This is a preprint of: “Nilpotent global centers of linear systems with cubic homogeneous nonlin- earities”, Johanna Denise Garcı́a Saldaña, Jaume Llibre, Clàudia Valls, Internat. J. Bifur. Chaos Appl. Sci. Engrg., vol. 30(1), 2050010:1–12, 2020. NILPOTENT GLOBAL CENTERS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS WITH CUBIC HOMOGENEOUS NONLINEARITIES JOHANNA D. GARCÍA-SALDAÑA, JAUME LLIBRE AND CLAUDIA VALLS Abstract. In this paper we characterize the global nilpotent centers of polynomial dif- ferential systems of the form linear plus cubic homogeneous terms. 1. Introduction and statements of the main results Poincaré and Dulac in [18, 13] dened a center for a real planar vector eld as a singular point whose neighborhood is lled of periodic orbits with the exception of the singular point. The so-called focus-center problem, which consists in distinguishing when a monodromic singular point is a focus or a center, started with them but it is still very active with many open problems (see for instance [2, 9]). If a real planar analytic system has a center at the origin, then after a linear change of variables and a rescaling of its independent variable, it can be written in one of the following three forms: ẋ = −y + P (x, y), ẏ = x + Q(x, y), called a non-degenerate center; ẋ = y + P (x, y), ẏ = Q(x, y), called a nilpotent center; ẋ = P (x, y), ẏ = Q(x, y), called a degenerate center, where P (x, y) and Q(x, y) are real analytic functions without constant and linear terms, dened in a neighborhood of the origin. It is known (see [19, 6]) that real planar quadratic polynomial dierential systems have no global centers. The global degenerated centers of homogeneous or quasi-homogeneous polynomial dier- ential systems were characterized, respectively, in [8] and [17]. However the characterization of the global centers in the cases that the center is nilpotent or of linear-type with degree higher or equal than three has not been done. In [15] the authors provide, for the rst time, a classication of the global linear-type centers for the systems having a linear part at the origin with purely imaginary eigenvalues and cubic homogeneous nonlinearities. How- ever such a classication of the global centers is not known for the nilpotent centers, that is for the systems having a nilpotent singular point at the origin and cubic homogeneous nonlinearities. This classication is the main contribution of this paper. Our rst result is the following one. Theorem 1. Any planar vector eld of the form linear plus homogeneous cubic terms that at the origin of coordinates has a nilpotent singular point and at innity has no singular 2010 Mathematics Subject Classication. 34C05, 34C07, 34C08. Key words and phrases. nilpotent center, cubic polynomial dierential system, global center, degenerated hyperbolic sector. 1 2 J. D. GARCÍA-SALDAÑA, J. LLIBRE, C. VALLS points, after a linear change of variables and a rescaling of the variable independent can be written as either: ẋ = p1 x3 + (p2 − 3αµ)x2 y + p3 xy 2 − αy 3 , (1) ẏ = cx + αx3 + p1 x2 y + (p2 + 3αµ)xy 2 + p3 y 3 , or ẋ = ax + by + p1 x3 + (p2 − 3αµ)x2 y + p3 xy 2 − αy 3 , (2) ẏ = −(a2 /b)x − ay + αx3 + p1 x2 y + (p2 + 3αµ)xy 2 + p3 y 3 , where α = ±1 and a, b, c, p1 , p2 , p3 ∈ R with µ > −1/3 and b ̸= 0. The proof of Theorem 1 is given is section 3. A singular point p is called hyperbolic if the two eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix at this point have nonzero real part. A singular point p such that the determinant is zero and the trace of the Jacobian matrix at this point is dierent from zero is called semi-hyperbolic, and p is isolated in the set of all singular points. The singular points which are hyperbolic or semi-hyperbolic are called elementary. When the determinant and the trace are equal to zero but the Jacobian matrix at p is not the zero matrix we say that p is nilpotent. Finally, if the Jacobian matrix at the singular point p is identically zero and p is isolated inside the set of all singular points then we say that p is linearly zero, or degenerate. The study of its local phase portrait can be done with the directional blow-ups, see for more details [3, 7]. A polynomial dierential system can be extended in a unique analytic way to innity using the Poincaré compactication, for more details see Chapter 5 of [14]. Let p be a singular point at innity and let h be a hyperbolic sector associated to p. We say that h is degenerated