Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6500-y Regular Article - Experimental Physics Search for doubly charged scalar bosons decaying into same-sign W boson pairs with the ATLAS detector ATLAS Collaboration CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Received: 7 August 2018 / Accepted: 7 December 2018 © CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration 2019 Abstract A search for doubly charged scalar bosons decay- suggested by the natural association of vt with the neutrino ing into W boson pairs is presented. It uses a data sample masses. from proton–proton collisions corresponding to an integrated The assumption of a non-zero vt , of the order of a hundred luminosity of 36.1 fb−1 collected by the ATLAS detector at MeV, opens the possibility for the doubly charged boson to the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 2015 and decay into a pair of same-sign W bosons, H ±± → W ± W ± , 2016. This search is guided by a model that includes an exten- while the leptonic decays H ±± → ± ± are suppressed sion of the Higgs sector through a scalar triplet, leading to with increasing vt [4,5]. Extensive searches for leptonic a rich phenomenology that includes doubly charged scalar decays H ±± → ± ± have been performed at various bosons H ±± . Those bosons are produced in pairs in proton– colliders [6–11], where H ±± bosons with masses up to proton collisions and decay predominantly into electroweak about 800 GeV have been excluded. Moreover, searches gauge bosons H ±± → W ± W ± . Experimental signatures for H ±± → W ± W ± decays have been performed by the with several leptons, missing transverse energy and jets are CMS Collaboration in the context of single H ±± produc- explored. No significant deviations from the Standard Model tion through vector-boson fusion at large vt (of order of tens predictions are found. The parameter space of the benchmark of GeV) [12,13] for a model with two Higgs triplets [14]. For model is excluded at 95% confidence level for H ±± bosons that model, a custodial symmetry avoids large contributions with masses between 200 and 220 GeV. to the electroweak precision observables [15]. In contrast, the H ±± → W ± W ± decay mode has not been directly searched for so far for small values of vt , where the vector-boson fusion 1 Introduction is suppressed. The present paper focuses on the phenomenology of dou- An extension of the scalar sector of the Standard Model (SM) bly charged scalar bosons H ±± that can be produced in is possible in the context of type II seesaw models [1], orig- pairs at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and decay into inally conceived to explain the smallness of the neutrino W bosons. The triplet vacuum expectation value is taken to masses. In the model investigated in this paper, the scalar be vt = 0.1 GeVsuch that only the H ±± → W ± W ± decays sector includes a hypercharge Y = 2 scalar triplet, , in are relevant, leading to final states with four W bosons. The addition to the SM scalar doublet H [2,3]. Electroweak sym- mixing between the CP-even scalars is taken to be 10−4 and metry breaking (EWSB) is achieved if the neutral compo- the remaining five Yukawa parameters in the potential are nents of H and  acquire vacuum expectation values, vd and adjusted to obtain a given H ±± mass hypothesis while requir- vt respectively. After the EWSB, the mixing between these ing h 0 to have a mass of 125 GeV. The corresponding cross- fields results in seven scalar bosons: H ±± , H ± , A0 (CP odd), section calculation is performed for on-shell W bosons, and H 0 (CP even), h 0 (CP even). A small mixing between the CP- therefore only the region m H ±± > 200 GeV is considered even scalars allows h 0 to have the expected properties of the in the present analysis. SM Higgs boson. In addition, the triplet-neutrino Yukawa The four-boson final states are identified by the presence term provides non-zero neutrino masses proportional to the of light charged leptons (electrons or muons), missing trans- vacuum expectation value of the triplet vt . Constraints from verse momentum, and jets. The analysis uses three final states electroweak precision measurements lead to an upper bound defined according to the number of light leptons: same-sign on vt of around 1 GeV. This range is significantly lower than (SS) dilepton channel (2ss ), trilepton channel (3) and four- the electroweak scale and matches the need for small values lepton channel (4). Similar final states were used for other searches for new phenomena in ATLAS [16–18]. However,  e-mail: atlas.publications@cern.ch 0123456789().: V,-vol 123 58 Page 2 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 the previously searched signal topologies differ significantly 3 Data and simulation from those targeted in the present analysis and a dedicated event selection optimisation is therefore applied. The data sample collected by the ATLAS Collaboration at √ This paper includes a description of the experimental set- s = 13 TeV during 2015 and 2016 was used. After the up in Sect. 2, followed by a description of the simulation used application of beam and data quality requirements, the inte- in the analysis in Sect. 3. The event selection and background grated luminosity is 36.1 fb−1 . estimations for the three explored signatures are described in Monte Carlo (MC) simulation samples were produced for Sect. 4. The signal region optimisation is described in Sect. signal and background processes using the full ATLAS detec- 5. The systematic uncertainties are presented in Sect. 6. The tor simulation [22] based on Geant4 [23] or, for selected results are shown in Sect. 7, followed by the conclusions in smaller backgrounds and some of the signal samples, a Sect. 8. fast simulation using a parameterisation of the calorime- ter response and Geant4 for the tracking system [24]. To simulate the effects of additional pp collisions in the same and nearby bunch crossings (pile-up), additional interactions 2 ATLAS detector were generated using Pythia 8.186 [25,26] with a set of tuned parameters for the underlying event, referred to as the The ATLAS experiment [19] at the LHC is a multipur- A2 tune [27], and the MSTW2008LO set of parton distri- pose particle detector with a forward–backward symmet- bution functions (PDF) [28], and overlaid on the simulated ric cylindrical geometry and a near 4π coverage in solid hard-scatter event. The simulated events were reweighted to angle.1 It consists of an inner tracking detector surrounded match the distribution of the number of interactions per bunch by a superconducting solenoid providing a 2 T axial mag- crossing observed in the data and were reconstructed using netic field, electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, and the same procedure as for the data. a muon spectrometer. The inner tracking detector, covering The signal events containing H ±± pairs were simulated the pseudorapidity range |η| < 2.5, consists of silicon pixel with the CalcHEP generator version 3.4 [29], which is at and silicon microstrip tracking detectors inside a transition- leading order in QCD, using the Lagrangian described in radiation tracker that covers |η| < 2.0. It includes, for the Ref. [3] and the PDF set CTEQ6L1 [30,31]. The mod- √ s = 13 TeVrunning period, a newly installed innermost elling of the parton showering and hadronisation of these pixel layer, the insertable B-layer [20]. Lead/liquid-argon events was performed using PYTHIA 8.186 [25,26] with (LAr) sampling calorimeters provide electromagnetic (EM) the A14 tune [32]. Event samples for the process pp → energy measurements for |η| < 2.5 with high granularity and H ±± H ∓∓ → W ± W ± W ∓ W ∓ were simulated for m H ±± in longitudinal segmentation. A hadronic calorimeter consist- the range from 200 to 700 GeV with steps of 100 GeV. The ing of steel and scintillator tiles covers the central pseudo- production cross-section decreases rapidly with m H ±± and is rapidity range (|η| < 1.7). The endcap and forward regions 80.7 fb for m H ±± = 200 GeV, 5.0 fb for m H ±± = 400 GeV, are instrumented with LAr calorimeters for EM and hadronic and 0.35 fb for m H ±± = 700 GeV. Next-to-leading order energy measurements up to |η| = 4.9. The muon spectrome- (NLO) corrections [33] in QCD were applied, which increase ter surrounds the calorimeters and is based on three large air- these cross-sections by a factor 1.25. The fast detector sim- core toroid superconducting magnets with eight coils each. It ulation was used for the samples corresponding to m H ±± > includes a system of precision tracking chambers (|η| < 2.7) 500 GeV. and fast detectors for triggering (|η| < 2.4). A two-level trig- The SM background processes were simulated using the ger system is used to select events [21]. The first-level trigger MC event generator programs and configurations shown in is implemented in hardware and uses a subset of the detector Table 1. The production of V V , V V qq, and V V V (where V information to reduce the accepted rate to a design maximum denotes a vector boson W or Z and qq labels the vector-boson of 100 kHz. This is followed by a software-based trigger with fusion production mechanism) was simulated with a NLO a sustained average accepted event rate of about 1 kHz. QCD matrix element computed by Sherpa and matched to the Sherpa parton shower. The main background contribu- tion in the 2ss and 3 channels is from W Z production, for 1 ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the which the total cross-section prediction is 48.2 ± 1.1 pb [44]. nominal interaction point (IP) in the centre of the detector and the z- The main contribution to the 4 topology is from Z Z pro- axis along the beam pipe. The x-axis points from the IP to the centre of duction with a total cross-section of 16.9 ± 0.6 pb [45,46], the LHC ring, and the y-axis points upwards. Cylindrical coordinates which is suppressed by requiring significant missing trans- (r, φ) are used in the transverse plane, φ being the azimuthal angle around the z-axis. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar verse momentum in these events. The MC samples used to angle θas η = − ln tan(θ/2). Angular distance is measured in units of simulate t t¯ H , t t¯V , V V and t t¯ are described in more detail R ≡ (η)2 + (φ)2 . in Refs. [47–49]. 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 Table 1 Configurations used for event generation of background processes. If only one PDF is shown, the same is used for both the matrix element (ME) and parton shower generators; if two are shown, the first is used for the matrix element calculation and the second for the parton shower. V refers to the production of an electroweak boson (W or Z /γ ∗ ). “Tune” refers to the underlying-event tune of the parton shower generator. “MG5_aMC” refers to MadGraph5_aMC@NLO 2.2.1; “Pythia 6” refers to version 6.427; “Pythia 8” refers to version 8.1; “Herwig++” refers to version 2.7. The samples have heavy flavour hadron decays modelled by EvtGen1.2.0 [34], except for samples generated with Sherpa Process Event generator ME order Parton shower PDF Tune V V , qq V V , V V V Sherpa 2.1.1 [35] MEPS NLO Sherpa 2.1.1 CT10 [36] Sherpa 2.1.1 default t t¯ H MG5_aMC [37] NLO Pythia 8 [26] NNPDF 3.0 NLO [38] A14 [32] VH Pythia 8 LO Pythia 8 NNPDF 2.3 LO A14 t H qb MG5_aMC LO Pythia 8 CT10 A14 tHW MG5_aMC NLO Herwig++ [39] CT10 UE-EE-5 [40] t t¯W , t t¯(Z /γ ∗ ) MG5_aMC NLO Pythia 8 NNPDF 3.0 NLO A14 t (Z /γ ∗ ) MG5_aMC LO Pythia 6 [25] CTEQ6L1 [30,31] Perugia2012 [41] t W (Z /γ ∗ ) MG5_aMC NLO Pythia 8 NNPDF 2.3 LO A14 t t¯t, t t¯t t¯ MG5_aMC LO Pythia 8 NNPDF 2.3 LO A14 t t¯W + W − MG5_aMC LO Pythia 8 NNPDF 2.3 LO A14 Vγ Sherpa 2.2 MEPS NLO Sherpa 2.2 NNPDF 3.0 NLO Sherpa 2.2 default s-, t-channel, W t single top Powheg- Box v 2 [42,43] NLO Pythia 6 CT10/CTEQ6L1 Perugia2012 Page 3 of 30 58 123 58 Page 4 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 The simulated SM contributions in each of the channels the polar angle, |z 0 sin θ |, is required to be less than 0.5 mm. considered are separated into prompt-lepton and fake-lepton The transverse impact parameter divided by its uncertainty, contributions, depending on the source of the reconstructed |d0 |/σ (d0 ), is required to be less than five. The identifica- leptons at generator level. The processes that contain only tion algorithm is complemented by an isolation requirement, reconstructed charged leptons originating from prompt lep- based on the energy in a cone around the electron candi- tonic decays of W and Z bosons are classified as a prompt- date calculated using either charged tracks or calorimetric lepton contribution, while processes with at least one of the deposits. The calorimeter- and track-based isolation criteria reconstructed leptons being a misidentified hadron or pho- are applied jointly to suppress fake electrons. ton, or a lepton from hadron decays constitute the fake-lepton Muon candidates are reconstructed by combining tracks contribution. The simulated events are not used to evaluate formed in the inner detector and in the muon spectrometer, the background originating from charge-misidentified lep- within the region of pseudorapidity |η| < 2.5 [52]. Only tons for the 2ss channel and fake leptons for the 2ss and 3 those muon candidates with transverse momentum greater channels. These are estimated in general using data-driven than 10 GeVare considered. A muon candidate is required to methods because they are not well modelled by simulations. satisfy loose or tight identification criteria which are defined This is the case in particular for Z → + − , W → ν in Ref. [52], and which have efficiencies of approximately and t t¯ processes. The background process V γ can con- 98% and 92%, respectively. Similarly to electrons, isola- tribute if electrons originating from the photon conversion tion criteria complement the identification requirements. The are selected. This contribution is found to be small and ade- impact parameters must satisfy |z 0 sin θ | < 0.5 mm and quately modelled, so it is estimated using the MC simulation. |d0 |/σ (d0 ) < 3 when selecting muons. For the 4 channel, the background from fake leptons is small Combining the selection criteria mentioned above, two and the data-driven methods are not applicable due to the low types of lepton requirements are used for both the electrons number of events available, so the MC simulation is used to and muons: type T (for tight) and L (for loose). The type T estimate both the prompt-lepton and the fake-lepton contri- leptons are a subset of the type L. butions. Jets are reconstructed from topological clusters [53] of energy deposits in the calorimeters using the anti-kt algo- rithm [54,55] with a radius parameter of R = 0.4. Only 4 Event selection and background estimates jets with pT > 25 GeVand |η| < 2.5 are considered. In order to suppress jets arising from pile-up collisions, jets 4.1 Event reconstruction with pT < 60 GeVand |η| < 2.4 must have a sizeable fraction of their tracks matched to the selected primary ver- Interaction vertices originating from pp collisions are recon- tex [56]. Jets containing b-hadrons are identified (b-tagged) structed using at least two tracks with transverse momentum via a multi-variate discriminant combining information from pT > 0.4 GeV, and required to be consistent with the beam- the impact parameters of displaced tracks with topological spot envelope. The primary vertex is identified as the vertex properties of secondary and tertiary decay vertices recon- with the largest sum of squares of the transverse momenta structed within the jet [57]. The b-tagging algorithm used from associated tracks [50]. for this search has an average efficiency of 70% to identify Electrons are reconstructed as tracks in the inner detec- b-jets with pT > 20 GeVand |η| < 2.5 in simulated t t¯ events. tor matched to clusters in the electromagnetic calorimeter, To avoid object double counting, an overlap removal pro- within the region of pseudorapidity |η| < 2.47 [51]. The cedure is applied to resolve ambiguities among electrons, candidates in the transition region between the barrel and muons, and jets in the final state. Any electron candidate the endcap calorimeters (1.37 < |η| < 1.52) are removed. sharing an inner detector track with a muon candidate is Only those electron candidates with transverse momentum removed. Jets within R = 0.2 of an electron, as well as greater than 10 GeVare considered. The electron identifica- jets with less than three tracks within R = 0.2 of a muon tion is based on a multivariate likelihood-based discriminant candidate are discarded. Any remaining electron candidate that uses the shower shapes in the electromagnetic calorime- within R = 0.4 of a jet is discarded. Any remaining muon μ ter and the associated track properties measured in the inner candidate within R = 0.04 + 10/ pT (GeV) of a jet is dis- detector. In particular, the loose and tight identification work- carded. ing points, described in Ref. [51], are used, providing elec- The missing transverse momentum, with magnitude E Tmiss , tron identification efficiencies of approximately 95% and 78– is defined as the negative vector sum of the transverse 90% (depending on pT and η), respectively. In order to reduce momenta of all identified leptons and jets and the remain- contributions from converted photons and hadron decays, the ing unclustered energy of the event, which is estimated from longitudinal impact parameter of the electron track relative tracks associated with the primary vertex but not assigned to to the selected event primary vertex, multiplied by the sine of any physics object [58]. 