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Title:           Training in the practice of noninvasive brain stimulation: Recommendations from an IFCN committee
Keywords:        Training, Guidelines, Noninvasive brain stimulation, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, Transcranial electric stimulation
Author:          Peter J. Fried, Emiliano Santarnecchi, Andrea Antal, David Bartres-Faz, Sven Bestmann, Linda L. Carpenter, Pablo Celnik, Dylan Edwards, Faranak Farzan, Shirley Fecteau, Mark S. George, Bin He, Yun-Hee Kim, Letizia Leocani, Sarah H. Lisanby, Colleen Loo, Bruce Luber, Michael A. Nitsche, Walter Paulus, Simone Rossi, Paolo M. Rossini, John Rothwell, Alexander T. Sack, Gregor Thut, Yoshikazu Ugawa, Ulf Ziemann, Mark Hallett, Alvaro Pascual-Leone
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     Item: 
      Title: Abstract
     Item: 
      Title: Introduction
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: The purpose of these guidelines
       Item: 
        Title: The importance of these guidelines
       Item: 
        Title: The potential impact of these guidelines
       Item: 
        Title: The development of these guidelines Methods
     Item: 
      Title: The trainees
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: The Technician
       Item: 
        Title: The Clinician
       Item: 
        Title: The Scientist
     Item: 
      Title: Guidelines for training courses and trainers
     Item: 
      Title: Competencies
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Overview and list of competencies
       Item: 
        Title: TMS: Core knowledge
        Children: 
         Item: 
          Title: Basic mechanisms of TMS
         Item: 
          Title: Fundamentals in design of TMS devices
         Item: 
          Title: Neuroanatomy and physiology
         Item: 
          Title: Fundamentals of clinical neurophysiology
         Item: 
          Title: Regulatory landscape
         Item: 
          Title: Knowledge of the literature
       Item: 
        Title: TMS: Safety and ethical concerns
        Children: 
         Item: 
          Title: Recruiting, screening, and consenting
         Item: 
          Title: Adverse effects of TMS
         Item: 
          Title: Identifying and managing seizures and syncopal episodes
         Item: 
          Title: Recognizing and addressing needs of special populations
         Item: 
          Title: Recognizing and addressing disease-specific conditions and complications
       Item: 
        Title: TMS: Basic skills
        Children: 
         Item: 
          Title: Device operation
         Item: 
          Title: Basic neurophysiology methods
         Item: 
          Title: Coil handling and placement
         Item: 
          Title: Scalp-based targeting
         Item: 
          Title: Mapping the motor hotspot
         Item: 
          Title: Assessing motor cortex excitability during rest
         Item: 
          Title: Assessing motor cortex excitability during voluntary contraction
         Item: 
          Title: Conventional rTMS protocols in research and clinical practice
         Item: 
          Title: Theta-burst repetitive stimulation paradigms
       Item: 
        Title: TMS: Advanced skills
        Children: 
         Item: 
          Title: Neuronavigation
         Item: 
          Title: Navigated mapping of the motor cortex
         Item: 
          Title: Assessing non-motor cortical function
         Item: 
          Title: Assessing the MEP input-output curve
         Item: 
          Title: Assessing central motor conduction time
         Item: 
          Title: Paired-pulse to one brain region
         Item: 
          Title: Paired-pulse to two brain regions
         Item: 
          Title: Paired central-peripheral stimulation
         Item: 
          Title: Patterned repetitive stimulation paradigms
         Item: 
          Title: Combined TMS and EEG
         Item: 
          Title: Combined TMS and neuroimaging
         Item: 
          Title: Combining TMS with other interventions
         Item: 
          Title: Approaches to sham/placebo TMS
       Item: 
        Title: tES: Core knowledge
        Children: 
         Item: 
          Title: Basic mechanisms
         Item: 
          Title: Fundamentals in design of tES devices
         Item: 
          Title: Safety and risk
         Item: 
          Title: Knowledge of the literature
         Item: 
          Title: Regulatory landscape
         Item: 
          Title: tES: Safety and ethical concerns
         Item: 
          Title: Adverse effects of tES
         Item: 
          Title: Recruiting, screening, and consenting
         Item: 
          Title: Recognizing and addressing needs of special populations
         Item: 
          Title: Recognizing and addressing disease-specific conditions and complications
         Item: 
          Title: tES: Basic skills
         Item: 
          Title: Device operation
         Item: 
          Title: Basic applications of tES
         Item: 
          Title: Transcranial direct current stimulation tDCS
         Item: 
          Title: Transcranial alternating current stimulation tACS
         Item: 
          Title: Transcranial random noise stimulation tRNS
         Item: 
          Title: Approaches to sham/placebo tES
       Item: 
        Title: tES: Advanced skills
        Children: 
         Item: 
          Title: Theory and methods of multifocal/multisite tES
         Item: 
          Title: Combined tES and EEG
         Item: 
          Title: Combined tES and neuroimaging
     Item: 
      Title: Assessment and documentation of competencies
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Assessment of didactic knowledge
       Item: 
        Title: Assessments of practical skills
     Item: 
      Title: Summary and future directions
     Item: 
      Title: References
     Item: 
      Title: Table 1
     Item: 
      Title: Table 2
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