if its two separatrices are contained in the equator of the Poincaré sphere. In the other case, h is non-denegerated. If a singular point p at innity is formed by two degenerated hyperbolic sectors then this point must be linearly zero. The previous statement follows taking into account that a singular point which is either hyperbolic (see Theorem 2.15 of [14]), or semi-hyperbolic (see Theorem 2.19 of [14]), or nilpotent (see Theorem 3.5 of [14]) cannot be formed by two degenerated hyperbolic sectors. Theorem 2. Any planar vector eld of the form linear plus homogeneous cubic terms that at the origin of coordinates has a nilpotent singular point and at innity all the singular points in the Poincaré disc are linearly zero, after a linear change of variables and a rescaling of the independent variable, can be written as one of the following six systems: ẋ = p1 x3 + p2 x2 y, ẏ = cx + αx3 + p1 x2 y + p2 xy 2 ; (3) a2 ẋ = ax + by + p1 x3 + p2 x2 y, ẏ = − x − ay + αx3 + p1 x2 y + p2 xy 2 ; (4) b ẋ = (p2 − 3α)x2 y, ẏ = cx + (p2 + 3α)xy 2 ; (5) a2 ẋ = ax + by + (p2 − 3α)x2 y, ẏ = − x − ay + (p2 + 3α)xy 2 ; (6) b ẋ = (p2 − 3α)x2 y + p3 xy 2 − αy 3 , ẏ = cx + (p2 + 3α)xy 2 + p3 y 3 ; (7) a2 ẋ = ax + by + (p2 − 3α)x2 y + p3 xy 2 − αy 3 , ẏ = − x − ay + (p2 + 3α)xy 2 + p3 y 3 , (8) b where α = ±1 and a, b, c, p1 , p2 , p3 ∈ R with b ̸= 0. The proof of Theorem 2 is given in section 4. CUBIC NILPOTENT GLOBAL CENTER 3 Theorem 3. Systems (1) have a nilpotent center at the origin if and only if they can be written as one of the following two systems: ẋ = −3αµx2 y − αy 3 , ẏ = cx + αx3 + 3αµxy 2 , (9) where c ∈ R, µ > −1/3, α = ±1 and cα > 0; and the system ẋ = (p2 − 3αµ)x2 y − αy 3 , ẏ = cx + αx3 + (p2 + 3αµ)xy 2 , (10) where c ∈ R, p2 ̸= 0, µ > −1/3, α = ±1 and cα > 0. Systems (9) are Hamiltonian with Hamiltonian function H(x, y) = 2c x2 + 3αµ 2 2 α 4 2 x y + 4x + α 4 4y and the center is global. For systems (10) the center is global if either p22 − 9µ2 + 1 ≥ 0, or p22 − 9µ2 + 1 < 0 and c(p2 − 3αµ) < 0. Theorem 3 is proved in section 5. Theorem 4. Systems (2) have a nilpotent center at the origin if and only if they can be written as one of the following four systems: ẋ = ax + by − 3αµx2 y − αy 3 , (11) ẏ = −(a2 /b)x − ay + αx3 + 3αµxy 2 , where a, b ∈ R, µ > −1/3, α = ±1 and bα < 0 (systems (11) are Hamiltonian with 2 Hamiltonian function H(x, y) = α4 x4 + α4 y 4 − a2b x2 − 2b y 2 − axy + 32 αµx2 y 2 ); ẋ = ax + ay + p1 x3 − 3αµx2 y − p1 xy 2 − αy 3 , (12) ẏ = −ax − ay + αx3 + p1 x2 y + 3αµxy 2 − p1 y 3 , where a, p1 ∈ R, p1 ̸= 0, µ > −1/3, α = ±1 and aα < 0; ẋ = ax − ay + p1 x3 − 3αµx2 y − p1 xy 2 − αy 3 , (13) ẏ = ax − ay + αx3 + p1 x2 y + 3αµxy 2 − p1 y 3 , where a, p1 ∈ R, p1 ̸= 0, µ > −1/3, α = ±1 and aα > 0; ( ) a2 −b2 ẋ = ax + by + p1 x3 − ab p1 + α x 2 y − p xy 2 − αy 3 , 1 ( 2 2 ) (14) −b ẏ = −(a2 /b)x − ay + αx3 + p1 x2 y − a ab p1 − α xy 2 − p1 y 3 , where a, b, p1 ∈ R, p1 ̸= 0, ab ̸= 0, α = ±1 and bα < 0. The proof of Theorem 4 is given in section 6. Theorem 5. Under the assumptions of Theorem 4 the following statements hold. (I) System (11) has a global center at the origin. (II) System (12) has a global center at the origin if and only if one of the following sets of conditions hold: (II.1) α = −1, a > 0, p1 ≥ 3(1 − µ)/4, µ > −1/3, b > 0; (II.2) α = 1, a < 0, p1 ≤ 3(µ − 1)/4, µ > −1/3, b < 0. (III) System (13) has a global center at the origin if and only if one of the following sets of conditions hold: (III.1) α = −1, a < 0, p1 ≤ 3(µ − 1)/4, µ > −1/3, b > 0; (III.2) α = 1, a > 0, p1 ≥ 3(1 − µ)/4, µ > −1/3, b < 0. (IV) System (14) has a global center at the origin. The proof of Theorem 5 is given in section 7. Theorem 6. Systems (4) have a nilpotent center at the origin and no more nite singular points with all innite singular points formed by two degenerated hyperbolic sectors (and 4 J. D. GARCÍA-SALDAÑA, J. LLIBRE, C. VALLS consequently the center global) if and only if they can be written as one of the following two systems: a2 ẋ = ax + by, ẏ = − x − ay + αx3 , (15) b with a, b ∈ R, b ̸= 0, α = ±1, and b α < 0 (system (15) is Hamiltonian with Hamiltonian 2 function H(x, y) = α4 x4 − a2b x2 − axy − 2b y 2 ); and the system b a2 b ẋ = ax + by + p1 x3 + p1 x2 y, ẏ = − x − ay + p1 x2 y + p1 xy 2 + x3 , (16) a b a with a, b ∈ R, b < 0, and ap1 > 0. The proof of Theorem 6 is given in section 8. Theorem 7. Systems (3) and (5) do not have a nilpotent center at the origin. The proof of Theorem 7 is