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 Page 5 of 30 58 4.2 Event preselection Similarly in the 3 channel, each lepton in the pair of leptons of the same sign, which is expected to suffer more from fake- Candidate events are selected using triggers that require at lepton contamination, is required to have pT > 20 GeV and least one electron or one muon to pass various thresholds to both be of type T . In the 2ss and 4 channels, the leptons of pT [21]. The higher thresholds are applied with looser are labelled by descending pT , and are denoted by 1,2,... . lepton identification and/or isolation requirements in order to The ranking follows a different logic for the 3 channel: the ensure efficiencies close to 100% for leptons with transverse lepton that has a charge opposite to the total lepton charge momentum above 30 GeV. is denoted as 0 , while the same-sign leptons are denoted by The signal topologies studied in this search involve the 1 and 2 , ranked by increasing distance to 0 in the η–φ presence of at least two leptons of the same charge and plane. are classified as explained above in three mutually exclu- Further preselection requirements are based on E Tmiss , the sive categories: 2ss , 3 and 4 channels. The 2ss chan- jet multiplicity Njets and the number of jets tagged as b-jets nel targets signal events where the two same-sign W bosons Nb-jet . Moreover, in order to reduce the background from from one of the doubly charged Higgs boson decays lep- Z bosons and neutral mesons decaying into same-flavour tonically, while the two W bosons from the other doubly opposite-sign leptons (SFOS), the invariant mass of such lep- charged Higgs boson decay hadronically. In the 3 channel, ton pairs is required to be greater than 12 (15) GeV for the 3 one W boson decays hadronically and in the 4 channel, all (4) channel and to have an invariant mass that is not com- W bosons decay leptonically. All channels present significant patible with the Z boson. For the 2ss channel, the Z boson E Tmiss corresponding to the neutrinos from leptonic W boson invariant mass veto is also applied to e± e± events, in order decays. In the 2ss and 4 channels, jets from W boson decays to reduce the contributions originating from electron charge originate from the first- and second-generation quarks, and misidentification. therefore lead to events without b-jets. The event selection is After this preselection, 562 data events are selected in the divided into two steps: the preselection and the signal region ss 2 channel, 392 events in the 3 channel, and 44 events in selection. the 4 channel. The preselection requirements are summarised in Table 2. The electrons (muons) are selected in the pseudorapidity range |η| < 2.47 (2.5) with a transverse momentum of at least 10 GeV, satisfying the type L requirement. Events are 4.3 Background estimate selected only if the absolute value of the sum of charges of the leptons is two, one and zero for the 2ss , 3 and 4 chan- The background processes containing only prompt selected nels, respectively. At least one of the leptons is required to leptons are estimated with MC simulations normalised to the have pT > 30 GeV to ensure a high trigger efficiency. To most precise cross-section calculation (see Sect. 3). Further reduce the fake-lepton contamination in the 2ss channel, the contributions originate from non-prompt and mismeasured second highest pT (subleading) lepton is required to have pT leptons. The procedures used to estimate those contributions > 20 GeV and both leptons are required to be of type T . are described in the following. Table 2 The preselection criteria for the three analysis channels. The and 0 the lepton with a charge opposite to the total lepton charge. Q  leptons are ordered by decreasing pT (1 , 2 , . . .) in the 2ss and 4 denotes the charge of each lepton channels, while for the 3 channel 1 , 2 denote the same-sign leptons Selection criteria 2ss 3 4 Trigger At least one lepton with pT > 30 GeV that fulfils the requirements of single-lepton triggers N (L-type, pT > 10 GeV, |η | < 2.47) 2 3 4 N (T -type, pT > 10 GeV, |η | < 2.47) 2 2 (1,2 ) −  | Q| 2 1 0 Lepton pT threshold pT1 ,2 > 30, 20 GeV pT0 ,1 ,2 > 10, 20, 20 GeV pT1 ,2 ,3 ,4 > 10 GeV E Tmiss > 70 GeV > 30 GeV > 30 GeV Njets ≥3 ≥2 – b-jet veto Nb-jet = 0 Nb-jet = 0 Nb-jet = 0 Low SFOS m  veto – m ± ∓ > 15 GeV m ± ∓ > 12 GeV Z boson decays veto |m e± e± − m Z | > 10 GeV |m ± ∓ − m Z | > 10 GeV 123 58 Page 6 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 4.3.1 Charge misidentification 4.3.2 Fake-lepton contributions In the 2ss channel, a background contribution is expected The composition of the fake-lepton background varies con- from events with opposite-sign lepton pairs when the charge siderably among the analysis channels. Therefore, the meth- of one of the leptons is misidentified, while the background ods to estimate the fake-lepton contributions are different for contribution from charge misidentification is negligible for the 2ss , 3 and 4 channels. The contribution from fake lep- 3 and 4 channels. In the transverse momentum domain tons for the 2ss and 3 channels are estimated using the fake- relevant for this analysis, charge misidentification is only factor method, while the simulation prediction corrected with significant for electrons and is due mainly to bremsstrahlung data-driven scale factors is used for the 4 channels. Those interactions with the inner detector material. The radiated methods involve various fake-enriched control samples that photon produces an e+ e− pair near the original electron tra- are summarised in Table 3 and described below. jectory leading to a charge identification confusion. Fake-lepton contribution estimate for the 2ss channel The The misidentification rate is measured using a large data fake-factor method assumes that the fake-lepton contribution sample of dilepton events originating mainly from Z → in a nominal region, which can be the preselection or the e+ e− decays selected by two type T electrons with an invari- signal region, can be computed using an extrapolation factor ant mass between 80 and 100 GeV. The sample contains that is referred to as a fake factor, and is denoted as θ in mostly opposite-sign dileptons, with a small fraction of same- the following. The fake factor is multiplied by the number sign dileptons. The fraction of same-sign dilepton events is of events containing fake leptons in a region with the same used to extract the charge-misidentification rate as a function selection criteria as the nominal region, except that at least of electron pT and η. This rate is found to range between one of the leptons is required to satisfy the type L but not the 0.02% and 10%, where large values are obtained at large type T identification criteria. That lepton is denoted by e, μ rapidities where the amount of material is higher. The statis-  or collectively  in the following. tical error of this estimate is taken as systematic uncertainty The fake factors are calculated in fake-enriched control of the charge misidentification rate. The background from regions with kinematic selections designed to enhance their fake leptons in both the opposite-sign and same-sign sam- content in fake leptons. In the case of the 2ss channel (2ss ples is estimated using sidebands around the Z boson mass column in Table 3), this is achieved by requiring low E Tmiss . peak. Its impact on the charge misidentification rate is about The fake factor is defined as the number of fake-lepton events 2% and is included in the systematic uncertainty. in the fake-enriched region where all selected leptons pass The background from charge misidentification in a given the type T identification, divided by the number of fake- region is estimated using a data control sample selected with lepton events in the same region but where one of the selected the same criteria as the nominal sample but with opposite- leptons is of type . sign dilepton pairs, where at least one lepton is an electron, The muon fake factor is thus computed in the fake- weighted by the probability that the charge of the electron(s) enriched region, where a pair of same-sign muons was is misidentified. selected, as follows: Table 3 The selection criteria defining the fake-enriched control reduce the W Z contributions, is calculated as the invariant mass of the regions used to determine the fake factors for the 2ss and 3 channel vector sum of transverse momentum of the fake-lepton candidate and and the MC scale factors for the 4 channel. The symbol “−” means the missing transverse momentum no requirement. The transverse mass m T , used for the 4-Z region to Sample 2ss 3 4-Z 4-T N (type L) 2 3 3 3  | Q| 2 1 1 1 pT > 30, 20 GeV > 10, 20, 20 GeV > 10, 10, 10 GeV > 10, 10, 10 GeV Njets ≥3 1 1 or 2 1 or 2 Nb-jet 0 − − − jet pT > 25 GeV > 25 GeV > 25 GeV > 30(25) GeV Z -window ee − m Z | > 10 GeV |m ss |m os  − m Z | > 10 GeV |m os  − m Z | < 10 GeV No same-flavour opposite-sign lepton pair m os  − > 15 GeV − − E Tmiss < 70 GeV − < 50 GeV − mT − − < 50 GeV − 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 Page 7 of 30 58 Fig. 1 Distribution of variables used for the signal region optimisa- with misidentified charge (QMisID). The expected signal distributions tion of the 2ss final state. The events are selected with the prese- corresponding to two H ±± masses are also shown, scaled up for visi- lection requirements listed in Table 2. The data (dots) are compared bility. The last bin includes overflows. In each figure the bottom panel with the predictions (histograms) that include the contributions from the shows the ratio of data to the prediction, where the band around unity dominant prompt-lepton background (W Z ), other prompt-lepton back- represents the total uncertainty of the SM prediction grounds, processes where a fake lepton is reconstructed, and electrons ss (N Data − N Prompt )C μμ eμ sample is subtracted from the numerator. It is computed θμ2 = , (1) (N Data − N Prompt )C μμ as:  ss fake-μ,C Neμ = θμ2 (N Data − N Prompt )C eμ . where Nμμ Data,C and N Data,C are the number of events where  μμ both muons are of type T , and where one is of type T and the The fake-muon contribution is not considered in the other of type μ,  respectively. The prompt-lepton contribu- denominator of the electron fake factor, in Eq. (2), because tions N Prompt , which are estimated using MC simulation, are it is negligible. subtracted from data event yields to obtain a pure estimate of The muon fake factor is measured to be 0.14±0.03, while the fake-lepton contributions in the μμ and μμ  regions. The the electron fake factor is 0.48±0.07, where the uncertainties superscript C indicates the fake-enriched control region. are statistical only. A systematic uncertainty of 35% (56%) The electron fake factor is computed using the fake- in the electron (muon) fake factor is estimated from com- enriched region where a same-sign eμ pair was selected: plementary control samples with low jet multiplicity or by applying a different selection to vary the fraction of jets con- ss  − N fake-μ )C (N Data − N Prompt − N Q eμ taining heavy-flavour hadrons. The uncertainty in the muon θe2 = . (2) fake factor is larger than in the electron fake factor due lower  − N Prompt )C (N Data − N Q  eμ number of data events available for those checks. The fake- lepton contributions in the nominal region (signal or preselec- In addition to the prompt-lepton contribution, the electron tion, denoted collectively by the superscript R) are obtained charge-misidentification contribution, denoted by N Q, needs by multiplying the fake factors by the number of events in to be subtracted. It is computed using the method described in a region with the same selection as the nominal region, but Sect. 4.3.1. Furthermore, the fake-muon contribution in the where at least one lepton is of type : 123 58 Page 8 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 Fig. 2 Distribution of variables used for the signal region optimisation of the 3 channel (a detailed description can be found in the caption of Fig. 1) fake,R Neμ ss = θe2 × (N Data − N Prompt − N) R Q test the method and to estimate systematic uncertainties of μe 55% and 81% for the electron and muon fake factors, respec- 2ss + θμ × (N Data −N Prompt − N)eRμ , Q tively. The fake-lepton contributions to the nominal regions  are then calculated using relations analogous to Eq. (3). fake,R 2ss Nee, μμ = θe,μ × (N Data −N Prompt  − N )ee, μμ . Q R (3)   Fake-lepton contribution estimate for the 4channel There are too few data events to apply the fake-factor method where the prompt-lepton and the charge misidentifications in the 4 channel. Instead, the fake-lepton contribution is contributions are subtracted as explained above. estimated from the yields predicted by the MC simulation Fake-lepton contribution estimate for the 3channel A but corrected using process-dependent scale factors that are method similar to that employed for the 2ss channel is extracted in two fake-enriched control regions. The fake- applied for the 3 channel. Here the opposite-sign lepton lepton contribution in this channel comes mainly from t t¯V 0 is assumed to be prompt, an assumption that was found to processes, where the fake lepton originates from a b-jet. A be valid in MC simulation. The fake-enriched region used small component from light quarks is also present. Two data to calculate the fake factors for the 3 channel, which is samples designed to contain fake leptons originating from described in Table 3, follows the 3 preselection conditions Z +jets and t t¯ events are used to study the capability of the except that the jet multiplicity is required to be exactly one. simulation to describe fake leptons originating from light- The fake factors for electrons and muons are both calculated and heavy-flavour jets, respectively. The two control sam- by applying a formula analogous to Eq. (1) to the 0 ee/0 ee ples are labelled Z and T and are defined in Table 3. The and 0 μμ/0 μμ  regions, respectively. The muon fake factor samples are required to have three identified leptons. For the is found to be 0.17 ± 0.06 and the electron fake factor is Z region, the fake-lepton candidate is assumed not to be part found to be 0.39 ± 0.07, where the errors are statistical only. of the lepton pair forming the Z boson candidate. For the The values are compatible with those obtained for the 2ss T region, the fake lepton is assumed to be the lepton with channel. Additional control samples, defined such that the the lower pT in the same-sign lepton pair. The scale fac- content is enriched in either Z +jets or t t¯ events, are used to 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 Page 9 of 30 58 Fig. 3 Distribution of variables used for the signal region optimisation of the 4 channel (a detailed description can be found in the caption of Fig. 1) tors are derived independently for fake electrons and fake to lead to the multi-lepton topologies considered in this analy- muons. Four scale factors λX (with  = e, μ and X = Z, T) sis, all signal events are expected to feature significant E Tmiss , are obtained by solving the system of equations while jets are expected from hadronic W boson decays for 2ss and 3 channels. Moreover, when the mass of the dou-   NData|X − NPrompt|X = λT Ntt¯|X + λZ N Z +jets|X , bly charged Higgs boson is in the range of 200–300 GeV, each H ±± is produced with a significant momentum and the where the event yields N  are labelled by the nature of two subsequent W bosons are emitted close to each other in the contribution, data (Data) or simulation (Prompt, t t¯ and the laboratory frame. Consequently, the two same-sign lep- Z +jets), and the equations are derived in each of the respec- tons from the decays of the two W bosons tend to be close tive control region X (Z or T). The obtained scale factors are in the η–φ plane. The decay products of the other doubly μ charged Higgs boson are generally well-separated from the λeT = 1.12 ± 0.05, λeZ = 1.02 ± 0.07, λT = 1.11 ± 0.05 μ two same-sign leptons. and λZ = 0.94 ± 0.07, where the errors are statistical only. Alternative trilepton control samples, where the jet multi- The analysis channels face different background contribu- plicity and the lepton pT threshold are varied, are used to tions from the SM. The 2ss category is populated with events estimate a systematic uncertainty of 50% in these scale fac- containing one prompt lepton from a W boson, or to a lesser tors. The scale factors are used as weights to the simulated extent from a Z boson, and one fake lepton from the hadronic events that contain a fake lepton according to the fake-lepton final state produced. The 2ss events with two same-sign elec- flavour and the presence of heavy-flavour jets in the event. trons can also originate from Drell–Yan and t t¯ production, where the charge of one of the electrons is misidentified, as explained above. In the 2ss and 3 channels, most of the 5 Signal region optimisation expected prompt-lepton contribution is due to the production of W Z associated with jets, with both bosons subsequently The hypothetical signal produces four W ± bosons in each decaying into leptons. This process also produces other fea- event. Since at least two leptonic W boson decays are needed tures of the signal, such as significant E Tmiss and the absence 123 58 Page 10 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 Table 4 The selection criteria