8ecc0d00174b0ae3eac689f46d0cec23 forests_a2021v12n2p236.pdf 1e72f17a9d92008b84666bce0d66f61146563e62 forests_a2021v12n2p236.pdf 71e8a43a4a62dfb1fcd9f4730b674479728669250083e7f57ddc6205e55f04f6 forests_a2021v12n2p236.pdf Title: Soil Cover Improves Soil Quality in a Young Walnut Forest in the Sichuan Basin, China Subject: The soil quality index (SQI) is based on several key indicators and is used to assess soil quality. More than 250,000 ha of walnut saplings (Juglans regia L.) were planted in previous cropland areas in the Sichuan Basin, China, using a range of soil cover types that may affect soil quality with effects that are unclear. We investigated the effects of white film (WF), black film (BF), shade netting (SN), and maize straw (MS) soil cover types and an uncovered control type (CK) on soil chemical and biological indicators and the SQI in the 0–15 cm soil layer in a young walnut forest in the Sichuan Basin over a 27-month study period. The results showed that all soil cover types increased the soil organic matter (SOM), total potassium (TK), and available potassium (AK) concentrations (p < 0.05), whereas the total nitrogen (TN) and available nitrogen (AN) concentrations were greater only in soils covered by MS than in CK (p < 0.05). The available phosphorus concentrations were 64.1 and 193.2% greater in soils covered by BF and MS treatments, respectively, than in the CK (p < 0.05). The numbers of soil faunal groups (N) were 45.7, 36.4, 37.2, and 101.5% higher in WF, BF, SN, and MS, respectively, than in CK (p < 0.05); the individual numbers (S) were 92.3, 36.2, 100.8, and 154.5% greater in WF, BF, SN, and MS, respectively, than in CK (p < 0.05). The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was 15.5, 32.3, 45.0, and 77.1% greater in WF, BF, SN, and MS than in CK, respectively (p < 0.05). Redundancy discriminant analysis revealed strong positive interactions between biological indicators (MBC, N, and S) and SOM, AN, and AK concentrations. SOM, TN, AK, S, and MBC were the minimum required variables for the effective assessment of the SQI. All four soil cover types led to an improved SQI (p < 0.05), and MS had the greatest effect on SOM, TN, AN, AP, N, S, MBC, and SQI (p < 0.05). In conclusion, all four soil cover types increased the SOM levels, TK, AK, and MBC concentrations, soil faunal diversity, and SQI. The MS treatment was the most cost-effective and efficient measure to improve soil fertility, ecological function, and overall soil quality in the studied walnut forest. Keywords: soil quality; soil cover; forest soil; microbial biomass carbon; soil fauna; biogeochemical cycle Author: Liehua Tie, Maosong Feng, Congde Huang, Josep Peñuelas, Jordi Sardans, Wenyu Bai, Dongmiao Han, Tao Wu and Wenbing Li Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed Feb 24 06:39:46 2021 CET ModDate: Wed Feb 24 09:54:42 2021 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 3011518 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- QKZKVH+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 QZAWOQ+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 IKJPMF+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 TBBJBX+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 51 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 55 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 59 0 YFFKLH+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 71 0 JHYTSG+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 87 0 QQXUPP+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 91 0 DZDHLO+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 113 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-10-02 03:54:29 CEST RepresentationInformation: forests_a2021v12n2p236.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-03-31 11:50:32 CEST Size: 3011518 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 347 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Site Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Experimental Design Destination: subsection.2.2 Children: Item: Title: Walnut Planting and Management Destination: subsubsection.2.2.1 Item: Title: Plot Design Destination: subsubsection.2.2.2 Item: Title: Soil Sampling and Analysis Destination: subsection.2.3 Children: Item: Title: Soil Chemical Indicators and MBC Destination: subsubsection.2.3.1 Item: Title: Soil Fauna Destination: subsubsection.2.3.2 Item: Title: Calculation of the SQI Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Statistical Analyses Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Effect of Soil Cover on Soil Chemical Indicators Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Effect of Soil Cover on Soil Fauna Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Effect of Soil Cover on Soil MBC Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Effect of Soil Cover on SQI Value Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Relationships Between Soil Biological Indicators and Soil Chemical Indicators Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Soil Cover Altered Soil Nutrient Concentrations Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Soil Cover Increased Soil MBC and Faunal Diversity Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Soil Cover Improved the SQI Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Soil Cover Improves Soil Quality in a Young Walnut Forest in the Sichuan Basin, China Author: Liehua Tie, Maosong Feng, Congde Huang, Josep Peñuelas, Jordi Sardans, Wenyu Bai, Dongmiao Han, Tao Wu and Wenbing Li Subject: The soil quality index (SQI) is based on several key indicators and is used to assess soil quality. More than 250,000 ha of walnut saplings (Juglans regia L.) were planted in previous cropland areas in the Sichuan Basin, China, using a range of soil cover types that may affect soil quality with effects that are unclear. We investigated the effects of white film (WF), black film (BF), shade netting (SN), and maize straw (MS) soil cover types and an uncovered control type (CK) on soil chemical and biological indicators and the SQI in the 0 15 cm soil layer in a young walnut forest in the Sichuan Basin over a 27-month study period. The results showed that all soil cover types increased the soil organic matter (SOM), total potassium (TK), and available potassium (AK) concentrations (p < 0.05), whereas the total nitrogen (TN) and available nitrogen (AN) concentrations were greater only in soils covered by MS than in CK (p < 0.05). The available phosphorus concentrations were 64.1 and 193.2% greater in soils covered by BF and MS treatments, respectively, than in the CK (p < 0.05). The numbers of soil faunal groups (N) were 45.7, 36.4, 37.2, and 101.5% higher in WF, BF, SN, and MS, respectively, than in CK (p < 0.05); the individual numbers (S) were 92.3, 36.2, 100.8, and 154.5% greater in WF, BF, SN, and MS, respectively, than in CK (p < 0.05). The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was 15.5, 32.3, 45.0, and 77.1% greater in WF, BF, SN, and MS than in CK, respectively (p < 0.05). Redundancy discriminant analysis revealed strong positive interactions between biological indicators (MBC, N, and S) and SOM, AN, and AK concentrations. SOM, TN, AK, S, and MBC were the minimum required variables for the effective assessment of the SQI. All four soil cover types led to an improved SQI (p < 0.05), and MS had the greatest effect on SOM, TN, AN, AP, N, S, MBC, and SQI (p < 0.05). In conclusion, all four soil cover types increased the SOM levels, TK, AK, and MBC concentrations, soil faunal diversity, and SQI. The MS treatment was the most cost-effective and efficient measure to improve soil fertility, ecological function, and overall soil quality in the studied walnut forest. Keywords: soil quality; soil cover; forest soil; microbial biomass carbon; soil fauna; biogeochemical cycle Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed Feb 24 06:39:46 CET 2021 ModDate: Wed Feb 24 09:54:42 CET 2021 ID: 0xdb0321d5a052340b8cfb8f91299c53c8, 0xdb0321d5a052340b8cfb8f91299c53c8 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: DZDHLO+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 49 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: DZDHLO+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: IKJPMF+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 241 FontDescriptor: FontName: IKJPMF+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: YFFKLH+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 48 FontDescriptor: FontName: YFFKLH+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, 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