given in section 9. Theorem 8. Systems (6) have a nilpotent center at the origin and no more nite singular points with all innite singular points formed by two degenerated hyperbolic sectors if and only if they can be written as: ẋ = ax + by − 3αx2 y, ẏ = −(a2 /b)x − ay + 3αxy 2 , (17) with α = ±1 and b α > 0. The above system is Hamiltonian with Hamiltonian function a2 2 b 2 3α 2 2 H(x, y) = − x − y + x y − axy. 2b 2 2 The proof of Theorem 8 is given in section 10. Theorem 9. Systems (7) have a nilpotent center at the origin and no more nite singular points with all innite singular points formed by two degenerated hyperbolic sectors if and only if they can be written as one of the following two systems: ẋ = −3αx2 y − αy 3 , ẏ = cx + 3αxy 2 , (18) with c ∈ R, α = ±1, and c α > 0 (system (18) is Hamiltonian with Hamiltonian function 2 x y + 4 y ); and the system H(x, y) = 2c x2 + 3α 2 2 α 4 ẋ = (p2 − 3α)x2 y − αy 3 , ẏ = cx + (p2 + 3α)xy 2 , (19) with α = ±1, c α > 0 and either c (p2 + 3α) > 0 or c (p2 + 3α) ≤ 0 and p22 ≥ 9. The proof of Theorem 9 is given in section 11. Theorem 10. Systems (8) have a nilpotent center at the origin and no more nite singular points with all innite singular points formed by two degenerated hyperbolic sectors if and only if they can be written as: ẋ = ax + by − 3αx2 y − αy 3 , ẏ = −(a2 /b)x − ay + 3αxy 2 , (20) with α = ±1, bα < 0. System (20) is Hamiltonian with a2 2 b 2 3α 2 2 α 4 H(x, y) = x − y − axy + x y + y . 2b 2 2 4 The proof of Theorem 10 is given in section 12. Corollary 11. Any polynomial vector eld of the form linear plus cubic homogeneous terms having at the origin of coordinates a nilpotent singular point has a global center at the origin if and only if it satises the assumptions of Theorems 3, or, 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9. CUBIC NILPOTENT GLOBAL CENTER 5 2. Classification of cubic systems Following Theorem 3.2 given in [8], doing a linear change of variables and a rescaling of the independent variable, any planar cubic homogeneous system can be classied into the following ten classes: ẋ = x(p1 x2 + p2 xy + p3 y 2 ), (i) ẏ = y(p1 x2 + p2 xy + p3 y 2 ), ẋ = p1 x3 + p2 x2 y + p3 xy 2 , (ii) ẏ = αx3 + p1 x2 y + p2 xy 2 + p3 y 3 , ẋ = (p1 − 1)x3 + p2 x2 y + p3 xy 2 , (iii) ẏ = (p1 + 3)x2 y + p2 xy 2 + p3 y 3 , ẋ = p1 x3 + (p2 − 3α)x2 y + p3 xy 2 , (iv) ẏ = p1 x2 y + (p2 + 3α)xy 2 + p3 y 3 , ẋ = p1 x3 + (p2 − α)x2 y + p3 xy 2 − αy 3 , (v) ẏ = αx3 + p1 x2 y + (p2 + α)xy 2 + p3 y 3 , ẋ = p1 x3 + (p2 − 3α)x2 y + p3 xy 2 + y 3 , (vi) ẏ = p1 x2 y + (p2 + 3α)xy 2 + p3 y 3 , ẋ = p1 x3 + (p2 − 3α)x2 y + p3 xy 2 − αy 3 , (vii) ẏ = p1 x2 y + (p2 + 3α)xy 2 + p3 y 3 , ẋ = p1 x3 + (p2 − 3µ)x2 y + p3 xy 2 + y 3 , µ ∈ R, (viii) ẏ = x3 + p1 x2 y + (p2 + 3µ)xy 2 + p3 y 3 , ẋ = p1 x3 + (p2 − 3αµ)x2 y + p3 xy 2 − αy 3 , µ > −1/3, µ ̸= 1/3 (ix) 3 2 2 3 ẏ = αx + p1 x y + (p2 + 3αµ)xy + p3 y , ẋ = p1 x3 + (p2 − 3µ)x2 y + p3 xy 2 − y 3 , µ < −1/3, (x) ẏ = x3 + p1 x2 y + (p2 + 3µ)xy 2 + p3 y 3 , where α = ±1, p1 , p2 , p3 ∈ R. 3. Proof of Theorem 1 In section 2 is given the classication of planar cubic homogeneous dierential systems. The behaviour at innity of these ten families of systems in the Poincaré disc is as follows: the innity of systems (i) is formed by singular points. The innite singular points of systems (ii), (iii) and (iv) are the real solutions of αx4 = 0, 4x3 y = 0, and 6αx2 y 2 = 0 at innity, respectively. System (v) has no singular points at innity. The innite singular points of systems (vi), (vii) and (viii) are the real solutions of y 2 (6x2 −y 2 )2 = 0, αy 2 (6x2 +y 2 ) = 0, and x4 + 6µx2 y 2 − y 4 = 0 at innity, respectively. System (ix) has no singular points at innity. Finally, the innite singular points of system (x) are the real solutions of x4 +6µx2 y 2 +y 4 = 0 at innity. Note that when µ = 1/3 system (v) becomes the (ix) system; that is why from now on, we consider system (ix) with µ > −1/3 and forget system (v). In order to continue with the proof of the theorem, we will study systems (ix) with µ > −1/3, because this family of systems is the only one that has no singular points at innity. On the other hand, for studying the cubic planar polynomial vector elds having linear and cubic terms being the origin a nilpotent point, it is sucient to add to systems (i)-(x) a linear part. This is due to the fact that the linear changes of variables that are done to obtain systems (i)-(x) are not ane, they are strictly linear. So a linear plus a cubic vector eld being the origin a nilpotent point with no innite singular points in the Poincaré disc can be written as ẋ = ax + by + p1 x3 + (p2 − 3αµ)x2 y + p3 xy 2 − αy 3 , (21) ẏ = cx + dy + αx3 + p1 x2 y + (p2 + 3αµ)xy 2 + p3 y 3 , 6 J. D. GARCÍA-SALDAÑA, J. LLIBRE, C. VALLS where a, b, c, d ∈ R and α = ±1, µ > −1/3. The eigenvalues of the linear part of system (21) at the origin are √ a + d ± (a + d)2 − 4(ad − bc) λ1,2 = . 