58f9c09df17b5ddd73df40f6fc90450b water_a2020v12n10p2871.pdf aed67ecdee3be70b2c13e8b1147fc387a2aebc2a water_a2020v12n10p2871.pdf 1a1b930d9eb5c403e6e897e43e04bf2756eacaf05c98833a1be2927ba74f6ed6 water_a2020v12n10p2871.pdf Title: The Use of Biochar and Pyrolysed Materials to Improve Water Quality through Microcystin Sorption Separation Subject: Harmful algal blooms have increased globally with warming of aquatic environments and increased eutrophication. Proliferation of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and the subsequent flux of toxic extracellular microcystins present threats to public and ecosystem health and challenges for remediation and management. Although methods exist, there is currently a need for more environmentally friendly and economically and technologically feasible sorbents. Biochar has been proposed in this regard because of its high porosity, chemical stability, and notable sorption efficiency for removing of cyanotoxins. In light of worsening cyanobacterial blooms and recent research advances, this review provides a timely assessment of microcystin removal strategies focusing on the most pertinent chemical and physical sorbent properties responsible for effective removal of various pollutants from wastewater, liquid wastes, and aqueous solutions. The pyrolysis process is then evaluated for the first time as a method for sorbent production for microcystin removal, considering the suitability and sorption efficiencies of pyrolysed materials and biochar. Inefficiencies and high costs of conventional methods can be avoided through the use of pyrolysis. The significant potential of biochar for microcystin removal is determined by feedstock type, pyrolysis conditions, and the physiochemical properties produced. This review informs future research and development of pyrolysed materials for the treatment of microcystin contaminated aquatic environments. Keywords: biochar; microcystin; separation; water quality; cyanobacteria; algal bloom Author: Vladimír Frišták, H. Dail Laughinghouse IV and Stephen M. Bell Creator: LaTeX with hyperref package Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.18 CreationDate: Tue Oct 20 04:37:52 2020 CEST ModDate: Tue Oct 20 05:12:55 2020 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 19 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1954564 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- CIQLLF+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 QDEKBP+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 AAVMET+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 JLKIPY+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 QLMOVM+Rpxr Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 28 0 SSNIUI+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 32 0 FSIJLB+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 40 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 62 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 66 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 70 0 KNZVOU+Rpxsc Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 77 0 PTVOAX+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 81 0 JKKOAN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 95 0 JKKOFN+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 98 0 JKKOHP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 101 0 JKKOON+TimesNewRoman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 104 0 HHMDGK+Pxsy Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 121 0 JKKNPN+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 146 0 JKKOAN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 152 0 JKKOFN+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 155 0 JKKOHP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 158 0 JKKOON+TimesNewRoman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 161 0 XGEDLN+Rpxb Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 174 0 KMUTNG+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 184 0 JKKNPN+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 195 0 JKKOAN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 201 0 JKKOFN+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 204 0 JKKOHP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 207 0 JKKOON+TimesNewRoman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 210 0 YWGLGW+Rpxi Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 227 0 VSHNAE+Rpcxr Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 246 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-10-02 04:24:47 CEST RepresentationInformation: water_a2020v12n10p2871.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-03-31 11:39:36 CEST Size: 1954564 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 596 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Microcystin Origin and Toxicity in Natural Water Bodies Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Conventional Strategies of Microcystin Removal Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Alternative Microcystin Separation Sorbents Destination: section.4 Item: Title: New Sorption Materials Produced with Pyrolysis Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Biochar for Microcystin Sorption Separation Destination: section.6 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.7 Item: Title: References Destination: section.7 Info: Title: The Use of Biochar and Pyrolysed Materials to Improve Water Quality through Microcystin Sorption Separation Author: Vladimír Frišták, H. Dail Laughinghouse IV and Stephen M. Bell Subject: Harmful algal blooms have increased globally with warming of aquatic environments and increased eutrophication. Proliferation of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and the subsequent flux of toxic extracellular microcystins present threats to public and ecosystem health and challenges for remediation and management. Although methods exist, there is currently a need for more environmentally friendly and economically and technologically feasible sorbents. Biochar has been proposed in this regard because of its high porosity, chemical stability, and notable sorption efficiency for removing of cyanotoxins. In light of worsening cyanobacterial blooms and recent research advances, this review provides a timely assessment of microcystin removal strategies focusing on the most pertinent chemical and physical sorbent properties responsible for effective removal of various pollutants from wastewater, liquid wastes, and aqueous solutions. The pyrolysis process is then evaluated for the first time as a method for sorbent production for microcystin removal, considering the suitability and sorption efficiencies of pyrolysed materials and biochar. Inefficiencies and high costs of conventional methods can be avoided through the use of pyrolysis. The significant potential of biochar for microcystin removal is determined by feedstock type, pyrolysis conditions, and the physiochemical properties produced. This review informs future research and development of pyrolysed materials for the treatment of microcystin contaminated aquatic environments. Keywords: biochar; microcystin; separation; water quality; cyanobacteria; algal bloom Creator: LaTeX with hyperref package Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.18 CreationDate: Tue Oct 20 04:37:52 CEST 2020 ModDate: Tue Oct 20 05:12:55 CEST 2020 ID: 0xe46daae9fdad9bd7bd08cfe7dedd7820, 0xe46daae9fdad9bd7bd08cfe7dedd7820 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: SSNIUI+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 189 FontDescriptor: FontName: SSNIUI+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: YWGLGW+Rpxi FontSubset: true FirstChar: 47 LastChar: 47 FontDescriptor: FontName: YWGLGW+Rpxi Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -162, -280, 856, 733 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: CIQLLF+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: CIQLLF+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: KNZVOU+Rpxsc FontSubset: true FirstChar: 100 LastChar: 100 FontDescriptor: FontName: KNZVOU+Rpxsc Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -37, -172, 852, 718 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: XGEDLN+Rpxb FontSubset: true FirstChar: 14 LastChar: 47 FontDescriptor: FontName: XGEDLN+Rpxb Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -57, -266, 932, 729 