ca51864fc2bbf12e98c918c58def94dc remotesensing_a2020v12n24art4108.pdf 143f8183a3d50222cd55a104369aa4511ad25c75 remotesensing_a2020v12n24art4108.pdf 7b0b7f4a5eea2b7fe3b29c7c930aae230a6e338049d7a513dc5bb60dddb93449 remotesensing_a2020v12n24art4108.pdf Title: Surface Energy Flux Estimation in Two Boreal Settings in Alaska Using a Thermal-Based Remote Sensing Model Subject: Recent Arctic warming has led to changes in the hydrological cycle. Circum-Arctic and circumboreal ecosystems are showing evidence of “greening” and “browning” due to temperature warming leading to shrub encroachment, tree mortality and deciduousness. Increases in latent heat flux from increased evapotranspiration rates associated with deciduous-dominated ecosystems may be significant, because deciduous vegetation has extremely high-water use and water storage capacity compared to coniferous and herbaceous plant species. Thus, the impact of vegetation change in boreal ecosystems on regional surface energy balance is a significant knowledge gap that must be addressed to better understand observed trends in water use/availability and tree mortality. To this end, output from a two-source energy balance model (TSEB) with modifications for high latitude boreal ecosystems was evaluated using flux tower measurements and Terra/Aqua MODIS remote sensing data collected over the two largest boreal forest types in Alaska (birch and black spruce). Data under clear and overcast days and from leaf-out to senescence from 2012 to 2016 were used for validation. Using flux tower observations and local model inputs, modifications to the model formulation for soil heat flux, net radiation partitioning, and canopy transpiration were required for the boreal forest. These improvements resulted in a mean absolute percent difference of around 23% for turbulent daytime fluxes when surface temperature from the flux towers was used, similar to errors reported in other studies conducted in warmer climates. Results when surface temperature from Terra/Aqua MODIS estimates were used as model input suggested that these model improvements are pertinent for regional scale applications. Vegetation indices and LAI time-series from the Terra/Aqua MODIS products were confirmed to be appropriate for energy flux estimation in the boreal forest to describe vegetation properties (LAI and green fraction) when field observations are not available. Model improvements for boreal settings identified in this study will be implemented operationally over North America to map surface energy fluxes at regional scales using long time series of remote sensing estimates as part of NOAA’s GOES Evapotranspiration and Drought Information System. Keywords: surface energy fluxes; MODIS; boreal forest; evapotranspiration; thermal infrared Author: Jordi Cristóbal, Anupma Prakash, Martha C. Anderson, William P. Kustas, Joseph G. 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IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Methodology Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Overview of the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) Model Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Adjustments to the Effective Priestley Taylor and the Soil Heat Flux Configurations for Boreal Forest Settings Destination: subsection.2.2 Children: Item: Title: TSEB Priestley Taylor Coefficient Modifications and Evaluation Destination: subsubsection.2.2.1 Item: Title: Modifications and Evaluation for Soil Heat Flux Destination: subsubsection.2.2.2 Item: Title: Study Area and Instrumentation Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Model Input and Evaluation Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Micrometeorological Data Processing Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Remote Sensing Estimates of Vegetation Properties Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Results and Discussion Destination: section.5 Children: Item: Title: Model Performance Using In-Situ TRAD Measurements Destination: subsection.5.1 Item: Title: Evaluation of Remote Sensing Vegetation Properties Estimates Destination: subsection.5.2 Item: Title: Seasonal Dynamics in Surface Energy Fluxes Destination: subsection.5.3 Item: Title: Model Performance Using Remote Sensing TRAD Estimates Destination: subsection.5.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.6 Item: Title: Summary of Equations Used to Estimate Aerodynamic Resistances in TSEB Destination: section.A. Item: Title: References Destination: AMS.40 Info: Title: Surface Energy Flux Estimation in Two Boreal Settings in Alaska Using a Thermal-Based Remote Sensing Model Author: Jordi Cristóbal, Anupma Prakash, Martha C. Anderson, William P. Kustas, Joseph G. Alfieri and Rudiger Gens Subject: Recent Arctic warming has led to changes in the hydrological cycle. Circum-Arctic and circumboreal ecosystems are showing evidence of “greening” and “browning” due to temperature warming leading to shrub encroachment, tree mortality and deciduousness. Increases in latent heat flux from increased evapotranspiration rates associated with deciduous-dominated ecosystems may be significant, because deciduous vegetation has extremely high-water use and water storage capacity compared to coniferous and herbaceous plant species. Thus, the impact of vegetation change in boreal ecosystems on regional surface energy balance is a significant knowledge gap that must be addressed to better understand observed trends in water use/availability and tree mortality. To this end, output from a two-source energy balance model (TSEB) with modifications for high latitude boreal ecosystems was evaluated using flux tower measurements and Terra/Aqua MODIS remote sensing data collected over the two largest boreal forest types in Alaska (birch and black spruce). Data under clear and overcast days and from leaf-out to senescence from 2012 to 2016 were used for validation. Using flux tower observations and local model inputs, modifications to the model formulation for soil heat flux, net radiation partitioning, and canopy transpiration were required for the boreal forest. These improvements resulted in a mean absolute percent difference of around 23% for turbulent daytime fluxes when surface temperature from the flux towers was used, similar to errors reported in other studies conducted in warmer climates. Results when surface temperature from Terra/Aqua MODIS estimates were used as model input suggested that these model improvements are pertinent for regional scale applications. Vegetation indices and LAI time-series from the Terra/Aqua MODIS products were confirmed to be appropriate for energy flux estimation in the boreal forest to describe vegetation properties (LAI and green fraction) when field observations are not available. Model improvements for boreal settings identified in this study will be implemented operationally over North America to map surface energy fluxes at regional scales using long time series of remote sensing estimates as part of NOAA’s GOES Evapotranspiration and Drought Information System. 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