2 In order √to have a nilpotent singular point, we need that a = −d and the eigenvalues λ1,2 = ± a2 + bc/2 must be equal to zero. So, if b ̸= 0 we get c = −(a2 /b), and if b = 0 we have a = 0 with c ̸= 0 because the linear part of the system at the origin cannot be zero. Thus, the linear part of a planar polynomial vector eld with a nilpotent singular point at the origin can be chosen to be either ẋ = 0, ẏ = cx, (22) or ẋ = ax + by, ẏ = −(a2 /b)x − ay, (23) where a, b, c ∈ R such that b, c ̸= 0. Thus, system (21) becomes either system (1) or system (2). This completes the proof of the theorem. 4. Proof of Theorem 2 The proof of Theorem 2 is analogous to the proof of Theorem 1. It is done by considering the classication of cubic systems given in section 2 and taking into account the systems having singular points at innity in the Poincaré disc that can be linearly zero. System (ii) has a singular point at innity: the origin of the local chart U2 . This point is linearly zero if and only if p3 = 0. So, with system (ii) plus the linear part given by (22) we obtain system (3) and with system (ii) plus the linear part given by (23) we obtain system (4) of the statement of Theorem 2. System (iv) has two singular points at innity: the origin of the local chart U1 and the origin of the local chart U2 . On U1 the point is linearly zero if p1 = 0, whereas on U2 the origin is linearly zero if p3 = 0. Thus, under these conditions system (iv) plus the linear part given by (22) provides system (5), and with system (iv) plus the linear part given by (23) yields system (6). System (vii) has one singular point at innity: the origin of the local chart U1 which is linearly zero if and only if p1 = 0. Thus, under this condition system (vii) plus the linear part given by (22) give place to system (7), and system (iv) plus the linear part given by (23) yields system (8). Any of the other systems (i)-(x) do not meet the assumptions of the theorem, either because the innity is formed by singular points, or because the system has no singular points at innity, or if the system has singular points at innity, at least one is not linearly zero. 5. Proof of Theorem 3 We will use the following result proved in [12] that allows to characterize the nilpotent centers for the dierential systems ẋ = y +P3 (x, y), ẏ = Q3 (x, y) which have a local analytic rst integral, where P3 and Q3 are homogeneous polynomials of degree three. Proposition 12. System ẋ = y + a21 x2 y + a12 xy 2 + a03 y 3 , ẏ = −x3 + b21 x2 y + b12 xy 2 + b03 y 3 , (24) has a nilpotent center at the origin having a local analytic rst integral if and only if one of the following two sets of conditions holds: (a) b21 = a12 + 3b03 = a21 + b12 = 0, (b) b21 = a12 = b03 = 0. CUBIC NILPOTENT GLOBAL CENTER 7 To prove Theorem 3 rst we do the change of variables x = Y , y = X and the reparametrization of time τ = ct to system (1). By doing so we take the system to its real Jordan normal form, and we can apply Theorem 3.5 of [14] obtaining that Y = f (X) = −(p3 /c)X 3 + . . . , and then B(X, f (X)) = −(α/c)X 3 + . . . and G(X) = (4p3 /c)X 2 + . . . , therefore the origin of system (1) is a center or a focus if cα > 0. In order to know when the origin is a center we apply Proposition 12 together with the results in [1, 4] which ensure that all the rst integrals for these systems are analytic and not C ∞ functions. To do that we shall write the system in the form of system (24), applying the change of variables X = u − p3 (cα)−1/2 v , Y = (α/c)1/2 v and the reparametrization of time s = (cα)1/2 τ . Doing so we get the system u′ = v + a21 u2 v + a12 uv 2 + a03 v 3 , v ′ = −u3 + b21 u2 v + b12 uv 2 + b03 v 3 , where the prime denotes derivative in the new variable s and 3µ + αp2 + p23 p1 − αp2 p3 − 2p33 − 9µp3 a21 = , a12 = , αc (αc)3/2 1 + p43 + 6µp23 4p3 a03 = 2 , b21 = , c (αc)1/2 −3µ + αp2 − 5p23 p1 − αp2 p3 + 2p33 + 3µp3 b12 = , b03 = . αc (αc)3/2 Condition (a) of Proposition 12 gives p1 = p2 = p3 = 0, and so we obtain system (9). Note