1 Supplementary material 2 3 4 Table S1 5 Concentration (μmol L-1) of the principal elements recorded in acid rain from the Fuzhou Plain. Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ NH4+ Cl- NO3- SO42- 147.96 13.40 24.08 72.97 47.35 159.44 119.19 76.35 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 1 51 Table S2. Results of the general mixed models (GLM) in the “nlme” package in R, with 52 the “lme” function with acid rain, season and growth stage as independent fixed 53 categorical variables and plot as independent random factors with all soil studied 54 variables as continuous dependent variables. Bold type highlight statistical significant 55 differences (P<0.05) of fixed factors and interactions in the statistical model and 56 statistical significant differences (P<0.05) among the values under distinct acid rain 57 treatments. 58 Soil model<-lme(Soil variables~treatment + season + period + treatment:season, data=da variables des, random=~1|plot) Statistics model treatments pH F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 33123.02 <.0001 2.5 5.99 0.02b treatment 15.82 <.0001 3.5 6.03 0.02b season 15.39 0.0002 4.5 6.03 0.02b period 35.79 <.0001 Control 6.31 0.02a treatment:season 3.80 0.0146 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita R2m=0.77 2 R c=0.77 Fe F-value p-value treatment emmean SE. (Intercept) 563.1783 <.0001 2.5 11.9 0.364 treatment 1.7852 0.1590 3.5 11.8 0.364 season 2.1423 0.1483 4.5 12.7 0.364 period 3.1558 0.0494 Control 12.8 0.364 R2m=0.16 R2c=0.16 Fe2+ F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 44.99773 <.0001 2.5 2.83 0.201 treatment 0.87281 0.46 3.5 2.56 0.201 season 20.83871 <.0001 4.5 2.56 0.201 period 38.72668 <.0001 Control 2.92 0.201 R2m=0.59 R2c=0.59 Fe3+ F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 487.1499 <.0001 2.5 9.10 0.331 treatment 2.0741 0.1126 3.5 9.28 0.331 season 1.3332 0.2526 4.5 10.11 0.331 period 3.4316 0.0385 Control 9.84 0.331 R2m=0.17 R2c=0.17 Salinity F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 277.64229 <.0001 2.5 0.651 0.02a6 treatment 3.20627 0.0292 3.5 0.631 0.026a season 2.64569 0.1090 4.5 0.594 0.027ab period 13.76078 <.0001 season:period 15.88181 <.0001 Control 0.546 0.026b R2m=0.73 R2c=0.73 SWC F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 3530.850 <.0001 2.5 69.3 0.912a treatment 16.444 <.0001 3.5 65.3 0.912b season 41.959 <.0001 4.5 63.3 0.912bc period 229.337 <.0001 Control 62.9 0.912c 2 R m=0.88 R2c=0.89 SOC F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 1735.9084 <.0001 2.5 19.3 0.3a 2 treatment 9.0089 0.0001 3.5 19.7 0.3a season 3.1270 0.0820 4.5 20.1 0.3a period 22.5048 <.0001 Control 18.2 0.3b season:period 6.5590 0.0026 R2m=0.48 R2c=0.54 DOC F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 347.7230 <.0001 2.5 54.2 1.32 treatment 2.2445 0.0940 3.5 56.1 1.32 season 0.1100 0.7414 4.5 58.4 1.32 period 19.1568 <.0001 Control 57.8 1.32 treatment:season 3.8884 0.0139 treatment:period 7.6466 <.0001 season:period 13.4118 <.0001 R2m=0.78 R2c=0.79 MBC F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 81.39774 <.0001 2.5 107 5 treatment 1.84256 0.1509 3.5 118 5 season 0.99146 0.3240 4.5 114 5 period 5.90203 0.0049 Control 109 5 treatment:season 0.59144 0.6234 treatment:period 2.71529 0.0227 season:period 7.54589 0.0013 R2m=0.58 R2c=0.59 Temperature F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 90739.08 <.0001 2.5 26.08 0.06 treatment 0.67 0.5745 3.5 26.03 0.06 season 770.54 <.0001 4.5 26.06 0.06 period 1340.28 <.0001 Control 26.15 0.06 season:period 4427.31 <.0001 R2m=0.99 R2c=0.99 LOC:SOC F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 355.0384 <.0001 2.5 30.1 1.2ab treatment 3.2276 0.0283 3.5 27.0 1.2b season 0.0028 0.9581 4.5 27.1 1.2b period 1.3253 0.2730 Control 31.4 1.2a R2m=0.15 R2c=0.15 TN F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 1660.5085 <.0001 2.5 2.11 0.03a treatment 14.1873 <.0001 3.5 2.14 0.03a season 4.1486 0.046 4.5 2.17 0.03a period 60.6801 <.0001 Control 1.93 0.03b season:period 11.8122 <.0001 R2m=0.78 R2c=0.78 N- F-value p-value treatment emmean SE availability (Intercept) 408.6116 <.0001 2.5 55.0 1.4bc treatment 13.7066 <.0001 3.5 57.9 1.4b season 18.4223 0.0001 4.5 62.6 1.4a period 73.1508 <.0001 Control 52.0 1.4c treatment:season 5.4446 0.0025 treatment:period 11.9770 <.0001 season:period 39.3415 <.0001 R2m=0.95 R2c=0.96 Con formato: Subíndice NO3- F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE Con formato: Superíndice 3 (Intercept) 1.05548 0.3087 2.5 10.6 1.1a treatment 13.77003 <.0001 3.5 9.7 1.1a season 3.97258 0.0512 4.5 10.5 1.1a period 32.54137 <.0001 Control 4.8 1.1b treatment:period 5.86705 0.0001 season:period 28.29417 <.0001 R2m=0.75 R2c=0.75 NH4+ F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 237.03930 <.0001 2.5 44.4 1.6b treatment 6.55398 0.0008 3.5 48.2 1.6ab season 16.84292 0.0001 4.5 52.1 1.6a period 54.55873 <.0001 