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: QDEKBP+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 151 FontDescriptor: FontName: QDEKBP+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: PTVOAX+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 12 LastChar: 25 FontDescriptor: FontName: PTVOAX+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: AAVMET+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 154 FontDescriptor: FontName: AAVMET+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: VSHNAE+Rpcxr FontSubset: true FirstChar: 169 LastChar: 169 FontDescriptor: FontName: VSHNAE+Rpcxr Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -212, -286, 1344, 973 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: JLKIPY+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: JLKIPY+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: KMUTNG+PazoMath FontSubset: true FirstChar: 80 LastChar: 80 FontDescriptor: FontName: KMUTNG+PazoMath Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -283, 878, 946 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: HHMDGK+Pxsy FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 14 FontDescriptor: FontName: HHMDGK+Pxsy Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -21, -994, 1292, 912 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: QLMOVM+Rpxr FontSubset: true FirstChar: 11 LastChar: 62 FontDescriptor: FontName: QLMOVM+Rpxr Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -40, -283, 904, 728 FontFile: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 75, 757, 172, 793 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 757, 519, 793 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 164, 640, 175, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 640, 316, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 417, 640, 428, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 206, 505, 215 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 508, 206, 515, 215 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 229, 165, 236, 175 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 239, 165, 245, 175 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 493, 152, 500, 161 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 152, 515, 161 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 125, 485, 134 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 488, 125, 500, 134 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 290, 98, 297, 107 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 300, 98, 312, 107 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 229, 84, 236, 93 ActionDest: 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 239, 84, 251, 93 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 340, 71, 352, 80 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 162, 38, 230, 50 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 410, 38, 519, 50 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 466, 540, 518, 559 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 385, 742, 397, 752 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 141, 702, 153, 711 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 156, 702, 168, 711 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 374, 688, 386, 698 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 389, 688, 401, 698 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 146, 648, 158, 657 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 262, 621, 274, 630 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 275, 621, 287, 630 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 334, 594, 346, 603 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 567, 125, 576 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 553, 130, 562 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 133, 553, 145, 562 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 263, 281, 275, 290 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 191, 240, 203, 250 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 240, 216, 250 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 195, 211, 202, 223 ActionDest: 85 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 268, 200, 280, 209 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 351, 200, 363, 209 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 200, 463, 209 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 320, 119, 331, 128 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 105, 216, 115 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 179, 78, 191, 87 ActionDest: 231 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 504, 305, 516, 315 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 147, 292, 159, 301 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 285, 278, 297, 288 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 423, 251, 435, 261 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 132, 224, 144, 234 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 224, 515, 234 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 211, 515, 220 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 184, 130, 193 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 211, 184, 223, 193 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 211, 157, 223, 166 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 133, 130, 145, 139 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 148, 130, 160, 139 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 241, 103, 253, 112 ActionDest: 231 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 601, 343, 611 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 343, 601, 355, 611 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 491, 588, 503, 597 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 588, 515, 597 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 369, 493, 381, 502 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 158, 466, 170, 475 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 412, 421, 421 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 148, 318, 160, 327 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 290, 318, 302, 327 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 116, 264, 128, 273 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 264, 143, 273 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 186, 223, 198, 232 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 196, 464, 205 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 137, 169, 149, 178 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 488, 128, 500, 138 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 128, 515, 138 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 267, 101, 279, 111 ActionDest: 234 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 388, 742, 400, 752 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 742, 412, 752 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 401, 729, 413, 738 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 248, 607, 260, 617 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 384, 567, 396, 576 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 261, 540, 273, 549 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 402, 540, 414, 549 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 248, 499, 260, 508 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 181, 472, 193, 481 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 432, 415, 441 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 249, 378, 261, 387 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 327, 378, 339, 387 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 102, 337, 114, 346 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 309, 324, 321, 333 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 211, 216, 223, 225 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 282, 188, 294, 198 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 175, 343, 184 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 418, 175, 430, 184 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 488, 94, 500, 103 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 94, 515, 103 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 120, 81, 132, 90 ActionDest: 234 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 150, 742, 162, 752 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 