that in this case system (9) is Hamiltonian with the Hamiltonian function given in the statement of the theorem. It was proved in [10] that the condition in order that the unique nite singular point is the origin is cα > 0. So the center of system (9) is global. From condition (b) of Proposition 12 we obtain p1 = p3 = 0. Thus, system (1) with cα > 0 has a nilpotent center at the origin if and only if p1 = p3 = 0, and so we obtain system (3) of the ( statement ) of the theorem. Such a system has the following nite singular √ points: (0, 0), 0, ±i c/α , and ( √ √ ) ( √ √ ) c(p2 − 3αµ) cα c(p2 − 3αµ) cα ±i ,i , ±i , −i . p22 − 9µ2 + 1 2 p2 − 9µ2 + 1 p22 − 9µ2 + 1 p22 − 9µ2 + 1 √ Note that due to condition cα > 0 the points (0, ±i c/α) do not exist. In order that the other four points do not exist, the following conditions must hold: either p22 − 9µ2 + 1 ≥ 0, or p22 − 9µ2 + 1 < 0 and c(p2 − 3αµ) < 0. So, the theorem is proved. 6. Proof of Theorem 4 The idea of the proof is analogous to the proof of Theorem 3, so we will only explain the changes of variables and the most relevant part. First, we write the linear part of system (2) into its real Jordan normal form doing the change of variables x = aX + Y , y = −(a2 /b)X . Then we can apply Theorem 3.5 of [14] obtaining that the origin is a center or a focus if bα < 0. Now, to the resulting system we do the change of variables X = u − kv , Y = v with a(a3 p3 − a2 b(p2 + 3αµ) + ab2 p1 − αb3 ) k= , (−αa2 b(a4 + 6µa2 b2 + b4 ))1/2 and the rescaling τ = rt where ( )1/2 r = −αa2 (a4 + 6µa2 b2 + b4 )/b3 then the dierential system becomes into the form of system (24). By applying Proposi- tion 12 we have from condition (a) that the origin is a center if and only if p1 = p2 = p3 = 0, 8 J. D. GARCÍA-SALDAÑA, J. LLIBRE, C. VALLS and so we obtain system (11). Such a system is Hamiltonian with the Hamiltonian function given in the statement of the theorem. Condition (b) of Proposition 12 yields the following real solutions in which αb < 0, α = ±1 and µ > −1/3: • µ = 13 and p1 = p2 = p3 = 0. This condition is included in the previous case. • b = a, p2 = 0 and p3 = −p1 . Moreover, p1 ̸= 0 because otherwise the system becomes system (11). This condition yields system (12) in the statement of the theorem; • b = −a, p2 = 0 and p3 = −p1 . Moreover, p1 ̸= 0 because otherwise the system becomes system (11). This condition yields system (13) in the statement of the theorem; 2 −b2 ) • µ = 31 , p2 = − (a ab p1 , p3 = −p1 (and so ab ̸= 0). Moreover, p1 ̸= 0 because otherwise the system becomes system (11). This condition yields system (14) in the statement of the theorem. This completes the proof of the theorem. 7. Proof of Theorem 5 It was proved in [10] that the Hamiltonian system (11) with the condition bα < 0 has only the origin as nite singular point. So statement (I) is proved. ( √ √ ) The singular points of system (12) are (0, 0), ± α (1+3µ)2a 2a , ± α (1+3µ) , (±x+ , ∓y+ ), (±x− , ∓y− ) where v ( ) u √ √ u −a δ ± −α(1 + 3µ)σ t δ∓ −α(1 + 3µ)σ x± = , y± = x± , 2γ 2(α + p1 ) with δ = 2p1 + α(1 − 3µ), σ = 4p1 + 3α(1 − µ), and γ = 2p21 − 1 + 3µ. Note that if p1 = −α or γ = 0 then the singular points (±x+ , ∓y+ ), (±x− , ∓y− ) do not exist. So in order that the candidates to be singular points dierent from the origin do not exist we must have √ α a < 0 and either α σ > 0, or α σ ≤ 0 and a γ (δ ± −α (1 + 3µ) σ) ≥ 0. Moreover, the above conditions are equivalent to the set of conditions given in statement (II) of the theorem. So statement (II) of the theorem is proved. ( √ √ ) The singular points of system (13) are (0, 0), ± −α (1+3µ) 2a 2a , ∓ −α (1+3µ) , (±x+ , ±y+ ), (±x− , ±y− ) where v ( ) u √ √ u −a δ̄ ± α(1 + 3µ)σ̄ t δ̄ ∓ α(1 + 3µ)σ̄ x± = , y± = x± , 2γ 2(p1 − α) with δ̄ = 2p1 − α(1 − 3µ), σ̄ = 4p1 − 3α(1 − µ), and again γ = 2p21 − 1 + 3µ. Note that if p1 = α or γ = 0 then the singular points (±x+ , ±y+ ), (±x− , ±y− ) do not exist. So in order that the candidates to be singular points dierent from√ the origin do not exist we must have α a > 0 and either α σ̄ < 0 or α σ̄ ≥ 0 and a γ (δ̄ ± α (1 + 3µ) σ̄) ≥ 0. These conditions are equivalent to the set of conditions given in the statement (III) of the theorem, so this completes the proof. ( √ √ ) The singular points of system (14) are (0, 0), ±a/ bα, ± b/α , (±x+ , ∓y+ ), (±x− , ∓y− ), where √ ω± −α a bρ ∓ a b p1 x± = 2 , y± = ω± , (a + b2 ) p1 (a2 + b2 ) p1 CUBIC NILPOTENT GLOBAL CENTER 9 √ √ with ω± = α a4 b − a b2 ρ ± 2a2 b −α abρ and ρ = (a2 + b2 ) p1 + α a b. So in order that the candidates to be singular points dierent from the√ origin do not exist we must have either α abρ > 0, or αabρ ≤ 0 and α a4 b − a b2 ρ ± 2a2 b −α a bρ ≤ 0. Because of the conditions given in Theorem 4 for system (14) the above inequalities always hold, so the center is global. This completes the proof of the statement (IV) and concludes the proof of the theorem. 