228021f58b185fefe9d81b42c07d8321 287467.pdf 3bf64219efcc1193d766553d25e70113f7cbdb12 287467.pdf 610f45a62c190c6997c553ca7744b71d27e4410bcb9e0cf4b4a3d0ec17c80a9a 287467.pdf Title: The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Adults with Major Depressive Disorder from Catalonia: A Decentralized Longitudinal Study Subject: The present study analyzes the effects of each containment phase of the first COVID-19 wave on depression levels in a cohort of 121 adults with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) from Catalonia recruited from 1 November 2019, to 16 October 2020. This analysis is part of the Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse-MDD (RADAR-MDD) study. Depression was evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), and anxiety was evaluated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Depression’s levels were explored across the phases (pre-lockdown, lockdown, and four post-lockdown phases) according to the restrictions of Spanish/Catalan governments. Then, a mixed model was fitted to estimate how depression varied over the phases. A significant rise in depression severity was found during the lockdown and phase 0 (early post-lockdown), compared with the pre-lockdown. Those with low pre-lockdown depression experienced an increase in depression severity during the “new normality”, while those with high pre-lockdown depression decreased compared with the pre-lockdown. These findings suggest that COVID-19 restrictions affected the depression level depending on their pre-lockdown depression severity. Individuals with low levels of depression are more reactive to external stimuli than those with more severe depression, so the lockdown may have worse detrimental effects on them. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; depression; anxiety; lockdown; quarantine; remote measurement technology; decentralized study; Spain Author: Raffaele Lavalle, Elena Condominas, Josep Maria Haro, Iago Giné-Vázquez, Raquel Bailon, Estela Laporta, Ester Garcia, Spyridon Kontaxis, Gemma Riquelme Alacid, Federica Lombardini, Antonio Preti, Maria Teresa Peñarrubia-Maria, Marta Coromina, Belén Arranz, Elisabet Vilella, Elena Rubio-Alacid, RADAR-MDD Spain, Faith Matcham, Femke Lamers, Matthew Hotopf, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Peter Annas, Vaibhav Narayan, Sara K. Simblett, Sara Siddi and the RADAR-CNS Consortium Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed Mar 15 08:44:03 2023 CET ModDate: Wed Mar 15 08:52:44 2023 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1365966 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- GIFXFT+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 LMAKNS+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 UJNSRH+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 FUTFAS+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 NYMGCG+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 LWQXII+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 46 0 IRWHZX+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 49 0 MLYEVU+MSAM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 77 0 LIHFFP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 84 0 LIHFGB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 87 0 LIHFJC+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 90 0 LIHHCK+Wingdings CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 93 0 LIHHCL+Arial CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 99 0 RQPVQI+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 109 0 LIHFFP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 116 0 LIHFGA+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 119 0 LIHFGB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 125 0 LIHFJC+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 128 0 UJUUJI+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 135 0 LWLIVD+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 139 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 146 0 LIHIHF+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 153 0 LIHFFP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 156 0 LIHFGA+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 159 0 LIHFGB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 165 0 LIHFJC+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 168 0 LIHFFP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 175 0 LIHFGA+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 178 0 LIHFGB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 184 0 LIHFJC+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 187 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-02-06 02:33:35 CET RepresentationInformation: 287467.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-02-05 14:47:48 CET Size: 1365966 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 475 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Design and Participants Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Measures Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Depression Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Anxiety Symptoms Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Socialdemographic Variables Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.6 Item: Title: Implications and Future Directions Destination: section.7 Item: Title: Limitations and Strengths Destination: section.8 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.9 Item: Title: References Destination: section.9 Info: Title: The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Adults with Major Depressive Disorder from Catalonia: A Decentralized Longitudinal Study Author: Raffaele Lavalle, Elena Condominas, Josep Maria Haro, Iago Giné-Vázquez, Raquel Bailon, Estela Laporta, Ester Garcia, Spyridon Kontaxis, Gemma Riquelme Alacid, Federica Lombardini, Antonio Preti, Maria Teresa Peñarrubia-Maria, Marta Coromina, Belén Arranz, Elisabet Vilella, Elena Rubio-Alacid, RADAR-MDD Spain, Faith Matcham, Femke Lamers, Matthew Hotopf, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Peter Annas, Vaibhav Narayan, Sara K. Simblett, Sara Siddi and the RADAR-CNS Consortium Subject: The present study analyzes the effects of each containment phase of the first COVID-19 wave on depression levels in a cohort of 121 adults with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) from Catalonia recruited from 1 November 2019, to 16 October 2020. This analysis is part of the Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse-MDD (RADAR-MDD) study. Depression was evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), and anxiety was evaluated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Depression’s levels were explored across the phases (pre-lockdown, lockdown, and four post-lockdown phases) according to the restrictions of Spanish/Catalan governments. Then, a mixed model was fitted to estimate how depression varied over the phases. A significant rise in depression severity was found during the lockdown and phase 0 (early post-lockdown), compared with the pre-lockdown. Those with low pre-lockdown depression experienced an increase in depression severity during the “new normality”, while those with high pre-lockdown depression decreased compared with the pre-lockdown. These findings suggest that COVID-19 restrictions affected the depression level depending on their pre-lockdown depression severity. Individuals with low levels of depression are more reactive to external stimuli than those with more severe depression, so the lockdown may have worse detrimental effects on them. 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