249, 646, 261, 655 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 99, 592, 111, 601 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 169, 592, 181, 601 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 239, 511, 251, 520 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 134, 484, 146, 493 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 154, 348, 165, 358 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 158, 335, 170, 344 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 335, 252, 344 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 321, 375, 331 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 280, 281, 292, 290 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 119, 213, 131, 223 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 413, 200, 425, 209 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 105, 515, 115 ActionDest: 231 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 742, 290, 752 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 383, 742, 395, 752 ActionDest: 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 189, 702, 201, 711 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 341, 648, 353, 657 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 202, 553, 213, 562 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 102, 459, 114, 468 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 385, 405, 397, 414 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 294, 463, 304 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 387, 254, 399, 263 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 218, 197, 225, 209 ActionDest: 128 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 233, 200, 245, 209 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 350, 186, 362, 196 ActionDest: 237 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 333, 275, 341 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 309, 375, 319 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 237, 228, 249, 237 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 215, 234, 224 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 136, 107, 148, 116 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 230, 80, 242, 89 ActionDest: 237 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 455, 715, 467, 725 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 648, 220, 657 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 277, 607, 289, 617 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 105, 564, 112, 576 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 471, 492, 479 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 461, 492, 469 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 451, 492, 459 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 441, 494, 449 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 431, 494, 439 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 421, 494, 429 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 411, 494, 418 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 400, 494, 408 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 390, 494, 398 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 380, 494, 388 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 370, 494, 378 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 360, 494, 368 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 347, 235, 364, 244 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 221, 515, 230 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 208, 231, 217 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 356, 208, 373, 217 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 499, 194, 516, 203 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 180, 154, 197, 163 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 327, 140, 339, 149 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 100, 343, 109 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 471, 86, 483, 95 ActionDest: 237 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 262, 729, 274, 738 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 496, 621, 513, 630 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 241, 580, 258, 590 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 540, 251, 549 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 513, 372, 522 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 123, 445, 140, 454 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 140, 445, 157, 454 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 360, 432, 372, 441 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 499, 405, 516, 414 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 302, 351, 319, 360 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 421, 213, 433, 223 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 161, 200, 173, 209 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 200, 231, 209 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 304, 200, 316, 209 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 117, 92, 129, 101 ActionDest: 224 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 699, 210, 711 ActionDest: 181 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 688, 515, 698 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 661, 130, 671 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 634, 317, 644 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 368, 634, 380, 644 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 226, 580, 243, 590 ActionDest: 240 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 224, 234, 233 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 291, 170, 308, 179 ActionDest: 243 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 504, 170, 516, 179 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 143, 276, 152 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 309, 86, 316, 98 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 124, 75, 136, 85 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 214, 75, 226, 85 ActionDest: 224 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 368, 729, 380, 738 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 715, 515, 725 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 119, 702, 131, 711 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 567, 209, 576 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 513, 332, 522 ActionDest: 243 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 290, 499, 302, 508 ActionDest: 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 472, 278, 481 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 504, 459, 516, 468 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 139, 405, 151, 414 ActionDest: 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 170, 391, 182, 400 ActionDest: 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 136, 337, 148, 346 ActionDest: 234 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 275, 517, 312, 528 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 492, 516, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 159, 453, 196, 463 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 181, 402, 219, 412 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 274, 375, 312, 386 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 318, 375, 354, 386 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 141, 337, 178, 347 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 184, 337, 220, 347 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 253, 310, 291, 321 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 297, 310, 333, 321 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 141, 272, 178, 283 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 251, 247, 288, 257 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 276, 207, 314, 218 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 242, 169, 280, 179 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 169, 322, 179 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 130, 262, 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 168, 92, 205, 102 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 211, 92, 247, 102 Page: Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 330, 714, 368, 725 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 387, 701, 425, 712 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 