8. Proof of Theorem 6 First we write system (4) into its real Jordan normal form by doing the change of variables x = aX + Y , y = −(a2 /b)X . Then by applying Theorem 3.5 of [14] we have that the point is a center or a focus if bα < 0. Doing the change of variables X = u − kv , Y = v where k = (p2 a2 − p1 ab + αb2 )/(−αb3 )1/2 and the rescaling τ = a(−αb)1/2 t to the system obtained previously we have a new system given in the form of system (24) with ( ) ( ) a2 αb2 p2 − (bp1 − ap2 )2 a3 (ap2 − bp1 ) 2(bp1 − ap2 )2 − αb2 p2 a21 = , a12 = , αb3 (−αb9 )1/2 ( ) a4 (bp1 − ap2 )4 a2 5(bp1 − ap2 )2 + αb2 p2 a03 = , b12 = , b6 ( αb3) a3 (ap2 − bp1 ) 2(bp1 − ap2 )2 + αb2 p2 4a(ap2 − bp1 ) b03 = − , b21 = . (−αb9 )1/2 (−αb3 )1/2 Condition (a) of Proposition 12 yields p1 = p2 = 0 and so we obtain system (15). Such a system is Hamiltonian with the Hamiltonian function given in the statement of the Theorem. It was proved in [10] that system (15) with the condition bα < 0 has only the origin as nite singular point and at innity only the origin of the local chart U2 is a singular point and it has two degenerated hyperbolic sectors. Condition (b) of Proposition 12 yields: • p1 = p2 = 0 which gives system (15). • p2 = (b/a)p1 with a ̸= 0 and p1 ̸= 0 because otherwise this system becomes (15). System (4) with the condition p2 = (b/a)p1 becomes b a2 b ẋ = ax + by + p1 x3 + p1 x2 y, ẏ = − x − ay + αx3 + p1 x2 y + p1 xy 2 . (25) a b a The above system does not have any additional nite singular point because of the condition bα < 0. Now, we will study the innite singular points of system (25). We already know that the unique innite singular point is the origin of the local chart U2 which is linearly zero so we need to apply the blow-up technique. The expression of sys- tem (25) on the local chart U2 is a2 2 2 b a2 u̇ = bv 2 + 2auv 2 + u v − αu4 , v̇ = − p1 uv − p1 u2 v + av 3 + uv 3 − αu3 v. (26) b a b The singular direction in this case is u = 0 so doing the directional blow-up (u, v) → (u, w) with w = v/u and after removing the common factor u we obtain the system a2 2 2 b u̇ = u(−αu2 + bw2 + 2auw2 + u w ), v̇ = −w( p1 + p1 u + bw2 + auw2 ). b a √ When u = 0 the singular points of the above system are (0, 0), and (0, ± −p1 /a). The point (0, 0) is a semi-hyperbolic singular point, for applying Theorem 2.19 of [14] we need to have the condition abp1 < 0 and in this case the point is a saddle if α = 1. In order to have two hyperbolic √ sectors at the origin of the local chart U2 we need that the singular points (0, ± −p1 /a) do not exist, so the condition must be a p1 > 0. Thus we obtain system (16) and the proof is complete. 10 J. D. GARCÍA-SALDAÑA, J. LLIBRE, C. VALLS 9. Proof of Theorem 7 We will only prove Theorem 7 for system (3) since the proof for system (5) follows in an analogous way. Doing the change of variables x = Y , y = X and the reparametrization of time τ = ct system (3) is written in its real Jordan form as follows ẋ = y + c p2 x2 y + p1 xy 2 + (α/c)y 3 ẏ = c p2 xy 2 + p1 y 3 . By applying Theorem 3.5 of [14] we get that the origin of system (3) can not be a center (because Y = f (X) = 0, F (x) = B(X, f (X)) ≡ 0 and G(X) ≡ 0). This completes the proof. 10. Proof of Theorem 8 First we write system (6) into its real Jordan normal form by doing the change of variables x = aX + Y , y = −(a2 /b)X . Then by applying Theorem 3.5 of [14] we have that the point is a center or a focus if b α < 0. Doing the change of variables a(p2 + 3α) X =u− v, Y = v, (−6α b)1/2 and the rescaling τ = −a2 (−6α/b)1/2 t to the system obtained previously we have a new system given in the form of system (24) with a2 (p22 − 9) a3 p2 (p22 − 9) a21 = − , a12 = , 6αb 3(−6αb3 )1/2 √ a4 (p22 − 9)2 2 2ap2 a03 = , b21 = , 36b2 (−3αb)1/2 ( ) a2 5p22 − 9 a3 p2 (p22 − 9) b12 = , b03 = − . 6αb 3(−6αb3 )1/2 Statement (a) and (b) of Proposition 12 yield the same conditions. That is, • a = 0, this condition yields a quadratic system, so it is not interesting for us. • p2 = 0 and a ̸= 0, then we obtain a2 ẋ = ax + by − 3αx2 y, ẏ = − x − ay + 3αxy 2 . (27) b The above system is Hamiltonian with the Hamiltonian function given in the statement of the theorem. The singular points of this system are ( √ √ ) 2b 2a (0, 0), ± ,± . 