970 GeV, respectively. 9 Limits on the LQ mass as a function of B The limits on cross-section and mass for a fixed value of B that is expected to have the highest sensitivity for the respective analysis, are presented in the previous five sections. Here, figure 17 shows the limits on the LQ mass as a function of B for all five analyses for LQu3 and LQd3 pair production. The region to the left of the contour lines is excluded at 95% confidence level. The strongest limits in terms of mass exclusion are for LQu3 for B = 1 and B = 0 in the bτ bτ and tt+ET miss channel, respectively, and for LQd for B = 0 in the bb+E miss 3 T channel. These are the cases where the channels are optimized (bτ bτ ) or optimal (tt+ET miss , bb+ET miss ), as discussed in the introduction. However, as can be seen from figure 17, all channels exhibit good sensitivities to both types of LQs and to a larger range of B values, except for the tt+ET miss -1` channel, which is not sensitive to LQd mainly due to the 3 requirement of exactly one lepton. Therefore, good sensitivity to both types of LQs at all values of B is obtained, exclud- ing masses below 800 GeV for both LQu3 and LQd3 independently of the branching ratio, with masses below 1000 GeV and 1030 GeV (970 GeV and 920 GeV) being excluded for the limiting cases of B equal to zero and unity for LQu3 (LQd3 ). – 25 – 1 B (LQ 3 → b τ ) 0.9 ATLAS -1 √s = 13 TeV, 36.1fb u 0.8 0.7 observed 0.6 expected 0.5 m iss tt + ET -0ℓ JHEP06(2019)144 0.4 tt + ETm iss -1ℓ 0.3 τ τ b + E miss T bτ bτ 0.2 bb + ETm iss 0.1 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 u m(LQ 3) [GeV] 1 B (LQ 3 → t τ ) 0.9 ATLAS -1 √s = 13 TeV, 36.1fb d 0.8 0.7 observed 0.6 expected 0.5 m iss tt + ET -0ℓ 0.4 tt + ETm iss -1ℓ 0.3 τ τ b + E miss T bτ bτ 0.2 bb + ETm iss 0.1 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 d m(LQ 3) [GeV] Figure 17. Limits on the branching ratio into charged leptons for scalar third-generation up-type (upper panel) leptoquark pair production (LQu3 → bτ /tν) and down-type (lower panel) leptoquark pair production (LQd3 → tτ /bν) as a function of the leptoquark mass. The limits are based on a dedicated LQ search for two b-jets and two τ -leptons (bτ bτ ), and reinterpretations of the search miss for bottom-squark pair production (bb+ET ) [24], for top-squark pair production with one miss miss (tt+ET -1`) [22] or zero leptons (tt+ET -0`) [23] in the final state, and for top squarks decaying miss via τ -sleptons (τ τ b+ET ) [25]. The region to the left of the contour lines is excluded at 95% confidence level. – 26 – 10 Conclusion Pair production of scalar third-generation leptoquarks is investigated for all possible decays of the leptoquarks into a quark (t, b) and a lepton (τ , ν) of the third generation. LHC proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016 at a centre- √ of-mass energy of s = 13 TeV are used, with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1 . The re- sults are based on reinterpretations of previously published ATLAS results as well as a dedi- cated search, where no significant excess above the SM background expectation is observed. Upper limits on the LQ pair-production cross-section as a function of the LQ mass are reported for both the up-type (LQu3 → tν/bτ ) and down-type (LQd3 → bν/tτ ) lepto- JHEP06(2019)144 quarks for branching ratios into charged leptons equal to zero, 0.5, or unity. Based on the theoretical prediction for the LQ pair-production cross-section, these upper limits on the cross-section can be converted to lower limits on the mass, excluding leptoquarks with masses below about 1 TeV for both LQ types and for both limiting cases of branching ratios into charged leptons of zero or unity. In addition, mass limits are shown as a function of the branching ratio into charged leptons for both the up- and down-type leptoquarks. Even for intermediate values of the branching ratio, masses below at least 800 GeV are excluded. These mass limits quickly increase to about 1 TeV for small and large branching ratios. Acknowledgments We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Aus- tralia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and Compute Canada, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d’ Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Ger- many; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. – 27 – The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.) and BNL (U.S.A.), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Ma- jor contributors of computing resources are listed in ref. [50]. Open Access. 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Franklin58 , M. Frate169 , A.N. Fray91 , B. Freund108 , W.S. Freund79b , E.M. Freundlich46 , D.C. Frizzell126 , D. Froidevaux35 , J.A. Frost133 , C. Fukunaga162 , E. Fullana Torregrosa172 , E. Fumagalli54b,54a , T. Fusayasu115 , J. Fuster172 , A. Gabrielli23b,23a , A. Gabrielli18 , G.P. Gach82a , S. Gadatsch53 , P. Gadow114 , G. Gagliardi54b,54a , L.G. Gagnon108 , C. Galea27b , B. Galhardo138a,138c , E.J. Gallas133 , B.J. Gallop142 , P. Gallus140 , G. Galster39 , R. Gamboa Goni91 , K.K. Gan124 , S. Ganguly178 , J. Gao59a , Y. Gao89 , Y.S. Gao151,m , C. Garcı́a172 , J.E. Garcı́a Navarro172 , J.A. Garcı́a Pascual15a , C. Garcia-Argos51 , M. Garcia-Sciveres18 , R.W. Gardner36 , N. Garelli151 , S. Gargiulo51 , V. Garonne132 , JHEP06(2019)144 A. Gaudiello54b,54a , G. Gaudio69a , I.L. Gavrilenko109 , A. Gavrilyuk110 , C. Gay173 , G. Gaycken24 , E.N. Gazis10 , C.N.P. Gee142 , J. Geisen52 , M. Geisen98 , M.P. Geisler60a , C. Gemme54b , M.H. Genest57 , C. Geng104 , S. Gentile71a,71b , S. George92 , T. Geralis43 , D. Gerbaudo14 , G. Gessner46 , S. Ghasemi149 , M. Ghasemi Bostanabad174 , M. Ghneimat24 , A. Ghosh76 , B. Giacobbe23b , S. Giagu71a,71b , N. Giangiacomi23b,23a , P. Giannetti70a , A. Giannini68a,68b , S.M. Gibson92 , M. Gignac144 , D. Gillberg33 , G. Gilles180 , D.M. Gingrich3,av , M.P. Giordani65a,65c , F.M. Giorgi23b , P.F. Giraud143 , G. Giugliarelli65a,65c , D. Giugni67a , F. Giuli133 , M. Giulini60b , S. Gkaitatzis160 , I. Gkialas9,j , E.L. Gkougkousis14 , P. Gkountoumis10 , L.K. Gladilin112 , C. Glasman97 , J. Glatzer14 , P.C.F. Glaysher45 , A. Glazov45 , M. Goblirsch-Kolb26 , S. Goldfarb103 , T. Golling53 , D. Golubkov122 , A. Gomes138a,138b , R. Goncalves Gama52 , R. Gonçalo138a,138b , G. Gonella51 , L. Gonella21 , A. Gongadze78 , F. Gonnella21 , J.L. Gonski58 , S. González de la Hoz172 , S. Gonzalez-Sevilla53 , G.R. Gonzalvo Rodriguez172 , L. Goossens35 , P.A. Gorbounov110 , H.A. Gordon29 , B. Gorini35 , E. Gorini66a,66b , A. Gorišek90 , A.T. 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Tuts38 , S Tzamarias160 , E. Tzovara98 , G. Ucchielli46 , I. Ueda80 , M. Ughetto44a,44b , F. Ukegawa167 , G. Unal35 , A. Undrus29 , G. Unel169 , F.C. Ungaro103 , Y. Unno80 , K. Uno161 , J. Urban28b , P. Urquijo103 , G. Usai8 , J. Usui80 , L. Vacavant100 , V. Vacek140 , B. Vachon102 , K.O.H. Vadla132 , A. Vaidya93 , C. Valderanis113 , E. Valdes Santurio44a,44b , M. Valente53 , S. Valentinetti23b,23a , A. Valero172 , L. Valéry45 , R.A. Vallance21 , A. Vallier5 , J.A. Valls Ferrer172 , T.R. Van Daalen14 , P. Van Gemmeren6 , I. Van Vulpen119 , M. Vanadia72a,72b , W. Vandelli35 , A. Vaniachine164 , R. Vari71a , E.W. Varnes7 , C. Varni54b,54a , T. Varol41 , D. Varouchas130 , K.E. Varvell155 , G.A. Vasquez145b , J.G. Vasquez181 , F. Vazeille37 , D. Vazquez Furelos14 , T. Vazquez Schroeder35 , J. Veatch52 , V. Vecchio73a,73b , L.M. Veloce165 , F. Veloso138a,138c , S. Veneziano71a , A. Ventura66a,66b , N. Venturi35 , A. Verbytskyi114 , V. Vercesi69a , M. Verducci73a,73b , C.M. Vergel Infante77 , C. Vergis24 , W. Verkerke119 , A.T. Vermeulen119 , J.C. Vermeulen119 , M.C. Vetterli150,av , N. Viaux Maira145b , M. Vicente Barreto Pinto53 , I. Vichou171,* , T. Vickey147 , O.E. Vickey Boeriu147 , G.H.A. Viehhauser133 , L. Vigani133 , M. Villa23b,23a , M. Villaplana Perez67a,67b , E. Vilucchi50 , M.G. Vincter33 , V.B. Vinogradov78 , A. Vishwakarma45 , C. Vittori23b,23a , I. Vivarelli154 , M. Vogel180 , P. Vokac140 , G. Volpi14 , S.E. von Buddenbrock32c , E. Von Toerne24 , V. Vorobel141 , K. Vorobev111 , M. Vos172 , J.H. Vossebeld89 , N. Vranjes16 , M. Vranjes Milosavljevic16 , V. Vrba140 , M. Vreeswijk119 , T. Šfiligoj90 , R. Vuillermet35 , I. Vukotic36 , T. Ženiš28a , L. Živković16 , P. Wagner24 , W. Wagner180 , J. Wagner-Kuhr113 , H. Wahlberg87 , S. Wahrmund47 , K. Wakamiya81 , V.M. Walbrecht114 , J. Walder88 , R. Walker113 , S.D. Walker92 , W. Walkowiak149 , V. Wallangen44a,44b , A.M. Wang58 , C. Wang59b , F. Wang179 , H. Wang18 , H. Wang3 , J. Wang155 , J. Wang60b , P. Wang41 , Q. Wang126 , R.-J. Wang134 , R. Wang59a , R. Wang6 , S.M. Wang156 , W.T. Wang59a , W. Wang15c,ad , W.X. Wang59a,ad , Y. Wang59a,al , Z. Wang59c , C. Wanotayaroj45 , – 40 – A. Warburton102 , C.P. Ward31 , D.R. Wardrope93 , A. Washbrook49 , A.T. Watson21 , M.F. Watson21 , G. Watts146 , B.M. Waugh93 , A.F. Webb11 , S. Webb98 , C. Weber181 , M.S. Weber20 , S.A. Weber33 , S.M. Weber60a , A.R. Weidberg133 , J. Weingarten46 , M. Weirich98 , C. Weiser51 , P.S. Wells35 , T. Wenaus29 , T. Wengler35 , S. Wenig35 , N. Wermes24 , M.D. Werner77 , P. Werner35 , M. Wessels60a , T.D. Weston20 , K. Whalen129 , N.L. Whallon146 , A.M. Wharton88 , A.S. White104 , A. White8 , M.J. White1 , R. White145b , D. Whiteson169 , B.W. Whitmore88 , F.J. Wickens142 , W. Wiedenmann179 , M. Wielers142 , C. Wiglesworth39 , L.A.M. Wiik-Fuchs51 , F. Wilk99 , H.G. Wilkens35 , L.J. Wilkins92 , H.H. Williams135 , S. Williams31 , C. Willis105 , S. Willocq101 , J.A. Wilson21 , I. Wingerter-Seez5 , E. Winkels154 , F. Winklmeier129 , O.J. Winston154 , B.T. Winter51 , M. Wittgen151 , M. Wobisch94 , A. Wolf98 , T.M.H. Wolf119 , R. Wolff100 , J. Wollrath51 , M.W. Wolter83 , H. Wolters138a,138c , V.W.S. Wong173 , N.L. Woods144 , JHEP06(2019)144 S.D. Worm21 , B.K. Wosiek83 , K.W. Woźniak83 , K. Wraight56 , S.L. Wu179 , X. Wu53 , Y. Wu59a , T.R. Wyatt99 , B.M. Wynne49 , S. Xella39 , Z. Xi104 , L. Xia176 , D. Xu15a , H. Xu59a,e , L. Xu29 , T. Xu143 , W. Xu104 , Z. Xu151 , B. Yabsley155 , S. Yacoob32a , K. Yajima131 , D.P. Yallup93 , D. Yamaguchi163 , Y. Yamaguchi163 , A. Yamamoto80 , T. Yamanaka161 , F. Yamane81 , M. Yamatani161 , T. Yamazaki161 , Y. Yamazaki81 , Z. Yan25 , H.J. Yang59c,59d , H.T. Yang18 , S. Yang76 , Y. Yang161 , Z. Yang17 , W-M. Yao18 , Y.C. Yap45 , Y. Yasu80 , E. Yatsenko59c,59d , J. Ye41 , S. Ye29 , I. Yeletskikh78 , E. Yigitbasi25 , E. Yildirim98 , K. Yorita177 , K. Yoshihara135 , C.J.S. Young35 , C. Young151 , J. Yu77 , X. Yue60a , S.P.Y. Yuen24 , B. Zabinski83 , G. Zacharis10 , E. Zaffaroni53 , R. Zaidan14 , A.M. Zaitsev122,an , T. Zakareishvili157b , N. Zakharchuk33 , S. Zambito58 , D. Zanzi35 , D.R. Zaripovas56 , S.V. Zeißner46 , C. Zeitnitz180 , G. Zemaityte133 , J.C. Zeng171 , O. Zenin122 , D. Zerwas130 , M. Zgubič133 , D.F. Zhang15b , F. Zhang179 , G. Zhang59a , G. Zhang15b , H. Zhang15c , J. Zhang6 , L. Zhang15c , L. Zhang59a , M. Zhang171 , R. Zhang59a , R. Zhang24 , X. Zhang59b , Y. Zhang15d , Z. Zhang62a , Z. Zhang130 , P. Zhao48 , Y. Zhao59b , Z. Zhao59a , A. Zhemchugov78 , Z. Zheng104 , D. Zhong171 , B. Zhou104 , C. Zhou179 , M.S. Zhou15d , M. Zhou153 , N. Zhou59c , Y. Zhou7 , C.G. Zhu59b , H.L. Zhu59a , H. Zhu15a , J. Zhu104 , Y. Zhu59a , X. Zhuang15a , K. Zhukov109 , V. Zhulanov121b,121a , D. Zieminska64 , N.I. Zimine78 , S. Zimmermann51 , Z. Zinonos114 , M. Ziolkowski149 , G. Zobernig179 , A. Zoccoli23b,23a , K. Zoch52 , T.G. Zorbas147 , R. Zou36 , L. Zwalinski35 1 Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide; Australia 2 Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany NY; United States of America 3 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB; Canada 4 (a) Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara;(b) Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul;(c) Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara; Turkey 5 LAPP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy; France 6 High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL; United States of America 7 Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ; United States of America 8 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX; United States of America 9 Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens; Greece 10 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou; Greece 11 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX; United States of America 12 (a) Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul; (b) Istanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul;(c) Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul;(d) Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep; Turkey 13 Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku; Azerbaijan 14 Institut de Fı́sica d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona; Spain – 41 – 15 (a) Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing;(b) Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing;(c) Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing;(d) University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing; China 16 Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade; Serbia 17 Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen; Norway 18 Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley CA; United States of America 19 Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin; Germany 20 Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern; Switzerland 21 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; United Kingdom 22 Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogota; Colombia JHEP06(2019)144 23 (a) INFN Bologna and Universita’ di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica;(b) INFN Sezione di Bologna; Italy 24 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn; Germany 25 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA; United States of America 26 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA; United States of America 27 (a) Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov;(b) Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest;(c) Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi;(d) National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj-Napoca;(e) University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest;(f ) West University in Timisoara, Timisoara; Romania 28 (a) Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava;(b) Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice; Slovak Republic 29 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY; United States of America 30 Departamento de Fı́sica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires; Argentina 31 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; United Kingdom 32 (a) Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town;(b) Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg;(c) School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; South Africa 33 Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa ON; Canada 34 (a) Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies — Université Hassan II, Casablanca;(b) Centre National de l’Energie des Sciences Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN), Rabat;(c) Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech;(d) Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier and LPTPM, Oujda;(e) Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat; Morocco 35 CERN, Geneva; Switzerland 36 Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL; United States of America 37 LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand; France 38 Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY; United States of America 39 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Denmark 40 (a) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende;(b) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati; Italy 41 Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX; United States of America 42 Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX; United States of America 43 National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi; Greece 44 (a) Department of Physics, Stockholm