MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B 2020, VOL. 5, NO. 3, 2652–2654 https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2020.1778569 MITOGENOME ANNOUNCEMENT Characterization of the complete plastome sequence of perennial sowthistle, Sonchus arvensis (Asteraceae) Susanna Abdalla Masanaa,b, Seon-Hee Kima and Seung-Chul Kima a Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; bDepartment of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The first complete chloroplast genome sequence of Sonchus arvensis, a herbaceous perennial, and its Received 26 May 2020 phylogenetic position relative to a member of the annual weedy and woody perennial species of Accepted 30 May 2020 Sonchus were reported in this study. Here, we assembled the complete plastome sequence of 151,967 KEYWORDS base pairs (bp) in length, comprising 84,251 bp of a large single copy (LSC) and 18,184 bp (SSC) of Chloroplast genome; small single copy confined between 24,766 bp of inverted repeats (IR). The genome contained 130 Sonchus arvensis; genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, six ribosomal RNA, and 37 transfer RNA genes. The overall Asteraceae; phylogenetic GC content was 37.6% (LSC, 35.8%; SSC, 31.5%; IRs, 43.0%). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that peren- relationships nial S. arvensis is sister to the clade containing the weedy species of Sonchus. Sonchus arvensis (milk field thistle, field or perennial sowthis- to building a global plastome phylogenomic framework of tle) belongs to the subgenus Sonchus, section Arvenses, and Sonchus, we sequenced the complete plastome sequences of represents one of multiple recently radiated and highly unre- S. arvensis and assessed its phylogenetic position. solved lineages within the genus Sonchus (Kim et al. 2004, Total DNA (Voucher specimen: 41 140 27.900 N 83 410 51.100 W, 2007; Mejıas et al. 2018). Two infraspecific taxa, subsp. uligi- OS418412) was isolated using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit nosus (2n ¼ 4x ¼ 36) and subsp. arvensis (2n ¼ 6x ¼ 54), are (Qiagen, Carlsbad, CA) and sequenced by the Illumina HiSeq currently recognized with native distributions in Europe and platform at Macrogen Corporation (Seoul, Korea). A total of western Asia (Boulos 1973). Naturally occurring hybrids pro- 54,961,730 paired-end reads were assembled de novo with duced by the two subspecies have been detected in recently Velvet v. 1.2.10 using multiple k-mers (Zerbino and Birney introduced areas where they are sympatric (Lemna and 2008) and annotated by the Dual Organellar GenoMe Messersmith 1990). As a noxious weed, S. arvensis has been Annotator (Wyman et al. 2004), ARAGORN v1.2.36 (Laslett rapidly introduced into various continents and countries, and Canback 2004), and RNAmmer 1.2 Server (Lagesen including North America, South America, Australia, Indonesia, et al. 2007). Philippines, etc. In addition to being an early successional The complete chloroplast genome (GenBank: MT435526) inhabitant on recently disturbed sites, S. arvensis is known for of S. arvensis is 151,967 base pairs (bp) in length, containing containing several active pharmaceutical compounds (Lemna a large single copy (LSC; 84,251 bp), a small single copy (SSC; and Messersmith 1990; Wahyuni et al. 2020). In the case of 18,184 bp), and two inverted repeats (IRa and IRb; 24,766 bp the phylogenetic position of S. arvensis, it is closely related to diploid (2n ¼ 2x ¼ 18) perennial species of Sonchus, including each). The overall GC content was 37.6% (LSC, 35.8%; SSC, S. maritimus and S. crassifolius in sect. Maritimi and S. bra- 31.5%; IRs, 43.0%) and the chloroplast contained 130 genes chyotus in the same section Arvenses (Kim et al. 2007; Mejıas of which 87 were protein-coding genes, six coded for rRNA, et al. 2018). With regard to the plastome organization and and 37 for tRNA genes. To further investigate its phylogen- evolution within the genus Sonchus, we have been generat- etic position, eight representative species of Sonchus were ing the complete plastome sequences of woody perennials in aligned using MAFFT v.7 (Katoh and Standley, 2013) and the Canary Islands (Cho et al. 2019a), annual weedy species maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was conducted using IQ- (Cho et al. 2019b), and one paleoendemic perennial species TREE v.1.4.2 (Nguyen et al. 2015). The ML tree showed that S. (Kim et al. 2019). Thus, we still know very little about the arvensis is sister to a clade containing members of the weedy plastomes of other perennial species of Sonchus. As an effort Sonchus species, i.e., S. oleraceus and S. asper (Figure 1). CONTACT Seung-Chul Kim sonchus96@skku.edu Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea ß 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B 2653 Lactuca sava (DQ383816) 100 Outgroup Lactuca sava (AP007232) Sonchus webbii (MK033508) Subgenus Dendrosonchus 100 Sonchus leptocephalus (MN334533) The Woody Sonchus 100 alliance in the Sonchus acaulis (MK033507) Canary Islands 100 100 Sonchus canariensis (MK033506) Secon Sonchus boulosii (MK016665) Pulvina 100 Secon Sonchus arvensis (MT435526) Arvensis 100 Sonchus asper (MK371016) Subgenus Sonchus 100 Sonchus oleraceus (MH908962) Secon Sonchus Sonchus asper (MK371015) and Asperi Sonchus oleraceus (MK371006) 100 0.002 Sonchus oleraceus (MG878405) Figure 1. The maximum-likelihood (ML) tree based on 13 representative chloroplast genomes of Asteraceae, 11 of which are from the genus Sonchus. The genus Lactuca was used as an outgroup, and the bootstrap value based on 1000 replicates is shown in each node. Acknowledgments References We are grateful to UAB and SKKU for arranging and facilitating the Boulos L. 1973. Revision syst ematique du genre Sonchus L. s.l. IV. Sous- exchange program and the degree of Genetics for including an External genre 1. Sonchus Bot Notiser. 126:155–196. Practicum program. The first author thanks the Kim laboratory people at Cho M-S, Kim JH, Kim C-S, Mejıas JA, Kim S-C. 2019b. Sow thistle chloro- SKKU for their help during the course of this study. plast genomes: insights into the plastome evolution and relationship of two weedy species, Sonchus asper and Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae). Genes. 10:881. Cho M-S, Yang JY, Yang T-J, Kim S-C. 2019a. 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