Control 47.1 1.6ab treatment:season 3.09479 0.0347 treatment:period 13.79313 <.0001 season:period 20.84761 <.0001 R2m=0.91 R2c=0.91 Bacteria otus F-value P-value Treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 46.62601 <.0001 2.5 24.9 2.4ab treatment 4.28001 0.0090 3.5 20.4 2.4b season 4.88988 0.0314 4.5 28.4 2.4a period 0.67225 0.5149 Control 26.7 2.4a treatment:season 4.06974 0.0114 treatment:period 7.44645 <.0001 season:period 3.36096 0.0424 R2m=0.59 R2c=0.59 TP F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 2273.9659 <.0001 2.5 2.08 0.03b treatment 13.4515 <.0001 3.5 2.17 0.03ab season 0.0066 0.9357 4.5 2.20 0.03a period 23.3164 <.0001 Control 1.92 0.03c R2m=0.55 R2c=0.56 P- F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE availability (Intercept 662.8440 <.0001 2.5 85.3 2.5 treatment 2.0308 0.1186 3.5 78.3 2.5 season 5.8490 0.0185 4.5 85.9 2.5 period 0.8469 0.4336 Control 81.0 2.5 R2m=0.16 R2c=0.16 C:N F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 5335.396 <.0001 2.5 9.26 0.06b treatment 7.394 0.0003 3.5 9.29 0.06b season 3.072 0.0856 4.5 9.34 0.0ab6 period 105.013 <.0001 Control 9.48 0.06a treatment:season 8.603 0.0001 treatment:period 2.486 0.0344 season:period 3.741 0.0304 R2m=0.93 2 R c=0.93 C:P F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 2088.0628 <.0001 2.5 9.30 0.18 treatment 1.3847 0.2557 3.5 9.11 0.14 season 0.1277 0.7220 4.5 9.21 0.14 period 6.1009 0.0038 Control 9.52 0.14 R2m=0.19 R2c=0.19 N:P F-value P-value treatment emmean SE 4 (Intercept) 46.62601 <.0001 2.5 1.023 0.016 treatment 1.28001 0.2787 3.5 0.993 0.016 season 4.88988 0.0314 4.5 0.997 0.016 period 0.67225 0.5149 Control 1.018 0.016 treatment:season 4.06974 0.0114 treatment:period 7.44645 <.0001 season:period 3.36096 0.0424 R2m=0.78 R2c=0.78 LOC:N- F-value p-value treatment emmean SE availability (Intercept) 200.65671 <.0001 2.5 115 6.36ab treatment 2.17202 0.1001 3.5 109 6.36ab season 48.72981 <.0001 4.5 103 6.36b period 43.58113 <.0001 Control 125 6.36a R2m=0.67 R2c=0.67 LOC:P- F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE availability (Intercept) 353.7223 <.0001 2.5 68.9 2.91 treatment 1.1238 0.3462 3.5 67.6 2.91 season 2.9668 0.0899 4.5 64.0 2.91 period 4.5617 0.0141 Control 71.4 2.91 R2m=0.18 R2c=0.18 N- F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE availability: (Intercept) 146.03055 <.0001 2.5 0.636 0.024a P- treatment 4.82525 0.0049 3.5 0.741 0.024b availability season 11.63300 0.2070 4.5 0.749 0.024b period 13.12405 <.0001 Control 0.644 0.024a treatment:season 9.35091 <.0001 treatment:period 9.43510 <.0001 season:period 13.02159 <.0001 R2m=0.88 R2c=0.88 MBC:MBN F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 1.324961 0.2545 2.5 7.11 1.26ab treatment 4.602306 0.0059 3.5 6.79 1.26ab season 9.110180 0.0038 4.5 7.31 1.26a period 3.790151 0.0285 Control 6.01 1.26b treatment:period 4.070393 0.0018 R2m=0.42 R2c=0.42 DOC:SOC F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 140.83127 <.0001 2.5 0.282 0.0117b treatment 2.74158 0.0425 3.5 0.285 0.0117b season 0.18425 0.6695 4.5 0.292 0.0117b period 18.97371 <.0001 Control 0.319 0.0117a treatment:season 2.54766 0.0658 treatment:period 2.49346 0.0340 season:period 17.04457 <.0001 R2m=0.64 R2c=0.69 MBC:SOC F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 138.82678 <.0001 2.5 0.555 0.0343 treatment 0.56866 0.6378 3.5 0.611 0.0343 season 0.37165 0.5444 4.5 0.570 0.0343 period 19.69524 <.0001 Control 0.600 0.0343 season:period 5.40500 0.0069 R2m=0.47 R2c=0.47 59 5 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 6 93 Table S2 94 Mixed models analyses of soil traits (dependent variables), acid rain treatments (categorical 95 independent fixed variables), and season and crop period (categorical independent random 96 variables) and plot as random. 97 Soil variable (Y) ANOVA (fixed factor) model variance (%) (intercept df = 1, treatment df = 63) F P R2m (fixed model) R2c (best model) Total Fe Intercept 929 <0.0001 R2m=0.065 treatment 1.82 0.15 R2c=0.16 Fe2+ Intercept 29.4 <0.0001 R2m=0.014 treatment 2.2 0.096 R2c=0.85 Fe3+ Intercept 528 <0.0001 R2m=0.073 treatment 2.5 0.067 R2c=0.31 Temperature Intercept 325 <0.0001 R2m=0.00016 treatment 0.67 0.57 R2c=0.99 pH Intercept 18202 <0.0001 R2m=0.47 treatment 44.1 <0.0001 R2c=0.75 SWC Intercept 289 <0.0001 R2m=0.069 treatment 15.2 <0.0001 R2c=0.89 Salinity Intercept 45.8 <0.0001 R2m=0.033 treatment 3.21 0.029 R2c=0.75 SOC Intercept 1277 <0.0001 R2m=0.18 treatment 8.27 <0.0001 R2c=0.50 DOC Intercept 233 <0.0001 R2m=0.024 treatment 2.57 0.20 R2c=0.64 MBC Intercept 47.1 <0.0001 R2m=0.014 treatment 0.761 0.52 R2c=0.55 LOC/SOC Intercept 651 <0.0001 R2m=0.12 treatment 3.234 0.028 R2c=0.12 DOC/SOC Intercept 222 <0.0001 R2m=0.049 treatment 2.85 0.045 R2c=0.59 MBC/SOC Intercept 55.1 <0.0001 R2m=0.012 treatment 0.59 0.64 R2c=0.52 Total N Intercept 433 <0.0001 R2m=0.12 7 Available-N Intercept 18.9 <0.0001 R2m=0.022 