used to define the signal regions. The variables are described in Sect. 5 Selection criteria 2ss 3 4 e± e± e± μ± μ± μ± SFOS 0 SFOS 1,2 m H ±± = 200 GeV E Tmiss [GeV] > 100 > 100 > 100 > 45 > 45 > 60 m x [GeV] [25, 130] [15, 150] [35, 150] > 160 > 170 > 230 R± ± [rad.] < 0.8 < 1.8 < 0.9 [0.15, 1.57] [0.00, 1.52] φ(, E Tmiss ) [rad.] < 1.1 < 1.3 < 1.3 S [rad.] < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.2 m jets [GeV] [140, 770] [95, 330] [95, 640] R−jet [rad.] [0.08, 1.88] [0.07, 1.31] leading jet pT [GeV] > 80 > 55 1 pT [GeV] > 65 Rmin ± ± [rad.] [0.16, 1.21] R± ± [rad.] max [0.27, 2.03] m H ±± = 300 GeV E Tmiss [GeV] > 200 > 200 > 200 > 65 > 55 > 60 m x [GeV] [105, 340] [80, 320] [80, 320] > 170 > 210 > 270 R± ± [rad.] < 1.4 < 1.8 < 1.8 [0.18, 2.23] [0.08, 2.23] φ(, E Tmiss ) [rad.] < 2.1 < 2.4 < 2.4 S [rad.] < 0.4 < 0.4 < 0.4 m jets [GeV] [180, 770] [130, 640] [130, 640] Rj [rad.] [0.27, 2.37] [0.21, 2.08] leading jet pT [GeV] > 95 > 80 1 pT [GeV] > 45 Rmin ± ± [rad.] [0.09, 1.97] R± ± [rad.] max [0.44, 2.68] m H ±± = 400 GeV E Tmiss [GeV] > 200 > 200 > 200 > 65 > 85 > 60 m x [GeV] [105, 340] [80, 350] [80, 350] > 230 > 250 > 270 R± ± [rad.] < 2.2 < 1.8 < 1.8 [0.22, 2.39] [0.29, 2.69] φ(, E Tmiss ) [rad.] < 2.4 < 2.4 < 2.4 S [rad.] < 0.6 < 0.6 < 0.5 m jets [GeV] [280, 1200] [220, 1200] [220, 1200] Rj [rad.] [0.30, 2.59] [0.31, 2.30] leading jet pT [GeV] > 120 > 100 1 pT [GeV] > 110 Rmin ± ± [rad.] [0.39, 2.22] Rmax ± ± [rad.] [0.55, 2.90] 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 Page 11 of 30 58 Table 4 continued Selection criteria 2ss 3 4 e± e± e± μ± μ± μ± SFOS 0 SFOS 1,2 m H ±± = 500–700 GeV E Tmiss [GeV] > 250 > 250 > 250 > 120 > 100 > 60 m x [GeV] [105, 730] [110, 440] [110, 440] > 230 > 300 > 370 R± ± [rad.] < 2.6 < 2.2 < 2.2 [0.39, 3.11] [0.29, 2.85] φ(, E Tmiss ) [rad.] < 2.6 < 2.4 < 2.4 S [rad.] < 1.1 < 1.1 < 1.1 m jets [GeV] > 440 > 470 > 470 Rj [rad.] [0.60, 2.68] [0.31, 2.53] leading jet pT [GeV] > 130 > 130 1 pT [GeV] > 160 Rmin ± ± [rad.] [0.53, 3.24] R± ± [rad.] max [0.59, 2.94] of b-jets for most of the production cross-section. For the the spread of the φ angles of the leptons, E Tmiss , and jets W Z events, the mass of the same-flavour opposite-sign lep- as follows: ton pair is close to the Z boson mass, while no such resonant distribution is expected for the signal. In the 4 channel, the R(φ1 , φ2 , φ E miss ) · R(φ j1 , φ j2 , . . .) S= T , dominant background originates from t t¯V and Z Z produc- R(φ1 , , φ2 , φ E miss , φ j1 , φ j2 , . . .) tion. Processes containing top quarks (t t¯, t t¯V ) can lead to T events with multiple leptons in the final state. A noticeable where the R is the root mean  square that quantifies feature of those processes is the presence of b-jets. 1 n the spread, R(φ1 , . . . , φn ) = n i=1 (φi − φ)2 . The Given these properties of the signal and of the expected azimuthal angles φ are bounded in (−π, π ], and the background, the following discriminating variables, in addi- bound is considered in the calculation. The S variable tion to E Tmiss , are considered: is expected to be on average smaller for the signal than for the background for low H ±± mass values. • m x , the invariant mass of the system composed of all selected leptons in the event, where x can be 2, 3 or 4. The distributions of the selected variables for the 2ss , 3 • R± ± , the distance in η–φ between two same-sign lep- and 4 channels are shown at preselection level in Figs. 1, 2 tons. This variable is used for the 2ss and 3 channels. and 3, respectively. The data are compared with the sum of In the 4 channel, two such variables can be calculated the prompt lepton, fake lepton and charge-misidentified lep- per event, Rmin ± ± and R± ± , denoting the minimum max ton background predictions. The prompt-lepton backgrounds and maximum values, respectively. are estimated with simulations while the background from • m jets , the invariant mass of the system composed of all fake leptons and charge-flipped leptons are measured with jets in the event. When there are more than four jets in the the methods described in the previous section. Good agree- event, only the leading four jets are used. This variable ment is observed in both normalisation and shape, demon- is used only for the 2ss channel. strating that the background contributions are well modelled. The expected signal distributions for various H ±± masses leading jet • pT , the transverse momentum of the highest- pT jet. are also shown to illustrate the discriminating power of the • φ(, E Tmiss ), the difference in azimuth between the selected variables. dilepton system and E Tmiss . This variable is used in the The strategy used to extract the signal is based on rectangu- 2ss channel. lar cut optimisation using the TMVA package [59]. For each • R−jet , the minimal distance in η–φ between any lepton m H ±± hypothesis, six signal regions are defined using the and its closest jet. This variable is used in the 3 channel. following lepton flavour content: in the 2ss channel, three • S, is a variable used for the 2ss channel to describe the signal regions are optimised separately for ee, eμ and μμ event topology in the transverse plane, and defined using channels; in the 3 channel, the signal regions are optimised 123 58 Page 12 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 4 Event yields in the signal regions optimised for the m H ±± = 200, to data are estimated assuming a Poisson distribution with the average 300, 400 and 500 GeV searches. The bottom panel shows the ratio of equal to the respective yields. The signal prediction is represented as a the data to the total background prediction, where the band illustrates dotted histogram, stacked on the SM background the total uncertainty of the SM background. The error bars attributed separately for events with no same-flavour opposite-sign lep- the optimised cuts were applied individually, the cuts were ton pairs (SFOS 0, for which the SM background is small) applied successively, or each cut was inverted while the other and for events with one or two such pairs (SFOS 1,2); the cuts were applied. The agreement between data and predic- 4 channel is treated globally, with no further lepton flavour tion remains adequate for all those cases. distinction. The selection criteria used to define the signal regions are shown in Table 4. The optimisation is performed as a function of the H ±± mass for m H ±± = 200, 300, 400 and 500 GeV, and seeks the best expected signal significance. 6 Systematic uncertainties The last optimisation point is applied to m H ±± ≥ 600 GeVas well, since the signal discrimination power does not vary sig- The theoretical uncertainties associated with the signal pre- nificantly in this regime. diction originate from the PDFs, the matrix element calcu- In order to verify the background estimate reliability lation and the parton shower simulation. The uncertainties for the signal region, three further checks were performed: related to PDFs are evaluated using the Hessian method pro- vided in LHAPDF6 [60] and are found to be in the range 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 Page 13 of 30 58 Table 5 Event yields in the signal regions of corresponding targeted prompt-lepton sources is from W Z and tt V processes. The overall sig- masses of H ±± . The signal yield is for the corresponding mass point nal acceptance A and the upper limit of extra contribution to each signal and is normalised to the luminosity of 36.1 fb−1 . The dominant back- region at 95% confidence level n 95 are also presented. The data and SM ground from prompt-lepton sources is from the W Z process in the 2ss prediction yields obtained for m H ±± = 500 GeV are also valid for channel. For the 3 and 4 channels, the dominant background from m H ±± = 600 and 700 GeV Subchannel 2ss 3 4 e± e± e± μ± μ± μ± SFOS 0 SFOS 1,2 m H ±± = 200 GeV Prompt lepton 0.5 ± 0.2 0.3 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.6 0.3 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.5 0.07 ± 0.03 QMisID 0.6 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.1 − − − − Fake lepton 1±1 < 0.4 0.4 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.03 ± 0.02 Total background 2±1 0.6 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.7 0.5 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.6 0.11 ± 0.05 Signal 1.1 ± 0.2 2.3 ± 0.4 2.4 ± 0.4 1.8 ± 0.3 5.0 ± 0.9 1.1 ± 0.2 A [%] 0.037 0.080 0.082 0.061 0.17 0.038 n 95 12.3 7.1 7.5 4.1 7.7 3.8 Data 3 2 2 1 2 0 m H ±± = 300 GeV Prompt lepton 0.1 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.4 0.02 ± 0.02 0.4 ± 0.1 4±1 0.3 ± 0.1 QMisID 0.1 ± 0.1 0.07 ± 0.04 − − − − Fake lepton 0.4 ± 0.5 < 0.2 < 0.4 0.3 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.4 0.2 ± 0.2 Total background 0.7 ± 0.5 