be230a79c453c2a35e378b3f8ef5b080 processes_a2021v9n2p208.pdf dfbda8d7a829cfbdcc234c8adbfeaf0ae6e98961 processes_a2021v9n2p208.pdf 809e884b61e79850016c747ee314b74490692b17766b9df8dceb625b8680a94a processes_a2021v9n2p208.pdf Title: Model-Based Analysis of Feedback Control Strategies in Aerobic Biotrickling Filters for Biogas Desulfurization Subject: Biotrickling filters are one of the most widely used biological technologies to perform biogas desulfurization. Their industrial application has been hampered due to the difficulty to achieve a robust and reliable operation of this bioreactor. Specifically, biotrickling filters process performance is affected mostly by fluctuations in the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) loading rate due to changes in the gas inlet concentration or in the volumetric gas flowrate. The process can be controlled by means of the regulation of the air flowrate (AFR) to control the oxygen (O2) gas outlet concentration ([O2]out) and the trickling liquid velocity (TLV) to control the H2S gas outlet concentration ([H2S]out). In this work, efforts were placed towards the understanding and development of control strategies in biological H2S removal in a biotrickling filter under aerobic conditions. Classical proportional and proportional-integral feedback controllers were applied in a model of an aerobic biotrickling filter for biogas desulfurization. Two different control loops were studied: (i) AFR Closed-Loop based on AFR regulation to control the [O2]out, and (ii) TLV Closed-Loop based on TLV regulation to control the [H2S]out. AFR regulation span was limited to values so that corresponds to biogas dilution factors that would give a biogas mixture with a minimum methane content in air, far from those values required to obtain an explosive mixture. A minimum TLV of 5.9 m h-1 was applied to provide the nutrients and moisture to the packed bed and a maximum TLV of 28.3 m h-1 was set to prevent biotrickling filter (BTF) flooding. Control loops were evaluated with a stepwise increase from 2000 ppmv until 6000 ppmv and with changes in the biogas flowrate using stepwise increments from 61.5 L h-1 (EBRT = 118 s) to 184.5 L h-1 (EBRT = 48.4 s). Controller parameters were determined based on time-integral criteria and simple criteria such as stability and oscillatory controller response. Before implementing the control strategies, two different mass transfer correlations were evaluated to study the effect of the manipulable variables. Open-loop behavior was also studied to determine the impact of control strategies on process performance variables such as removal efficiency, sulfate and sulfur selectivity, and oxygen consumption. AFR regulation efficiently controlled [O2]out; however, the impact on process performance parameters was not as great as when TLV was regulated to control [H2S]out. This model-based analysis provided valuable information about the controllability limits of each strategy and the impact that each strategy can have on the process performance. Keywords: biotrickling filter; biogas; process modeling; control strategies; feedback control; H2S removal Author: Luis Rafael López, Mabel Mora, Caroline Van der Heyden, Juan Antonio Baeza, Eveline Volcke and David Gabriel Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Feb 5 07:20:18 2021 CET ModDate: Fri Feb 5 07:25:44 2021 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 21 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 3619847 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- GFKJOY+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 CTLBFF+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 DUBXCQ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 SXFEVQ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 BZMRRX+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 28 0 SOZKOC+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 32 0 BHUVWR+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 40 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 62 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 66 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 70 0 GIGFZE+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 82 0 AXLMHL+CMEX10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 89 0 CHCXXV+PazoMath-Italic Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 96 0 LEZZPE+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 100 0 WBBAQF+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 107 0 IKXQUG+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 136 0 TMHVPV+MSAM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 144 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-10-02 03:55:36 CEST RepresentationInformation: processes_a2021v9n2p208.