treatment 5.68 0.0017 R2c=0.91 Soil NO3- Intercept 1.61 0.21 R2m=0.064 treatment 4.66 0.0053 R2c=0.67 + Soil NH4 Intercept 24.4 <0.0001 R2m=0.013 treatment 1.69 0.18 R2c=0.82 Microbial-N Intercept 36.43 <0.0001 R2m=0.036 treatment 1.15 0.34 R2c=0.26 Total P Intercept 947 <0.0001 R2m=0.25 treatment 13.9 <0.0001 R2c=0.58 Available-P Intercept 467 <0.0001 R2m=0.071 treatment 2.06 0.11 R2c=0.19 C:N Intercept 448 <0.0001 R2m=0.0056 treatment 1.38 0.26 R2c=0.90 C:P Intercept 2706 <0.0001 R2m=0.048 treatment 1.42 0.25 R2c=0.20 N:P Intercept 298 <0.0001 R2m=0.0071 treatment 0.88 0.46 R2c=0.81 LOC/Available-N Intercept 30.4 <0.001 R2m=0.026 treatment 2.21 0.096 R2c=0.73 LOC/Available-P Intercept 404 <0.0001 R2m=0.040 treatment 1.13 0.34 R2c=0.17 Available-N/Available-P Intercept 26.8 <0.0001 R2m=0.027 treatment 2.77 0.049 R2c=0.77 MBC/MBN Intercept 7.04 0.010 R2m=0.0051 treatment 0.16 0.92 R2c=0.26 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 8 107 Table S3 Results of the general mixed models (GLM) in the “nlme” package in R, with the “lme” function with acid rain and growth stage as 108 independent fixed categorical variables and plot as independent random factors with all soil studied variables as continuous dependent variables 109 in early and late paddy seasons. Bold type highlight statistical significant differences (P<0.05) of fixed factors and interactions in the statistical 110 model and statistical significant differences (P<0.05) among the values under distinct acid rain treatments. 111 Soil Variable model<-lme(Soil variable~(treatment + timing)^2, data=dades, random=list(~1|plot) Early paddy Late paddy Statistics Treatments Statistics Treatments pH DF DF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 1 22 17414.405 <.0001 2.5 6.07 0.02875b (Intercept) 1 22 15473 <.0001 2.5 5.90 0.028b Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment 3 22 4.867 0.0096 3.5 6.05 0.02875b treatment 3 22 20.5 <.0001 3.5 6.02 0.028b timing 2 22 8.486 0.0019 4.5 6.06 0.02875b period 2 22 11.9 0.0003 4.5 6.00 0.028b Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment:timing 6 22 2.152 0.0877 treatment:period 6 22 1.97 0.1138 Control 6.32 0.028a Control 6.29 0.02875a Con formato: HTML con formato previo, Interlineado: Mínimo R2m=0.79 R2m=0.83 10,25 pto, Diseño: Claro (Blanco) R2c=0.80 R2c=0.84 Fe DF DF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE. DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE Con formato: Subíndice (Intercept) 1 22 276.25609 <.0001 2.5 11.3 0.399 (Intercept) 1 22 150 <.0001 2.5 12.6 0.563 treatment 3 22 0.29933 0.8255 3.5 11.9 0.399 treatment 3 22 0.39264 0.7595 3.5 11.7 0.563 Con formato: Superíndice timing 2 22 0.12941 0.8793 4.5 12.7 0.399 period 2 22 2.94532 0.0736 4.5 12.7 0.563 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment:timing 6 22 0.74277 0.6212 Control 12.3 0.399 treatment:period 6 22 1.79295 0.1471 Control 13.2 0.563 R2m=0.30 R2m=0.37 Con formato: HTML con formato previo, Interlineado: Mínimo R2c=0.30 R2c=0.37 10,25 pto, Diseño: Claro (Blanco) Fe2+ DF DF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato: Izquierda, Interlineado: Mínimo 10,25 pto, (Intercept) 1 22 511.4578 <.0001 2.5 2.33 0.0582 (Intercept) 1 22 23.3 0.0001 2.5 3.33 0.225 Control de líneas viudas y huérfanas, Dividir palabras, Diseño: treatment 3 22 1.0075 0.4082 3.5 2.28 0.0582 treatment 3 22 0.327 0.8060 3.5 2.83 0.225 Claro (Blanco), Punto de tabulación: 1,62 cm, Izquierda + timing 2 22 6.2862 0.0069 4.5 2.25 0.0582 period 2 22 37.5 <.0001 4.5 2.87 0.225 3,23 cm, Izquierda + 4,85 cm, Izquierda + 6,46 cm, Izquierda treatment:timing 6 22 1.5909 0.1969 Control 2.17 0.0582 treatment:period 6 22 1.32 0.2887 Control 3.67 0.225 + 8,08 cm, Izquierda + 9,69 cm, Izquierda + 11,31 cm, R2m=0.72 2 R m=0.85 Izquierda + 12,92 cm, Izquierda + 14,54 cm, Izquierda + R2c=0.72 R2c=0.85 16,16 cm, Izquierda + 17,77 cm, Izquierda + 19,39 cm, Fe3+ DF DF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Izquierda + 21 cm, Izquierda + 22,62 cm, Izquierda + 24,23 cm, Izquierda + 25,85 cm, Izquierda (Intercept) 1 22 168.91145 <.0001 2.5 8.92 0.409 (Intercept) 1 22 225 <.0001 2.5 9.28 0.388 treatment 3 22 0.30117 0.8242 3.5 9.65 0.409 treatment 3 22 0.355 0.7861 3.5 8.90 0.388 Con formato: Subíndice timing 2 22 0.41925 0.6627 4.5 10.40 0.409 period 2 22 1.52 0.2417 4.5 9.83 0.388 Con formato: Superíndice 9 treatment:timing 6 22 0.57911 0.7430 Control 10.13 0.409 treatment:period 6 22 3.07 0.0244 Control 9.56 0.388 R2m=0.27 R2m=0.27 R2c=0.27 R2c=0.27 Salinity DF DF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 1 22 328.6957 <.0001 2.5 0.652 0.0223a (Intercept) 1 22 57.5 <.0001 2.5 0.650 0.044 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment 3 22 8.0665 0.0008 3.5 0.580 0.0223b treatment 3 22 0.959 0.4296 3.5 0.681 0.044 timing 2 22 10.0199 0.0008 4.5 0.542 0.0223c period 2 22 7.55 0.0032 4.5 0.646 0.044 