1.0 ± 0.5 0.02 ± 0.02 0.8 ± 0.2 5±2 0.5 ± 0.2 Signal 0.16 ± 0.03 0.6 ± 0.1 0.29 ± 0.05 0.6 ± 0.1 1.8 ± 0.3 0.43 ± 0.08 A [%] 0.027 0.10 0.049 0.11 0.30 0.071 n 95 4.0 9.6 3.0 3.1 22.7 3.8 Data 0 3 0 0 11 0 m H ±± = 400 GeV Prompt lepton 0.7 ± 0.3 1.0 ± 0.4 0.2 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 4±1 0.3 ± 0.1 QMisID 0.3 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 − − − − Fake lepton 0.4 ± 0.5 < 0.3 < 0.4 0.3 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.1 0.05 ± 0.04 Total background 1.4 ± 0.6 1.2 ± 0.5 0.3 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.2 4±1 0.4 ± 0.1 Signal 0.20 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.07 0.19 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.04 0.6 ± 0.1 0.17 ± 0.03 A [%] 0.11 0.21 0.11 0.13 0.36 0.092 n 95 10.4 18.3 6.4 3.1 10.4 4.3 Data 2 6 1 0 4 1 m H ±± = 500 GeV Prompt lepton 1.0 ± 0.4 0.7 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.1 3±1 0.2 ± 0.1 QMisID 0.3 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 − − − − Fake lepton 0.2 ± 0.5 0.3 ± 0.5 < 0.4 0.11 ± 0.06 0.10 ± 0.05 0.2 ± 0.2 Total background 1.6 ± 0.6 1.2 ± 0.6 0.3 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.1 3.0 ± 0.8 0.4 ± 0.2 Signal 0.10 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.04 0.06 ± 0.01 A [%] 0.16 0.25 0.11 0.14 0.37 0.098 A [%] m H ±± = 600 GeV 0.22 0.36 0.16 0.17 0.44 0.11 A [%] m H ±± = 700 GeV 0.26 0.38 0.17 0.19 0.48 0.12 n 95 8.6 12.7 3.8 3.0 7.9 4.9 Data 4 3 0 0 2 3 123 58 Page 14 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 from 2.5% to 4.5%. The uncertainty of the parton shower simulation is assessed by comparing PYTHIA (with A14 tune) and Herwig++ (with UEEE5 tune [61]), and is found to be 2.4%, 1.7%, and 3.8% for the 2ss , 3, and 4 chan- nels, respectively. The higher-order corrections are assumed to induce an additional 15% uncertainty in the cross-section calculations [33]. Combining those uncertainties in quadra- ture, an overall uncertainty of 17% is obtained for the signal normalisation. The theoretical uncertainties associated with the largest SM backgrounds, V V [48] (including same-sign W W qq and W Z processes) and tt V [62], are estimated using dedi- cated MC samples, where the factorisation and renormalisa- tion scales are varied independently by factors of 2 and 0.5 and the parton shower parameters are varied within the given Fig. 5 Observed and expected upper limits for pp → H ±± H ∓∓ → model uncertainties. The theoretical uncertainties obtained W ± W ± W ∓ W ∓ cross-section times branching fraction at 95% CL are 24% for V V and 17% for tt V . The uncertainties related to obtained from the combination of 2ss , 3 and 4 channels. The region above the observed limit is excluded by the measurement. The bands PDFs are found to be negligible. The uncertainty associated represent the expected exclusion curves within one and two standard with the V γ contributions is taken to be 25%, as indicated deviations. The theoretical prediction [3] including the NLO QCD cor- by dedicated studies using converted photons. The uncer- rections [33] is also shown and is excluded for m H ±± < 220 GeV tainties related to the V V V and t Z process predictions are taken from the respective inclusive cross-section measure- • The uncertainties related to the background contributions ments [63,64]. For other rare backgrounds which have no from electron charge misidentification are 22–28% for dedicated measurements yet (tt t¯, t t¯W + W − ), uncertainties the 2ss ee and eμ channels. The uncertainties of the of 50% are assumed and are found to have a negligible impact fake-lepton contributions range from 50 to 250%, and on the sensitivity. mainly originate from the fake factors (2ss and 3 chan- The experimental uncertainties arise from the accuracy nels) and the scale factors for MC simulation (4 channel) of the detector simulation and from the uncertainties associ- described in Sect. 4.3.2 and the statistics of the control ated with the data-driven methods that are used to estimate samples. The uncertainties exceed 100% in some cases the instrumental backgrounds. These uncertainties originate due to the subtraction of the prompt-lepton contributions from the following sources: in the fake-lepton control regions. • The uncertainties related to event reconstruction include the lepton [52,65] and the jet [66] energy scales and res- The theoretical and experimental systematic uncertainties olutions and the uncertainties in the reconstruction of described above are assumed to be correlated amongst the E Tmiss [58]. The impact of this type of uncertainty on the various signal regions in the interpretation of the final results. signal and background yields is in the range 3–8% and Overall, the sensitivity of the search is dominated by the 10–30%, respectively. statistical uncertainty of the event yield in the signal regions. • The uncertainties related to the efficiencies of elec- tron [51] and muon [52] reconstruction and identifica- tion, including the uncertainties in the trigger efficiency 7 Results are estimated in dedicated studies. The impact of this type of uncertainty on the signal and background yields The expected and observed event yields in the signal regions is found to be in the range 4–6% and 2–5%, respectively. are shown in Fig. 4 and Table 5. For a H ±± mass of The uncertainties related to the b-jet identification algo- 200 GeV, substantial signal yield is expected in all chan- rithms, used in the analysis to veto events containing b- nels, and the analysis sensitivity is found to be comparable jets, are found to be negligible. across the 2ss , 3 and 4 channels. No significant excess • The uncertainties originating from data-taking conditions has been observed. Table 5 also includes the overall sig- include the luminosity measurement and the pile-up sim- nal acceptance A, defined as the number of selected events ulation procedure. The uncertainty of the integrated lumi- selected in a given channel divided by the total number of nosity is 2.1%, determined using a methodology similar pp → H ±± H ∓∓ → W ± W ± W ∓ W ∓ events and repre- to that detailed in Ref. [67]. The uncertainty from the senting the signal reduction due to phase space acceptance, pile-up simulation is about 5%. branching ratio and detector efficiency. 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 Page 15 of 30 58 The statistical analysis of the results is based on a likeli- Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wal- hood ratio test [68] using the CLs method [69]. The parameter lenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United of interest is the signal strength, defined as the cross-section Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, of the hypothetical contribution from physics beyond the SM individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, in units of the cross-section of the benchmark model. The CANARIE, CRC and Compute Canada, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, likelihood function is constructed from Poisson probability Horizon 2020, and Marie Skodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d’ Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG and AvH distributions of counting experiments for each of the six chan- Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes nels in each signal region. The systematic uncertainties are co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and treated as nuisance parameters implemented in the likelihood GIF, Israel; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; The functions with Gaussian constraints. Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowl- The expected and observed upper limits of the H ±± → edged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facili- W W ± cross-section at 95% confidence level (CL), obtained ± ties at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC- from the combination of 2ss , 3 and 4 channels for the six IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL- H ±± mass hypotheses are shown in Fig. 5. Assuming a linear T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource interpolation of the sensitivity between neighbouring mass providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in hypotheses, and the cross-section of the benchmark model, Ref. [70]. the observed (expected) lower limit on the mass of the H ±± boson is 220 GeV (250 GeV) at 95% CL. 