3158c6372add00b3c9678b367ad65358 foods_a2020v9n11p1602.pdf b73f8bac53c8bc0646c90d0db8d8e96f9146d83e foods_a2020v9n11p1602.pdf cb9a9421941fb9712c1eaab82f3bcebb024d9801ff81882152b828a4ba6dbc54 foods_a2020v9n11p1602.pdf Title: Could Global Intensification of Nitrogen Fertilisation Increase Immunogenic Proteins and Favour the Spread of Coeliac Pathology? Subject: Fertilisation of cereal crops with nitrogen (N) has increased in the last five decades. In particular, the fertilisation of wheat crops increased by nearly one order of magnitude from 1961 to 2010, from 9.84 to 93.8 kg N ha-1 y-1. We hypothesized that this intensification of N fertilisation would increase the content of allergenic proteins in wheat which could likely be associated with the increased pathology of coeliac disease in human populations. An increase in the per capita intake of gliadin proteins, the group of gluten proteins principally responsible for the development of coeliac disease, would be the responsible factor. We conducted a global meta-analysis of available reports that supported our hypothesis: wheat plants growing in soils receiving higher doses of N fertilizer have higher total gluten, total gliadin, /-gliadin, -gliadin and -gliadin contents and higher gliadin transcription in their grain. We thereafter calculated the per capita annual average intake of gliadins from wheat and derived foods and found that it increased from 1961 to 2010 from approximately 2.4 to 3.8 kg y-1 per capita (+1.4 0.18 kg y-1 per capita, mean SE), i.e., increased by 58 7.5%. Finally, we found that this increase was positively correlated with the increase in the rates of coeliac disease in all the available studies with temporal series of coeliac disease. The impacts and damage of over-fertilisation have been observed at an environmental scale (e.g., eutrophication and acid rain), but a potential direct effect of over-fertilisation is thus also possible on human health (coeliac disease). Keywords: global intensification of N fertilisation; wheat; allergenic proteins; gluten proteins; coeliac pathology Author: Josep Penuelas, Albert Gargallo-Garriga, Ivan A. Janssens, Philippe Ciais, Michael Obersteiner, Karel Klem, Otmar Urban, Yong-Guan Zhu and Jordi Sardans Creator: LaTeX with hyperref package Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.18 CreationDate: Thu Nov 5 09:41:55 2020 CET ModDate: Thu Nov 5 09:54:34 2020 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 21 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2105412 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- MIZSMD+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 YFZERG+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 XYIYJM+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 SYXPPI+Rpxr Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 23 0 JHITRF+Pxsy Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 27 0 ICBQUY+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 31 0 XBNVAE+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 39 0 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Title: Increased Prevalence of Coeliac Disease Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Could Global Intensification of Nitrogen Fertilisation Increase Immunogenic Proteins and Favour the Spread of Coeliac Pathology? Author: Josep Penuelas, Albert Gargallo-Garriga, Ivan A. Janssens, Philippe Ciais, Michael Obersteiner, Karel Klem, Otmar Urban, Yong-Guan Zhu and Jordi Sardans Subject: Fertilisation of cereal crops with nitrogen (N) has increased in the last five decades. In particular, the fertilisation of wheat crops increased by nearly one order of magnitude from 1961 to 2010, from 9.84 to 93.8 kg N ha-1 y-1. We hypothesized that this intensification of N fertilisation would increase the content of allergenic proteins in wheat which could likely be associated with the increased pathology of coeliac disease in human populations. An increase in the per capita intake of gliadin proteins, the group of gluten proteins principally responsible for the development of coeliac disease, would be the responsible factor. We conducted a global meta-analysis of available reports that supported our hypothesis: wheat plants growing in soils receiving higher doses of N fertilizer have higher total gluten, total gliadin, /-gliadin, -gliadin and -gliadin contents and higher gliadin transcription in their grain. We thereafter calculated the per capita annual average intake of gliadins from wheat and derived foods and found that it increased from 1961 to 2010 from approximately 2.4 to 3.8 kg y-1 per capita (+1.4 0.18 kg y-1 per capita, mean SE), i.e., increased by 58 7.5%. Finally, we found that this increase was positively correlated with the increase in the rates of coeliac disease in all the available studies with temporal series of coeliac disease. The impacts and damage of over-fertilisation have been observed at an environmental scale (e.g., eutrophication and acid rain), but a potential direct effect of over-fertilisation is thus also possible on human health (coeliac disease). 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