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment:timing 6 22 3.6099 0.0121 Control 0.542 0.0223c treatment:period 6 22 0.710 0.6449 Control 0.550 0.044 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita R2m=0.76 R2m=0.76 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita R2c=0.76 R2c=0.76 SWC DF DF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato: Fuente: Negrita (Intercept) 1 22 1884.8361 <.0001 2.5 66.0 0.9659a (Intercept) 1 22 1198 <.0001 2.5 72.6 1.19 Con formato treatment 3 22 5.0666 0.0081 3.5 63.8 0.9659ab treatment 3 22 1.14 0.355 3.5 66.8 1.19 ... timing 2 22 51.4042 <.0001 period 2 22 40.9 <.0001 4.5 66.1 1.19 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment:timing 6 22 1.0747 0.4073 4.5 60.4 0.9659b treatment:period 6 22 1.80 0.146 Control 64.6 1.19 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita R2m=0.91 Control 61.1 0.9659b R2m=0.86 R2c=0.92 R2c=0.86 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita Temperature DF DF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato ... (Intercept) 1 22 83561.65 <.0001 2.5 26.47 0.0569 (Intercept) 1 22 16365 <.0001 2.5 25.7 0.115 treatment 3 22 1.42 0.2638 3.5 26.40 0.0569 treatment 3 22 0.007 0.999 3.5 25.7 0.115 Con formato ... timing 2 22 810.43 <.0001 4.5 26.58 0.0569 period 2 22 615 <.0001 4.5 25.5 0.115 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment:timing 6 22 0.99 0.4571 Control 26.64 0.0569 treatment:period 6 22 0.713 0.643 Control 25.7 0.115 R2m=0.99 2 R m=0.99 Con formato ... R2c=0.995 R2c=0.99 Con formato ... DOC DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 1 22 529.6062 <.0001 2.5 57.3 1.23 (Intercept) 1 22 246 <.0001 2.5 51.0 1.99b treatment 3 22 0.6965 0.5641 3.5 54.4 1.23 treatment 3 22 7.118 0.0016 3.5 57.8 1.99a timing 2 22 12.1288 0.0003 4.5 60.5 1.23 period 2 22 4.42 0.0243 4.5 56.3 1.99ab Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment:timing 6 22 4.5771 0.0037 Control 60.5 1.23 treatment:period 6 22 9.36 <.0001 Control 55.2 1.99ab R2m=0.87 R2m=0.78 Con formato: Fuente: Times New Roman, Negrita 2 R c=0.87 R2c=0.83 Con formato ... SOC DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato: Fuente: Times New Roman, Negrita (Intercept) 1 22 557.5333 <.0001 2.5 19.1 0.5875ab (Intercept) 1 22 3165 <.0001 2.5 19.6 0.12a treatment 3 22 4.3581 0.0149 3.5 19.9 0.5875ab treatment 3 22 3.13 0.0461 3.5 19.6 0.12a Con formato ... timing 2 22 3.5901 0.0447 4.5 20.2 0.5875a period 2 22 0.843 0.4440 4.5 20.1 0.12a Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment:timing 6 22 1.9450 0.1181 Control 18.3 0.5875 b treatment:period 6 22 7.51 0.0002 Control 18.0 0.12b R2m=0.58 R2m=0.76 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita 2 R c=0.66 R2c=0.76 Con formato ... MBC DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato ... 10 (Intercept) 1 22 150.89 <.0001 2.5 86.2 4.27b (Intercept) 1 22 152 <.0001 2.5 127 1.14 a treatment 3 22 18.30 <.0001 3.5 108.3 4.27a treatment 3 22 5.26 0.0069 3.5 129 1.14a timing 2 22 12.0 3e-04 4.5 97.7 4.27ab period 2 22 1.35 0.29 4.5 130 1.14a Con formato ... treatment:timing 6 22 2.655 <.0001 Control 95.5 4.27ab treatment:period 6 22 6.91 0.0003 Control 122 1.14b 2 R m=0.88 2 R m=0.55 Con formato ... R2c=0.88 R2c=0.59 Con formato ... LOC:SOC DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 1 22 142.35028 <.0001 2.5 29.3 1.47 (Intercept) 1 22 94.7 <.0001 2.5 29.8 0.96b Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment 3 22 0.93644 0.4398 3.5 28.1 1.47 treatment 3 22 5.73 0.0038 3.5 25.8 0.96c Con formato ... timing 2 22 0 .15085 0.8609 4.5 27.4 1.47 period 2 22 1.15 0.3348 4.5 26.7 0.96c treatment:timing 6 22 0.81584 0.5692 Control 30.5 1.47 treatment:period 6 22 1.39 0.2609 Control 32.3 0.96a Con formato ... 2 R m=0.20 R2m=0.35 2 2 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita R c=0.20 R c=0.35 DOC:SOC DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato: Fuente: Negrita (Intercept) 1 22 109.63705 <.0001 2.5 0.305 0.0151 (Intercept) 1 22 160 <.0001 2.5 0.262 0.012b Con formato: Fuente: Times New Roman, Negrita treatment 3 22 1.27838 0.3064 3.5 0.278 0.0151 treatment 3 22 6.08 0.0036 3.5 0.296 0.012ab timing 2 22 6.81053 0.0050 4.5 0.309 0.0151 period 2 22 3.55 0.0461 4.5 0.278 0.012b Con formato ... treatment:timing 6 22 1.69929 0.1684 Control 0.331 0.0151 treatment:period 6 22 4.14 0.0062 Control 0.307 0.012a Con formato: Fuente: Times New Roman, Negrita R2m=0.69 R2m=0.66 R2c=0.73 R2c=0.73 Con formato ... MBC:SOC DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato: Fuente: Negrita (Intercept) 1 22 86.41548 <.0001 2.5 0.462 0.03106b (Intercept) 1 22 145 <.0001 2.5 0.648 0.011b Con formato ... treatment 3 22 17.13267 <.0001 3.5 0.562 0.03106a treatment 3 22 4.69 0.0111 3.5 0.659 0.011ab timing 2 22 13.38925 2e-04 4.5 0.488 0.03106ab period 2 22 0.96 0.3978 4.5 0.651 0.011ab Con formato: Fuente: Times New Roman, Negrita treatment:timing 6 