University;(b) Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm; Sweden 45 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen; Germany 46 Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund; Germany 47 Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden; Germany 48 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC; United States of America – 42 – 49 SUPA — School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; United Kingdom 50 INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati; Italy 51 Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg; Germany 52 II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen; Germany 53 Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève; Switzerland 54 (a) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova;(b) INFN Sezione di Genova; Italy 55 II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen; Germany 56 SUPA — School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow; United Kingdom 57 LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble; France 58 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA; United States of America 59 (a) Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, JHEP06(2019)144 University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei;(b) Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao;(c) School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, KLPPAC-MoE, SKLPPC, Shanghai;(d) Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai; China 60 (a) Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (b) Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Germany 61 Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima; Japan 62 (a) Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong;(b) Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;(c) Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; China 63 Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu; Taiwan 64 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington IN; United States of America 65 (a) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine;(b) ICTP, Trieste;(c) Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine; Italy 66 (a) INFN Sezione di Lecce;(b) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce; Italy 67 (a) INFN Sezione di Milano;(b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano; Italy 68 (a) INFN Sezione di Napoli;(b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli; Italy 69 (a) INFN Sezione di Pavia;(b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia; Italy 70 (a) INFN Sezione di Pisa;(b) Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa; Italy 71 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma;(b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma; Italy 72 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata;(b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma; Italy 73 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma Tre;(b) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma; Italy 74 (a) INFN-TIFPA;(b) Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento; Italy 75 Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck; Austria 76 University of Iowa, Iowa City IA; United States of America 77 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA; United States of America 78 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna; Russia 79 (a) Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora;(b) Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro; (c) Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), São João del Rei;(d) Instituto de Fı́sica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo; Brazil 80 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba; Japan 81 Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe; Japan 82 (a) AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow;(b) Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow; Poland 83 Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow; Poland – 43 – 84 Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto; Japan 85 Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto; Japan 86 Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Japan 87 Instituto de Fı́sica La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata; Argentina 88 Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster; United Kingdom 89 Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool; United Kingdom 90 Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana; Slovenia 91 School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London; United Kingdom 92 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham; United Kingdom 93 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London; United Kingdom JHEP06(2019)144 94 Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA; United States of America 95 Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund; Sweden 96 Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne; France 97 Departamento de Fı́sica Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Spain 98 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz; Germany 99 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom 100 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille; France 101 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA; United States of America 102 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal QC; Canada 103 