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Zoch51 , T. G. Zorbas146 , R. Zou36 , M. Zur Nedden19 , L. Zwalinski35 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 Page 25 of 30 58 1 Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 2 Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany, NY, USA 3 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada 4 (a) Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; (b) Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey; (c) Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey 5 LAPP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, France 6 High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA 7 Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 8 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA 9 Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece 10 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece 11 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA 12 (a) Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey; (b) Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey; (c) Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; (d) Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey 13 Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan 14 Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain 15 (a) Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (b) Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; (c) Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; (d) University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing, China 16 Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 17 Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 18 Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 19 Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany 20 Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 21 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK 22 Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia 23 (a) Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; (b) INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy 24 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany 25 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA 26 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA 27 (a) Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania; (b) Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; (c) Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania; (d) Physics Department, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (e) University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; (f) West University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania 28 (a) Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; (b) Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic 29 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA 30 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina 31 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 32 (a) Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; (b) Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; (c) School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 33 Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada 34 (a) Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies-Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco; (b) Centre National de l’Energie des Sciences Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco; (c) Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech, Marrakech, Morocco; (d) Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier and LPTPM, Oujda, Morocco; (e) Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco 35 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 123 58 Page 26 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 36 Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 37 LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France 38 Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington, NY, USA 39 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 40 (a) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy; (b) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy 41 Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA 42 Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA 43 (a) Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; (b) Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden 44 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany 45 Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany 46 Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany 47 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 48 SUPA-School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 49 INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy 50 Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany 51 II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany 52 Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland 53 (a) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; (b) INFN Sezione di Genova, Genoa, Italy 54 II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany 55 SUPA-School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK 56 LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France 57 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 58 (a) Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; (b) Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao, China; (c) School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, KLPPAC-MoE, SKLPPC, Shanghai, China; (d) Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai, China 59 (a) Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; (b) Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 60 Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan 61 (a) Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong; (b) Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (c) Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China 62 Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 63 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA 64 (a) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy; (b) ICTP, Trieste, Italy; (c) Dipartimento di Chimica, Fisica e Ambiente, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy 65 (a) INFN Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy; (b) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy 66 (a) INFN Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy 67 (a) INFN Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy 68 (a) INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 69 (a) INFN Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 70 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy 71 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy 72 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy; (b) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy 73 (a) INFN-TIFPA, Povo, Italy; (b) Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy 74 Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Austria 75 University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 76 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA 77 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia 78 (a) Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 Page 27 of 30 58 Brazil; (b) Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (c) Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), São João del Rei, Brazil; (d) Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 79 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan 80 Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan 81 (a) Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland; (b) Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland 82 Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland 83 Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 84 Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan 85 Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 86 Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina 87 Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK 88 Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 89 Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia 90 School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK 91 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK 92 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK 93 Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA 94 Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden 95 Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne, France 96 Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 97 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany 98 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK 99 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France 100 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA 101 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 102 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia 103 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 104 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA 105 B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus 106 Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Byelorussian State University, Minsk, Belarus 107 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada 108 P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 109 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia 110 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia 111 D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 112 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany 113 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), Munich, Germany 114 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan 115 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan 116 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA 117 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 118 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 119 Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, IL, USA 120 (a) Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; (b) Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia 121 Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY, USA 122 Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA 123 Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan 124 Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA 123 58 Page 28 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 125 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA 126 Palacký University, RCPTM, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc, Czech Republic 127 Center for High Energy Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 128 LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France 129 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 130 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 131 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK 132 LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France 133 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 134 Konstantinov Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, PNPI, St. Petersburg, Russia 135 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 136 (a) Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP, Lisbon, Portugal; (b) Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; (c) Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; (d) Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; (e) Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal; (f) Departamento de Física Teorica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; (g) Dep Física and CEFITEC of Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal 137 Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic 138 Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 139 Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic 140 State Research Center Institute for High Energy Physics, NRC KI, Protvino, Russia 141 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK 142 IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France 143 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA 144 (a) Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; (b) Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile 145 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 146 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK 147 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan 148 Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany 149 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada 150 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, CA, USA 151 Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden 152 Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA 153 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK 154 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 155 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 156 (a) E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; (b) High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 157 Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 158 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 159 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece 160 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 161 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan 162 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan 163 Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia 164 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 165 (a) TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (b) Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada 166 Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan 167 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA 168 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA 169 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 Page 29 of 30 58 170 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 171 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia - CSIC, Valencia, Spain 172 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 173 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada 174 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany 175 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK 176 Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan 177 Department of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 178 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA 179 Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany 180 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 181 Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia a Also at Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, NY, USA b Also at Centre for High Performance Computing, CSIR Campus, Rosebank, Cape Town, South Africa c Also at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland d Also at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France e Also at Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland f Also at Departament de Fisica de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain g Also at Departamento de Física Teorica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain), Spain h Also at Department of Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates i Also at Department of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece j Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA k Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK l Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA m Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA n Also at Department of Physics, King’s College London, London, UK o Also at Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia p Also at Department of Physics, Stanford University, USA q Also at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland r Also at Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA s Also at Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy t Also at Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun, Turkey u Also at Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan v Also at Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece w Also at Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania x Also at II Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany y Also at Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain z Also at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany aa Also at Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ab Also at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary ac Also at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP), Canada ad Also at Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ae Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan af Also at Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia ag Also at Istanbul University, Department of Physics, Istanbul, Turkey ah Also at LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France ai Also at Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA aj Also at Manhattan College, New York, NY, USA ak Also at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny, Russia al Also at National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia 123 58 Page 30 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:58 am Also at Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin, Turkey an Also at Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ao Also at School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ap Also at The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA aq Also at The Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter (CICQM), Beijing, China ar Also at Tomsk State University, Tomsk, and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny, Russia as Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada at Also at Universita di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy ∗ Deceased 123