22 11.13177 <.0001 Control 0.522 0.03106b treatment:period 6 22 7.67 0.0002 Control 0.677 0.011a Con formato R2m=0.84 R2m=0.60 ... R2c=0.86 R2c=0.61 Con formato ... MBC:MBN DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato ... (Intercept) 1 22 3.454 0.0765 2.5 2.95 1.02b (Intercept) 1 22 2.91 0.1022 2.5 11.28 2.11a treatment 3 22 7.95 0.0009 3.5 6.85 1.02a treatment 3 22 3.28 0.0400 3.5 6.73 2.11b Con formato ... timing 2 22 0.411 0.668 4.5 5.34 1.02ab period 2 22 6.74 0.0052 4.5 9.28 2.11ab Con formato ... treatment:timing 6 22 3.07 0.0245 Control 4.47 1.02ab treatment:period 6 22 3.84 0.0090 Control 7.55 2.11ab R2m=0.62 R2m=0.50 Con formato: Fuente: Sin Negrita R2c=0.67 R2c=0.51 Con formato: Justificado TN numDF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato: Fuente: Negrita (Intercept) 1 22 4621.8559 <.0001 2.5 2.15 0.05659a (Intercept) 1 22 356 <.0001 2.5 2.08 0.0204a treatment 3 22 5.0483 0.0082 3.5 2.19 0.05659a treatment 3 22 4.25 0.016 3.5 2.10 0.0204a Con formato ... timing 2 22 14.5817 0.0001 4.5 2.25 0.05659a period 2 22 49.3 <.0001 4.5 2.08 0.0204a Con formato ... treatment:timing 6 22 1.8291 0.1396 Control 1.93 0.05659b treatment:period 6 22 1.75 0.1555 Control 1.94 0.0204b Con formato ... 11 Con formato ... Con formato ... Con formato ... Con formato ... Con formato ... Con formato ... R2m=0.75 R2m=0.92 Con formato ... R2c=0.79 R2c=0.94 TP DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato ... (Intercept) 1 22 516.9931 <.0001 2.5 2.05 0.063a (Intercept) 1 22 2.91 0.1022 2.5 11.28 2.11a Con formato ... treatment 3 22 4.1918 0.0173 3.5 2.21 0.063a treatment 3 22 3.28 0.040 3.5 6.73 2.11b timing 2 22 3.4909 0.0482 4.5 2.22 0.063a period 2 22 6.74 0.0052 4.5 9.28 2.11ab Con formato ... treatment:timing 6 22 1.1548 0.3651 Control 1.88 0.063b treatment:period 6 22 3.84 0.0090 Control 7.55 2.11ab Con formato ... R2m=0.63 R2m=0.50 R2c=0.67 R2c=0.51 Con formato ... NO3- DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato ... (Intercept) 1 22 0.656477 0.4265 2.5 14.51 1.58 (Intercept) 1 22 37.8 <.0001 2.5 6.77 0.553a treatment 3 22 0.186390 0.9045 3.5 13.66 1.58 treatment 3 22 13.6 <.0001 3.5 5.77 0.553a Con formato ... timing 2 22 29.512296 <.0001 4.5 14.11 1.58 period 2 22 7.94 0.0025 4.5 6.82 0.553a Con formato ... treatment:timing 6 22 14.765958 <.0001 Control 7.99 1.58 treatment:period 6 22 3.51 0.0138 Control 1.69 0.553b Con formato ... R2m=0.86 R2m=0.74 R2c=0.88 R2c=0.74 Con formato ... NH4+ numDF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE Con formato (Intercept) 1 22 1122.6898 <.0001 2.5 51.8 0.91b (Intercept) 1 22 306 <.0001 2.5 36.9 1.23b ... treatment 3 22 76.2323 <.0001 3.5 54.8 0.91ab treatment 3 22 7.61 0.0011 3.5 41.5 1.23a Con formato ... timing 2 22 270.4769 <.0001 4.5 64.5 0.91a period 2 22 13.5 0.0002 4.5 39.7 1.23ab Con formato ... treatment:timing 6 22 105.7015 <.0001 Control 53.4 0.91ab treatment:period 6 22 15.9 <.0001 Control 40.9 1.23a R2m=0.99 2 R m=0.95 Con formato ... 2 2 R c=0.99 R c=0.95 Con formato ... Microbial treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE number otus num DF denDF F-value p-value 2.5 30.7 2.99ab (Intercept) 1 22 28.9 <.0001 2.5 19.0 2.1b Con formato ... (Intercept) 1 22 317.07415 <.0001 3.5 20.4 2.99ab treatment 3 22 2.96 0.0401 3.5 20.4 2.1b Con formato ... treatment 3 22 3.10427 0.047 4.5 34.5 2.99a period 2 22 3.82 0.0376 4.5 22.3 2.1b Con formato ... 4 Control 22.7 2.99b treatment:period 6 22 10.4 <.0001 Control 30.7 2.1a 2 timing 2 22 0.02804 0.9724 R m=0.77 Con formato ... 2 treatment:timing 6 22 5.43921 0.0014 R c=0.77 Con formato ... R2m=0.62 R2c=0.62 Con formato ... N-availability num DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE df lower.CL u DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato ... (Intercept) 1 22 288.36729 <.0001 pper.CL (Intercept) 1 22 517 <.0001 2.5 2.085 0.063a treatment 3 22 17.18730 <.0001 2.5 66.3 1.98ab 2 48.8 treatment 3 22 4.19 0.0173 3.5 2.21 0.063a Con formato ... period 2 22 55.46138 <.0001 83.9 timing 2 22 3.49 0.0482 4.5 2.22 0.063a Con formato ... treatment:period 6 22 8.41223 1e-04 3.5 68.5 1.98ab 2 50.9 86. treatment:timing 6 22 1.15 0.3651 Control 1.88 0.063b R2m=0.95 1 2 R m=0.63 Con formato ... R2c=0.96 4.5 78.6 1.98a 2 61.1 96. R2c=0.67 Con formato ... Con formato ... Con formato ... 