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria; Australia 104 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI; United States of America 105 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI; United States of America 106 B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk; Belarus 107 Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Byelorussian State University, Minsk; Belarus 108 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC; Canada 109 P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow; Russia 110 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics of the National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow; Russia 111 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow; Russia 112 D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; Russia 113 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München; Germany 114 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München; Germany 115 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki; Japan 116 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya; Japan 117 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM; United States of America 118 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen; Netherlands 119 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Netherlands 120 Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL; United States of America 121 (a) Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics and NSU, SB RAS, Novosibirsk;(b) Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk; Russia 122 Institute for High Energy Physics of the National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Protvino; Russia 123 Department of Physics, New York University, New York NY; United States of America – 44 – 124 Ohio State University, Columbus OH; United States of America 125 Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama; Japan 126 Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK; United States of America 127 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK; United States of America 128 Palacký University, RCPTM, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc; Czech Republic 129 Center for High Energy Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene OR; United States of America 130 LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay; France 131 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka; Japan 132 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo; Norway 133 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford; United Kingdom 134 LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris; France JHEP06(2019)144 135 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA; United States of America 136 Konstantinov Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, PNPI, St. Petersburg; Russia 137 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA; United States of America 138 (a) Laboratório de Instrumentação e Fı́sica Experimental de Partı́culas — LIP; (b) Departamento de Fı́sica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; (c) Departamento de Fı́sica, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra;(d) Centro de Fı́sica Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa;(e) Departamento de Fı́sica, Universidade do Minho, Braga;(f ) Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain);(g) Dep Fı́sica and CEFITEC of Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica; Portugal 139 Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague; Czech Republic 140 Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague; Czech Republic 141 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague; Czech Republic 142 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot; United Kingdom 143 IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette; France 144 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA; United States of America 145 (a) Departamento de Fı́sica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; (b) Departamento de Fı́sica, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Marı́a, Valparaı́so; Chile 146 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA; United States of America 147 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield; United Kingdom 148 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano; Japan 149 Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen; Germany 150 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC; Canada 151 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA; United States of America 152 Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm; Sweden 153 Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY; United States of America 154 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton; United Kingdom 155 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney; Australia 156 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Taiwan 157 (a) E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; (b) High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; Georgia 158 Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; Israel 159 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Israel 160 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki; Greece 161 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo; Japan – 45 – 162 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo; Japan 163 