3α 3bα Because of the condition α b < 0, only the origin is a nite singular point of system (27). Moreover, we already know that the origins of the local charts U1 and U2 are the innite singular points and they are linearly zero so we need to apply the blow-up technique. The expression of system (27) on the local chart U1 is a2 2 u̇ = 6αu2 − v − 2auv 2 − bu2 v 2 , v̇ = 3αuv − av 3 − buv 3 . (28) b Doing the u-directional blow-up (u, v) → (u, w) with w = v/u and after removing the common factor u we obtain the system a2 2 a2 3 u̇ = 6αu − uw − 2au2 w2 − bu3 w2 , v̇ = −3αw + w + auw3 . b b CUBIC NILPOTENT GLOBAL CENTER 11 When u = 0 the real singular point of the above system is (0, 0). The eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix at this point are 6α and −3α so the point is a saddle. Doing the directional blow-up (u, v) → (w, v) with w = u/v and after cancel the common factor v we obtain a2 u̇ = − − avw + 3αw2 , v̇ = −av 2 − bv 3 w + 3αvw. b On v = 0 the above system does not have singular points. Then after the blow-down the origin of the local chart U1 is formed by two degenerated hyperbolic sectors. The expression of system (27) on the local chart U2 is a2 2 2 3a2 3 u̇ = −6αu2 + bv 2 + 2auv 2 + u v , v̇ = −3αuv + av 3 + uv . (29) b b The only singular direction is u = 0. So doing the directional blow-up (u, v) → (u, w) with w = v/u and after removing the common factor u we obtain the system a2 3 2 u̇ = −6αu + buw2 + 2au2 w2 + u w , v̇ = 3αw − auw3 − bw3 . b Since we have the condition α b < 0, the only singular point of the above system on u = 0 is (0, 0). The eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix at this point are −6α and 3α so the point is a saddle. Then after the blow-down the origin of the local chart U2 is formed by two degenerated hyperbolic sectors. Thus we obtain system (17) and the proof is complete. 11. Proof of Theorem 9 First we write system (7) into its real Jordan normal form by doing the change of variables x = Y , y = X and the rescaling of the time τ = c t. Then by applying Theorem 3.5 of [14] we have that the point is a center or a focus if αc > 0. Doing the change of variables X = u − p3 (αc)−1/2 v , Y = (α/c)1/2 v and the rescaling t = (α/c)1/2 τ to the system obtained previously we have a new system given in the form of system (24) with ( ) 3 + αp2 + p23 p3 9 + αp2 + 2p23 a21 = , a12 = − , αc (αc)3/2 ( ) p23 6 + p23 4p3 a03 = 2 , b12 = , c (αc)1/2 ( ) −3 + αp2 − 5p23 p3 3 − αp2 + 2p23 b03 = , b21 = . αc (αc)3/2 Condition (a) of Proposition 12 yields p2 = p3 = 0 and so we obtain system (18). Such a system is Hamiltonian with the Hamiltonian function given in the statement of the theorem. It was proved in [10] that system (18) with the condition αc > 0 has only the origin as nite singular point and at innity only the origin of the chart U2 is singular point and it is formed by two degenerated hyperbolic sectors. Condition (b) of Proposition 12 yields the conditions: p3 = 0 (p2 ̸= 0 because otherwise this system becomes system (18)). System (7) with the condition p3 = 0 becomes ẋ = (p2 − 3α)x2 y − αy 3 , ẏ = cx + (p2 + 3α)xy 2 . (30) So system (30) with the condition αc > 0 has a nilpotent center at the origin. The singular points of the above system are ( √ √ ) c αc (0, 0), ±i ,± . p2 + 3α 9 − p22 Note that if p2 = −3α then only the origin is a singular point. Taking into account that αc > 0, to have only the origin as singular point we must have either c (p2 + 3α) > 0 or c (p2 + 3α) ≤ 0 and p22 ≥ 9. 12 J. D. GARCÍA-SALDAÑA, J. LLIBRE, C. VALLS Now we study the behavior of singular points at innity of (30) and obtain the conditions for which these singular points have two degenerate hyperbolic sectors. We already know that the origin of the local chart U1 is a singular point and it is linearly zero. The expression of system (30) on the local chart U1 is u̇ = cv 2 + 6αu2 + αu4 , v̇ = −(p2 − 3α)uv + αu3 v. (31) The singular points of the above system are ( √ √ ) p2 − 3α 9 − p22 (0, 0), ± ,± . α αc Note that on v = 0 the origin is the only singular point of system (31) and it is linearly zero, so to know its ( behavior we need ) to apply the blow-up technique. The characteristic polynomial is −v cv 2 + (p2 + 3α)u2 so we only have the characteristic