12 Con formato ... Control 61.4 1.98 b P-availability num DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE df lower.CL u DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 1 22 384.3059 <.0001 pper.CL (Intercept) 1 22 927 <.0001 2.5 82.6 1.75 treatment 3 22 8.0223 9e-04 2.5 87.9 2.99a 2 61.4 114 treatment 3 22 2.24 0.1123 3.5 75.0 1.75 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita period 2 22 11.4253 4e-04 3.5 81.7 2.99b 2 55.1 10 period 2 22 0.954 0.4007 4.5 86.4 1.75 treatment:period 6 22 13.2363 <.0001 8 treatment:period 6 22 4.0 <.0001 Control 74.4 1.75 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita R2m=0.66 4.5 85.5 2.99ab 2 58.9 1 R2m=0.79 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita R2c=0.74 12 R2c=0.83 Control 87.7 2.99a C:N DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato: Fuente: Negrita (Intercept) 1 22 6202 <.0001 2.5 9.01 0.0855b (Intercept) 1 22 7619 <.0001 2.5 9.50 0.0714 treatment 3 22 3.546 0.0312 3.5 9.17 0.0855b treatment 3 22 1.366 0.2793 3.5 9.41 0.0714 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita timing 2 22 124.422 <.0001 4.5 9.00 0.0855b period 2 22 81.4 <.0001 4.5 9.68 0.0714 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment:timing 6 22 2.695 0.0408 Control 9.60 0.0855 a treatment:period 6 22 9.30 <.0001 Control 9.36 0.0714 R2m=0.96 R2m=0.95 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita R2c=0.96 R2c=0.95 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita C:P DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE (Intercept) 1 22 719.0037 <.0001 2.5 9.33 0.193 (Intercept) 1 22 1168 <.0001 2.5 9.27 0.161 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment 3 22 0.0656 0.9775 3.5 8.99 0.193 treatment 3 22 0.340 0.797 3.5 9.24 0.161 Con formato: Fuente: Times New Roman, Negrita timing 2 22 2.2996 0.1239 4.5 9.13 0.193 period 2 22 1.35 0.280 4.5 9.28 0.161 Con formato: HTML con formato previo, Interlineado: Mínimo treatment:timing 6 22 1.6506 0.1806 Control 9.80 0.193 treatment:period 6 22 5.66 0.0011 Control 9.25 0.161 2 2 10,25 pto, Diseño: Claro (Blanco) R m=0.47 R m=0.55 R2c=0.47 R2c=0.58 Con formato: Fuente: Times New Roman, Negrita N:P DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato: Fuente: Times New Roman, Negrita (Intercept) 1 22 431.0646 <.0001 2.5 1.06 0.0235 (Intercept) 1 22 784 <.0001 2.5 0.988 0.0187 treatment 3 22 0.1086 0.9542 3.5 0.99 0.0235 treatment 3 22 0.0887 0.9655 3.5 0.996 0.0187 Con formato ... timing 2 22 26.1269 <.0001 4.5 1.03 0.0235 period 2 22 23.6 <.0001 4.5 0.964 0.0187 Con formato ... treatment:timing 6 22 2.0460 0.1021 Control 1.04 0.0235 treatment:period 6 22 2.11 0.0936 Control 0.998 0.0187 R2m=0.82 2 R m=0.84 Con formato ... 2 R c=0.82 R2c=0.86 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita LOC:N- DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato ... availability (Intercept) 1 22 119.43570 <.0001 2.5 90.8 5.988 a (Intercept) 1 22 97.1 <.0001 2.5 140 9.64 treatment 3 22 6.85377 0.0020 b treatment 3 22 0.644 0.595 3.5 121 9.64 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita timing 2 22 7.09854 0.0042 3.5 97.7 5.988a period 2 22 0.904 0.420 4.5 129 9.64 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment:timing 6 22 2.40137 0.0615 4.5 77.0 5.988b treatment:period 6 22 2.76 0.037 Control 151 9.64 R2m=0.73 Control 99.3 5.988a R2m=0.69 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita 2 2 R c=0.73 R c=0.70 Con formato ... LOC:P- num DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE Con formato ... 13 availability (Intercept) 1 22 239 <.0001 2.5 64.5 2.7 (Intercept) 1 22 89.8 <.0001 2.5 73.3 4.97 treatment 3 22 2.580 0.0794 3.5 67.5 2.7 treatment 3 22 0.753 0.532 3.5 67.7 4.97 timing 2 22 3.59 0.0447 4.5 65.3 2.7 period 2 22 1.48 0.250 4.5 62.7 4.97 treatment:timing 6 22 3.44 0.0150 Control 64.6 2.7 treatment:period 6 22 0.388 0.879 Control 78.2 4.97 R2m=0.42 2 R m=0.30 2 2 R c=0.42 R c=0.30 N- DF denDF F-value p-value Treatment emmean SE DF denDF F-value p-value treatment emmean SE availability:P- (Intercept) 1 22 285.18750 <.0001 2.5 0.743 0.022c (Intercept) 1 22 329 <.0001 2.5 0.529 0.020 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita availability treatment 3 22 6.38188 0.0028 3.5 0.853 0.022b treatment 3 22 0.913 0.4506 3.5 0.628 0.020 timing 2 22 14.13000 0.0001 4.5 0.971 0.022a period 2 22 6.52 0.0060 4.5 0.528 0.020 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita treatment:timing 6 22 30.60646 <.0001 Control 0.684 0.022d treatment:period 6 22 17.7 <.0001 Control 0.604 0.020 Con formato: Fuente: Times New Roman, Negrita 2 R m=0.96 2 R m=0.93 2 R c=0.96 R2c=0.95 Con formato: Fuente: Times New Roman, Negrita 112 Con formato: Fuente: Negrita 113 Con formato: HTML con formato previo, Interlineado: Mínimo 10,25 pto, Diseño: Claro (Blanco) Con formato: Izquierda, Interlineado: Mínimo 10,25 pto, Control de líneas viudas y huérfanas, Dividir palabras, Diseño: Claro (Blanco), Punto de tabulación: 1,62 cm, Izquierda + 3,23 cm, Izquierda + 4,85 cm, Izquierda + 6,46 cm, Izquierda + 8,08 cm, Izquierda + 9,69 cm, Izquierda + 11,31 cm, Izquierda + 12,92 cm, Izquierda + 14,54 cm, Izquierda + 16,16 cm, Izquierda + 17,77 cm, Izquierda + 19,39 cm, Izquierda + 21 cm, Izquierda + 22,62 cm, Izquierda + 24,23 cm, Izquierda + 25,85 cm, Izquierda 14 114 Table S4 115 Effects of pH on mean (±SE) soil physicochemical properties. Early paddy Late paddy Index CK pH 4.5 pH 3.5 pH 2.5 CK pH 4.5 pH 3.5 pH 2.5 -1 SOC (g kg ) 18.30±0.16b 20.18±0.76a 