149, 663, 187, 673 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 572, 393, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 158, 534, 196, 544 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 496, 137, 506 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 457, 137, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 356, 430, 394, 441 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 379, 245, 389 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 460, 353, 497, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 388, 314, 426, 325 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 432, 314, 468, 325 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 276, 137, 286 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 158, 237, 196, 247 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 211, 486, 222 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 410, 146, 448, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 454, 146, 490, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 121, 278, 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 410, 94, 447, 105 Page: Sequence: 15 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 172, 715, 208, 725 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 247, 675, 284, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 650, 256, 661 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 423, 624, 460, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 254, 598, 291, 609 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 154, 573, 192, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 257, 547, 294, 557 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 207, 496, 244, 506 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 469, 516, 480 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 431, 137, 441 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 404, 402, 415 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 311, 366, 348, 376 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 366, 391, 376 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 340, 516, 351 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 328, 136, 338 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 480, 249, 516, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 224, 240, 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 246, 224, 282, 234 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 205, 186, 242, 196 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 251, 159, 289, 170 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 133, 429, 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 369, 94, 406, 105 Page: Sequence: 16 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 283, 714, 320, 725 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 676, 252, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 293, 650, 331, 661 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 650, 373, 661 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 218, 625, 255, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 262, 625, 298, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 439, 598, 477, 609 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 572, 393, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 399, 572, 435, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 534, 137, 544 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 143, 534, 179, 544 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 181, 508, 219, 519 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 150, 470, 187, 480 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 159, 444, 196, 454 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 417, 400, 428 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 393, 391, 431, 402 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 284, 366, 321, 376 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 328, 137, 338 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 143, 328, 179, 338 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 244, 302, 281, 312 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 276, 261, 286 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 267, 276, 303, 286 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 249, 516, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 154, 212, 192, 222 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 234, 173, 271, 183 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 290, 147, 327, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 406, 120, 443, 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 297, 95, 335, 105 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 341, 95, 377, 105 Page: Sequence: 17 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 359, 675, 397, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 675, 439, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 330, 650, 368, 661 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 366, 624, 403, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 163, 560, 201, 570 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 382, 521, 419, 531 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 236, 495, 274, 506 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 457, 137, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 150, 431, 187, 441 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 325, 391, 363, 402 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 401, 366, 439, 376 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 341, 137, 351 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 234, 302, 272, 312 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 275, 516, 286 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 141, 250, 178, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 445, 185, 483, 196 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 172, 121, 210, 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 421, 69, 459, 80 Page: Sequence: 18 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 248, 714, 285, 725 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 676, 137, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 143, 676, 179, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 650, 516, 661 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 381, 624, 419, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 425, 624, 461, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 168, 586, 205, 596 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 321, 546, 358, 557 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 508, 137, 519 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 470, 137, 480 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 431, 137, 441 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 143, 431, 179, 441 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 372, 391, 409, 402 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 353, 287, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 480, 314, 516, 325 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 302, 136, 312 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 275, 505, 286 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 285, 250, 323, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 329, 250, 365, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 272, 212, 309, 222 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 212, 351, 222 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 404, 172, 441, 183 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 342, 147, 379, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 426, 121, 464, 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 94, 402, 105 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 69, 481, 80 Page: Sequence: 19 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 325, 727, 362, 738 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 425, 701, 462, 712 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 76, 629, 166, 660 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 234, 624, 407, 635 Checksum: 8f4991f5 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 58f9c09df17b5ddd73df40f6fc90450b Type: MD5 Checksum: aed67ecdee3be70b2c13e8b1147fc387a2aebc2a Type: SHA-1 Checksum: 1a1b930d9eb5c403e6e897e43e04bf2756eacaf05c98833a1be2927ba74f6ed6 Type: SHA-256