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo; Japan 164 Tomsk State University, Tomsk; Russia 165 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Canada 166 (a) TRIUMF, Vancouver BC;(b) Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto ON; Canada 167 Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Japan 168 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford MA; United States of America 169 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA; United States of America 170 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala; Sweden JHEP06(2019)144 171 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL; United States of America 172 Instituto de Fı́sica Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia — CSIC, Valencia; Spain 173 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC; Canada 174 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria BC; Canada 175 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg; Germany 176 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry; United Kingdom 177 Waseda University, Tokyo; Japan 178 Department of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Israel 179 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI; United States of America 180 Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal; Germany 181 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT; United States of America 182 Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan; Armenia a Also at Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, NY; United States of America b Also at California State University, East Bay; United States of America c Also at Centre for High Performance Computing, CSIR Campus, Rosebank, Cape Town; South Africa d Also at CERN, Geneva; Switzerland e Also at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille; France f Also at Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève; Switzerland g Also at Departament de Fisica de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Spain h Also at Departamento de Fı́sica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; Portugal i Also at Department of Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah; United Arab Emirates j Also at Department of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios; Greece k Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; United States of America l Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield; United Kingdom m Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno CA; United States of America n Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Sacramento CA; United States of America o Also at Department of Physics, King’s College London, London; United Kingdom p Also at Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg; Russia – 46 – q Also at Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford CA; United States of America r Also at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; Switzerland s Also at Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI; United States of America t Also at Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun; Turkey u Also at Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka; Japan v Also at Hellenic Open University, Patras; Greece w Also at Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest; Romania x Also at Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona; Spain y Also at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Germany z Also at Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen; Netherlands aa Also at Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy of JHEP06(2019)144 Sciences, Sofia; Bulgaria ab Also at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest; Hungary ac Also at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP); Canada ad Also at Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Taiwan ae Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku; Azerbaijan af Also at Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ilia State University, Tbilisi; Georgia ag Also at Instituto de Fı́sica Teórica de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Spain ah Also at Istanbul University, Dept. of Physics, Istanbul; Turkey ai Also at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna; Russia aj Also at LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay; France ak Also at Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA; United States of America al Also at LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris; France am Also at Manhattan College, New York NY; United States of America an Also at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny; Russia ao Also at National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow; Russia ap Also at Physics Dept, University of South Africa, Pretoria; South Africa aq Also at Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg; Germany ar Also at School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; China as Also at The City College of New York, New York NY; United States of America at Also at The Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter (CICQM), Beijing; China au Also at Tomsk State University, Tomsk, and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny; Russia av Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver BC; Canada aw Also at Universita di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli; Italy ∗ Deceased – 47 –