19.92±0.72ab 19.07±0.37ab 18.02±0.25b 20.07±0.11a 19.57±0.33ab 19.58±0.35ab DOC (mg kg-1) 60.51±1.51a 60.52±2.08a 54.39±2.62b 57.32±1.79ab 55.16±3.25 56.26±2.24 57.82±2.23 50.99±3.01 MBC (mg kg-1) 95.5±5.32 97.66±7.89 108.31±8.58 86.25±6.08 121.96±10.43 129.87±13.02 128.58±12.12 126.97±7.61 LOC (g kg-1) 5.59±0.49 5.45±0.20 5.50±0.33 5.60±0.30 5.82±0.65 5.34±0.69 5.05±0.37 6.02±0.57 LOC/SOC ratio 30.51±2.60 27.42±1.40 28.14±2.85 29.32±1.22 32.27±3.91 26.73±3.45 25.80±1.93 30.84±3.23 DOC/SOC ratio 0.33±0.01a 0.31±0.02ab 0.28±0.02b 0.30±0.02ab 0.31±0.02 0.28±0.01 0.30±0.01 0.26±0.02 MBC/SOC ratio 0.52±0.03 0.49±0.04 0.56±0.06 0.46±0.04 0.68±0.05 0.65±0.06 0.66±0.07 0.65±0.04 Total N (g kg-1) 1.93±0.02b 2.25±0.08a 2.19±0.07a 2.15±0.06a 1.94±0.04b 2.08±0.03a 2.10±0.01a 2.08±0.03a Available N (mg kg-1) 54.05±0.93b 78.64±3.47a 68.50±2.51ab 66.33±1.87ab 42.56±1.23b 46.51±1.89ab 47.32±0.94a 43.66±1.93ab NO3 -(mg kg-1) 7.99±1.54b 14.11±1.49a 13.65±2.06a 14.51±1.19a 1.69±0.21b 6.82±0.94a 5.78±0.91a 6.77±0.83a NH4 +(mg kg-1) 51.58±1.68a 26.12±2.62b 23.28±2.01b 25.46±2.40b 29.94±1.58a 28.78±2.46a 26.96±2.49a 29.10±1.82a MBN(mg kg-1) 22.67±4.08ab 34.49±5.87a 20.41±3.28b 30.70±5.72ab 30.75±5.05a 22.33±3.51b 20.36±2.70b 19.00±4.83b Total P(g kg-1) 1.88±0.04b 2.22±0.13a 2.21±0.09a 2.05±0.07ab 1.96±0.04b 2.17±0.07a 2.12±0.02a 2.12±0.05ab Available P(mg kg-1) 87.73±1.88a 85.47±4.68ab 81.66±2.84b 87.92±4.54a 74.35±2.57b 86.41±2.73a 74.99±2.30ab 82.59±1.82a C:N ratio 9.60±0.10a 8.99±0.06b 9.17±0.12b 9.01±0.13b 9.36±0.09b 9.68±0.11a 9.41±0.14ab 9.50±0.09ab C:P ratio 9.80±0.28a 9.14±0.25ab 8.99±0.37b 9.33±0.25ab 9.25±0.20 9.28±0.33 9.24±0.17 9.27±0.18 N:P ratio 1.04±0.28 1.03±0.03 0.99±0.03 1.06±0.04 1.00±0.02 0.96±0.04 0.99±0.01 0.99±0.02 LOC:available N 99.33±9.43 77.03±5.81 97.67±10.71 90.83±5.90 150.96±12.25 129.50±20.91 121.13±6.86 139.61±16.04 15 LOC:available P 64.61±5.73 65.28±4.33 67.48±4.39 64.45±1.75 78.17±10.37 62.68±7.62 67.71±6.12 73.35±7.90 Available N:available P 0.68±0.02c 0.97±0.03a 0.85±0.05b 0.75±0.04ab 0.61±0.03ab 0.53±0.03b 0.63±0.02a 0.53±0.02b MBC:MBN 4.47±0.96ab 5.34±1.34ab 6.84±1.68a 2.95±0.37b 7.55±1.69ab 9.28±1.92ab 6.73±0.65b 11.27±4.47a Salinity(mS cm-1) 0.54±0.02a 0.54±0.03a 0.58±0.04ab 0.65±0.04b 0.55±0.06a 0.65±0.06b 0.68±0.08b 0.65±0.04b Water content (%) 61.09±1.40b 60.41±1.69b 63.80±0.75ab 66.03±1.29a 64.64±1.87b 66.14±1.80ab 66.78±1.69ab 72.58±1.20a Temperature (℃) 26.64±0.11a 26.58±0.10ab 26.40±0.04b 26.47±0.06ab 25.66±0.22 25.54±0.12 25.66±0.05 25.69±0.06 pH 6.29±0.03a 6.06±0.04b 6.05±0.04b 6.07±0.04b 6.32±0.04a 6.00±0.04b 6.02±0.04b 5.90±0.04b Total Fe (g kg-1) 12.30±0.43 12.66±0.97 11.93±0.61 11.25±0.45 13.24±0.49 12.69±0.47 11.74±1.32 12.61±0.48 Fe2+(g kg-1) 2.17±0.05 2.26±0.09 2.28±0.11 2.34±0.09 3.67±0.13 2.87±0.04 2.83±0.46 3.33±0.11 Fe3+(g kg-1) 10.13±0.43 10.40±0.97 9.65±0.66 8.92±0.45 9.56±0.49 9.83±0.44 8.90±0.87 9.28±0.46 116 Lowercase letters within a row indicate treatment differences at P < 0.05. 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 16 126 Table S5 127 Repeated measures ANOVA of effects of acid rain and rice growth stage on soil physicochemical properties in early and late paddy. Early paddy Late paddy Variable Factor df MS F P df MS F P Acid rain 3, 8 0.181 7.840 <0.01 3, 8 0.047 12.417 <0.01 Total N Rice growth stage 2, 16 0.863 36.673 <0.01 2, 16 0.525 219.938 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 0.038 1.633 0.202 6, 16 0.004 1.774 0.168 Acid rain 3, 8 473.740 18.871 <0.01 3, 8 46.289 4.53 0.039 Available -N Rice growth stage 2, 16 9827.080 287.706 <0.01 2, 16 2771.982 261 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 244.348 7.154 <0.01 6, 16 190.693 18.0 <0.01 Acid rain 3, 8 84.977 4.508 0.039 3, 8 53.204 29.938 <0.01 NO3 - Rice growth stage 2, 16 1074.467 65.625 <0.01 2, 16 27.049 8.332 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 215.737 13.176 <0.01 6, 16 9.663 2.976 0.038 Acid rain 3, 8 294.541 66.677 <0.01 3, 8 37.970 2.72 0.115 NH4 + Rice growth stage 2, 16 9764.504 1090.651 <0.01 2, 16 3346 255 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 786.533 87.852 <0.01 6, 16 212 16.2 <0.01 Acid rain 3, 8 396.239 5.661 0.022 3, 8 250 4.42 0.041 Microbial N Rice growth stage 2, 16 424.611 4.933 0.021 2, 16 1559 21.2 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 439.038 5.101 <0.01 6, 16 710 9.63 <0.01 Acid rain 3, 8 0.238 6.143 0.018 3, 8 0.078 9.10 <0.01 Total P Rice growth stage 2, 16 0.430 17.625 <0.01 2, 16 0.114 12.4 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 0.030 1.229 0.343 6, 16 0.017 1.80 0.162 17 Acid rain 3, 8 76.265 0.900 0.482 3, 8 312 17.1 <0.01 Available-P Rice growth stage 2, 16 73.408 1.809 0.196 2, 16 19 8.76 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 564.236 13.901 <0.01 6, 16 242 11.0 <0.01 Acid rain 3, 8 0.708 8.390 <0.01 3, 8 0.182 5.52 0.024 C:N Rice growth stage 2, 16 19.729 503.101 <0.01 2, 16 14.6 281 