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-03-31 11:50:24 CEST Size: 3619847 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 440 FreeObjects: 19 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Liquid-Gas Transfer Correlations Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Open-Loop Study Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Closed-Loop Study Destination: subsection.2.3 Children: Item: Title: Definition of Closed-Loop Scenarios Destination: subsubsection.2.3.1 Item: Title: Controller Tuning Destination: subsubsection.2.3.2 Item: Title: Added Value of Feedback Control Strategies on Biogas Desulfurization in Aerobic Biotrickling Filters Destination: subsubsection.2.3.3 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Selection of a Suitable Oxygen Mass Transfer Correlation Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Analysis of Open-Loop Behavior: Effect of H2S LR Changes Due to H2S Inlet Concentration and Biogas Flowrate Changes on BTF Performance Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Controller Tuning Destination: subsection.3.3 Children: Item: Title: Air Flowrate Closed-Loop Scenario Destination: subsubsection.3.3.1 Item: Title: Trickling liquid velocity Closed-Loop Scenario Destination: subsubsection.3.3.2 Item: Title: Selecting the Most Suitable Feedback Controller and Control Strategy Destination: subsection.3.4 Children: Item: Title: Selecting the Most Suitable Feedback Controller and Control Strategy to Face Disturbances in Inlet H2S Concentration Destination: subsubsection.3.4.1 Item: Title: Selecting the Most Suitable Feedback Controller Using a TLV-CL Control Strategy to Face Variable Biogas Flowrate Destination: subsubsection.3.4.2 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Destination: section.A. Children: Item: Title: Flowchart of the Methodology Followed for Feedback Control Strategies Evaluation Destination: subsection.A.1 Item: Title: Equations for Sulfur Mass Balances and the Amount of O2 Consumed Destination: subsection.A.2 Item: Title: Constants Needed for the Calculation of Mass Transfer Correlations Destination: subsection.A.3 Item: Title: References Destination: specialtable.caption.33 Info: Title: Model-Based Analysis of Feedback Control Strategies in Aerobic Biotrickling Filters for Biogas Desulfurization Author: Luis Rafael López, Mabel Mora, Caroline Van der Heyden, Juan Antonio Baeza, Eveline Volcke and David Gabriel Subject: Biotrickling filters are one of the most widely used biological technologies to perform biogas desulfurization. Their industrial application has been hampered due to the difficulty to achieve a robust and reliable operation of this bioreactor. Specifically, biotrickling filters process performance is affected mostly by fluctuations in the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) loading rate due to changes in the gas inlet concentration or in the volumetric gas flowrate. The process can be controlled by means of the regulation of the air flowrate (AFR) to control the oxygen (O2) gas outlet concentration ([O2]out) and the trickling liquid velocity (TLV) to control the H2S gas outlet concentration ([H2S]out). In this work, efforts were placed towards the understanding and development of control strategies in biological H2S removal in a biotrickling filter under aerobic conditions. Classical proportional and proportional-integral feedback controllers were applied in a model of an aerobic biotrickling filter for biogas desulfurization. Two different control loops were studied: (i) AFR Closed-Loop based on AFR regulation to control the [O2]out, and (ii) TLV Closed-Loop based on TLV regulation to control the [H2S]out. AFR regulation span was limited to values so that corresponds to biogas dilution factors that would give a biogas mixture with a minimum methane content in air, far from those values required to obtain an explosive mixture. A minimum TLV of 5.9 m h-1 was applied to provide the nutrients and moisture to the packed bed and a maximum TLV of 28.3 m h-1 was set to prevent biotrickling filter (BTF) flooding. Control loops were evaluated with a stepwise increase from 2000 ppmv until 6000 ppmv and with changes in the biogas flowrate using stepwise increments from 61.5 L h-1 (EBRT = 118 s) to 184.5 L h-1 (EBRT = 48.4 s). Controller parameters were determined based on time-integral criteria and simple criteria such as stability and oscillatory controller response. Before implementing the control strategies, two different mass transfer correlations were evaluated to study the effect of the manipulable variables. Open-loop behavior was also studied to determine the impact of control strategies on process performance variables such as removal efficiency, sulfate and sulfur selectivity, and oxygen consumption. AFR regulation efficiently controlled [O2]out; however, the impact on process performance parameters was not as great as when TLV was regulated to control [H2S]out. This model-based analysis provided valuable information about the controllability limits of each strategy and the impact that each strategy can have on the process performance. 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