direction v = 0. Doing the u directional blow-up (u, v) 7→ (u, w) with w = v/u, and removing the common factor u between u̇ and ẇ we obtain the system u̇ = 6αu + cuw2 + αu3 , ẇ = −(p2 + 3α)w − cw3 . (32) When u = 0, the only singular point of (32) is the origin and its eigenvalues are −(p2 + 3α) and 6α then the point is a saddle because of the conditions cα > 0 and c(p2 + 3α) > 0. After the blow-down the origin of the local chart U1 is formed by two degenerated hyperbolic sectors. In short, in order to have only the origin as the nite singular point of system (30), and the origin of the local chart U1 formed by two degenerate hyperbolic sectors, we must have α c > 0 and c (p2 + 3α) > 0. Hence we obtain system (19). Therefore the proof of the theorem is complete. 12. Proof of Theorem 10 We write (8) into its real Jordan normal form by doing the change of variables x = aX +Y , y = −(a2 /b)X . Then by applying Theorem 3.5 of [14] we have that the origin is a center or a focus if b α < 0. Doing the change of variables a3 (ap3 − (p2 + 3α)b) X =u− v, Y = v, (−αa4 b(a2 + 6b2 ))1/2 and the rescaling τ = (−b3 /(αa4 (a2 +6b2 )))1/2 t to the system obtained previously we obtain a new system given in the form of system (24), so we can apply Proposition 12. Condition (b) of Proposition 12 is empty and condition (a) yields p2 = p3 = 0. So system (8) becomes a2 ẋ = ax + by + −3αx2 y − αy 3 , x − ay + 3αxy 2 . ẏ = − (33) b The above system is Hamiltonian with the Hamiltonian function given in the statement of the theorem. At innity, system (33) with the condition αb < 0, has only the origin of the chart U1 as singular point and it is formed by two degenerated hyperbolic sectors, see [10]. The nite singular points of system (33) are (0, 0) and  √ √ √ √ √  (3b + S) 2(R − b S) R − b S p2,3 = ± , , 12a 3αb 6α b  √ √ √ √ √  (3b − S) 2(R + b S) R + b S p4,5 = ± , , 12a 3αb 6α b where R = 2a2 + 3b2 and S = −12a √ 2 + 9b2 . If S < 0, then the singular points p 2,3 and p4,5 are not real. If S ≥ 0 then R ± b S > 0, so the singular points in this case are not real. So the nite singular point is only the origin. This completes the proof of Theorem 10. CUBIC NILPOTENT GLOBAL CENTER 13 Acknowledgements J.D. GarcíaSaldaña is supported by FONDECyT grant 11171115/2017. J. Llibre is sup- ported by the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad - Agencia Estatal de Investigación grant MTM2016-77278-P (FEDER), the Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Univer- sitaris i de Recerca grant 2017 SGR 1617, and the European project Dynamics- H2020- MSCA-RISE-2017-777911, and C. Valls is partially supported by FCT/Portugal through UID/MAT/04459/2013. References [1] A. Algaba, C. García, J. Giné and J. Llibre, The center problem for Z2 -symmetric nilpotent vector elds, to appear in J. Math. Anal. Appl. [2] A. Algaba, C. García and J. Giné, Nondegenerate centers and limit cycles of cubic Kolmogorov systems, Nonlinear Dynam. 91 (2018), 487496. [3] M.J. Álvarez, A. Ferragut and X. Jarque A survey on the blow up technique, Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos 21 (2011), 31033118. [4] A. F. Andreev, A.P.Sadovskii and V.A. Tsikalyuk, The center-focus problem for a system with homogeneous nonlinearities in the case of zero eigenvalues of the linear part, (Russian) Dier. 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Amer. Math. Soc. 143 (1969), 201222. [17] W.P. Li, J. Llibre, J.Yang and Z. Zhang, Limit cycles bifurcating from the period annulus of quasiho- mogeneous centers, J. Dynam. Dierential Equations 21 (2009), 133152. [18] H. Poincaré, Mémoire sur les courbes dénies par les équations diérentielles, Oeuvreus de Henri Poincaré, 1, GauthierVillars, Paris, 1951, pp. 95114. [19] N. Vulpe, Ane-invariant conditions for the topological discrimination of quadratic systems with a center, Dierential Equations 19 (1983), 273280. J.D. García-Saldaña: Departamento de Matemática y Física Aplicadas, Universidad Cató- lica de la Santísima Concepción, Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile E-mail address : jgarcias@ucsc.cl J. Llibre: Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bel- laterra, Barcelona, Spain E-mail address : jllibre@mat.uab.es 14 J. D. GARCÍA-SALDAÑA, J. LLIBRE, C. VALLS C. Valls: Departamento de Matemática, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lis- boa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal E-mail address : cvalls@math.ist.utl.pt