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 0.130 3.327 0.025 6, 16 0.423 8.133 <0.01 Acid rain 3, 8 1.109 2.878 0.103 3, 8 0.004 0.020 0.996 C:P Rice growth stage 2, 16 1.926 6.199 0.010 2, 16 1.168 5.32 0.017 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 0.552 1.777 0.168 6, 16 1.070 4.870 <0.01 Acid rain 3, 8 0.007 1.327 0.332 3, 8 0.002 0.762 0.546 N:P Rice growth stage 2, 16 0.343 72.953 <0.01 2, 16 0.229 98.8 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 0.010 2.145 0.104 6, 16 0.005 2.137 0.105 Acid rain 3, 8 926.385 6.808 0.014 3, 8 149 1.817 0.222 LOC:available N Rice growth stage 2, 16 11552.165 28.938 <0.01 2, 16 20844 28.9 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 748.005 1.874 0.148 6, 16 1976 2.739 0.050 Acid rain 3, 8 17.596 0.697 0.579 3, 8 408 2.57 0.128 LOC:available P Rice growth stage 2, 16 109.853 1.275 0.306 2, 16 777 3.060 0.075 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 226.713 2.632 0.057 6, 16 86.3 0.340 0.906 Acid rain 3, 8 0.144 61.357 <0.01 3, 8 0.024 6.69 0.014 Available N:available P Rice growth stage 2, 16 1.362 248.011 <0.01 2, 16 0.464 221 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 0.136 24.764 <0.01 6, 16 0.036 17.3 <0.01 MBC: MBN Acid rain 3, 8 23.858 2.579 0.126 3, 8 36.5 1.010 0.437 18 Rice growth stage 2, 16 111.453 17.609 <0.01 2, 16 181 4.47 0.029 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 19.234 3.039 0.035 6, 16 148 3.646 0.018 Acid rain 3, 8 3.236 3.230 0.082 3, 8 3.454 1.516 0.283 Fe Rice growth stage 2, 16 2.729 1.653 0.223 2, 16 8.753 2.787 0.092 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 1.066 0.654 0.693 6, 16 5.117 1.629 0.203 Acid rain 3, 8 0.041 2.015 0.190 3, 8 1.450 3.430 0.073 Fe2+ Rice growth stage 2, 16 1.154 32.483 <0.01 2, 16 41.463 88.296 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 0.049 1.366 0.287 6, 16 0.601 1.279 0.321 Acid rain 3, 8 3.796 4.437 0.041 3, 8 1.407 1.342 0.328 Fe3+ Rice growth stage 2, 16 1.472 0.803 0.465 2, 16 18.052 11.969 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 0.873 0.476 0.816 6, 16 4.162 2.759 0.049 Acid rain 3, 8 0.024 6.786 0.014 3, 8 0.029 3.255 0.081 Salinity Rice growth stage 2, 16 0.164 33.306 <0.01 2, 16 0.893 40.2 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 0.016 3.278 0.027 6, 16 0.013 0.568 0.750 Acid rain 3, 8 60.254 6.873 0.013 3, 8 109 8.645 <0.01 Soil water content Rice growth stage 2, 16 1175.691 199.575 <0.01 2, 16 1007 88.9 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 6.598 1.120 0.394 6, 16 20.3 1.792 0.164 Acid rain 3, 8 0.108 4.375 0.042 3, 8 0.786 Temperature Rice growth stage 2, 16 96.027 3100.422 <0.01 2, 16 275 2428 <0.01 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 0.028 0.918 0.508 6, 16 0.085 0.748 0.619 Acid rain 3, 8 0.127 21.345 <0.01 3, 8 0.297 45.2 <0.01 pH Rice growth stage 2, 16 0.199 30.685 <0.01 2, 16 0.102 14.8 <0.01 19 Acid rain ×rice growth stage 6, 16 0.013 2.009 0.124 6, 16 0.013 1.897 0.143 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 20 150 Table S4 151 Relationship among carbon fractions. Early paddy Late paddy Variable SOC DOC MBC LOC SOC DOC MBC LOC SOC -0.164 -0.036 0.284 1 0.236 0.037 -0.074 DOC -0.164 1 -0.758** -0.136 0.236 1 -0.436** -0.150 MBC -0.036 -0.758** 1 -0.148 0.037 -0.436** 1 0.136 LOC 0.284 -0.136 -0.148 1 -0.074 -0.150 0.136 1 152 *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 21 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 Fig. S1. Location of the study area and sampling sites (▲) in Fujian Province, 186 southeastern China. 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 22 40 300 Rainfall Air temperature (℃) Air temperature 30 Rainfall (mm) 200 20 100 10 0 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Month 202 203 Fig. S2. Temporal variation in air temperature (A) and rainfall (B). 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 23 50 50 Control pH 4.5 A B pH 3.5 pH 2.5 Aa Aa LOC: SOC ratio (%) 40 40 Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa LOC: SOC ratio (%) Aa Aa Aab Aab Aa Aa Aab Aa Aa Aa Ab Ab 30 Ab Ab Ab 30 Aa Ab 20 20 10 10 0 0 Turn green Jointing Mature Turn green Jointing Mature 243 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 244 0.5 0.5 E F Aab Cb Bab Aab MBC: SOC ratio (%) 0.4 Bb Aa 0.4 Aa MBC: SOC ratio (%) Ba Ba Bb Bab Ba Ab Aa Ab 0.3 0.3 Aa Ba Aa Bc Aa Aab ABb Ab Ab 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Turn green Jointing Mature Turn green Jointing Mature 245 246 247 248 Fig. S3. Treatment effects on LOC:SOC, DOC:SOC, and MBC: SOC ratios in the early 249 (A, C, and E, respectively) and late (B, D, and F, respectively) paddies. Data are means 250 ±SE; and different uppercase letters indicate treatment differences among rice growth 251 stages, and different lowercase letters indicate treatment differences among the 252 treatments within a rice growth stage at P<0.05. 253 24