88da3658e64ece98c074a66e180fd3db forests_a2021v12n3p306.pdf 7fe40d02314f0b6cd9897e87c97e153d5e703843 forests_a2021v12n3p306.pdf 93c40436cd86f2f458480e5081eb55d35a0a1ca0b7554d8d083382e38818b297 forests_a2021v12n3p306.pdf Title: Climate Change Effects in a Mediterranean Forest Following 21 Consecutive Years of Experimental Drought Subject: Research Highlights: A small, long-term decrease in the water availability in a Mediterranean holm oak forest elicited strong effects on tree stem growth, mortality, and species composition, which led to changes in the ecosystem function and service provision. Background and Objectives: Many forest ecosystems are increasingly challenged by stress conditions under climate change. These new environmental constraints may drive changes in species distribution and ecosystem function. Materials and Methods: An evergreen Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forest was subjected to 21 consecutive years of experimental drought (performing 30% of rainfall exclusion resulted in a 15% decrease in soil moisture). The effects of the annual climatic conditions and the experimental drought on a tree and shrub basal area increment were studied, with a focus on the two most dominant species (Q. ilex and the tall shrub Phillyrea latifolia L.). Results: Stem growth decreased and tree mortality increased under the experimental drought conditions and in hot and dry years. These effects differed between the two dominant species: the basal area of Q. ilex (the current, supradominant species) was dependent on water availability and climatic conditions, whereas P. latifolia was more tolerant to drought and experienced increased growth rates in plots where Q. ilex decay rates were high. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that small changes in water availability drive changes in species growth, composition, and distribution, as demonstrated by the continuous and ongoing replacement of the current supradominant Q. ilex by the subdominant P. latifolia, which is better adapted to tolerate hot and dry environments. The consequences of these ecological transformations for ecosystem function and service provision to human society are discussed. Keywords: basal area increment; climate change; forest dieback; Mediterranean forest; stem growth; water availability Author: Romà Ogaya and Josep Peñuelas Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Sat Mar 6 10:37:16 2021 CET ModDate: Sat Mar 6 10:42:59 2021 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 11 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 4323093 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- DSJVZH+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 JMRFZQ+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 NAEGRZ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 TPJMNS+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 WNWTFR+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 55 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 59 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 63 0 YFFKLH+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 75 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 90 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 94 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 98 0 Times New Roman TrueType WinAnsi no no no 102 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 105 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 117 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 121 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 125 0 Times New Roman TrueType WinAnsi no no no 129 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 132 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 147 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 151 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 155 0 Times New Roman TrueType WinAnsi no no no 159 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 167 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 171 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 175 0 Times New Roman TrueType WinAnsi no no no 179 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 191 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 195 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 199 0 Times New Roman TrueType WinAnsi no no no 203 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 215 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 219 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 223 0 Times New Roman TrueType WinAnsi no no no 227 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 230 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 240 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 244 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 248 0 Times New Roman TrueType WinAnsi no no no 252 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 255 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 270 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 274 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 278 0 Times New Roman TrueType WinAnsi no no no 282 0 ABCDEE+Palatino Linotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 285 0 EBLVEP+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 302 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-10-02 03:53:53 CEST RepresentationInformation: forests_a2021v12n3p306.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-03-31 11:50:38 CEST Size: 4323093 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 439 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Site Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Experimental Design Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Basal Area Determination Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Data Analysis Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Soil Moisture and Leaf Water Potential Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Climate Effects on Stem Growth Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Drought Effects on Stem Growth Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Destination: section.A. Item: Title: References Destination: specialtable.caption.9 Info: Title: Climate Change Effects in a Mediterranean Forest Following 21 Consecutive Years of Experimental Drought Author: Romà Ogaya and Josep Peñuelas Subject: Research Highlights: A small, long-term decrease in the water availability in a Mediterranean holm oak forest elicited strong effects on tree stem growth, mortality, and species composition, which led to changes in the ecosystem function and service provision. Background and Objectives: Many forest ecosystems are increasingly challenged by stress conditions under climate change. These new environmental constraints may drive changes in species distribution and ecosystem function. Materials and Methods: An evergreen Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forest was subjected to 21 consecutive years of experimental drought (performing 30% of rainfall exclusion resulted in a 15% decrease in soil moisture). The effects of the annual climatic conditions and the experimental drought on a tree and shrub basal area increment were studied, with a focus on the two most dominant species (Q. ilex and the tall shrub Phillyrea latifolia L.). Results: Stem growth decreased and tree mortality increased under the experimental drought conditions and in hot and dry years. These effects differed between the two dominant species: the basal area of Q. ilex (the current, supradominant species) was dependent on water availability and climatic conditions, whereas P. latifolia was more tolerant to drought and experienced increased growth rates in plots where Q. ilex decay rates were high. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that small changes in water availability drive changes in species growth, composition, and distribution, as demonstrated by the continuous and ongoing replacement of the current supradominant Q. ilex by the subdominant P. latifolia, which is better adapted to tolerate hot and dry environments. The consequences of these ecological transformations for ecosystem function and service provision to human society are discussed. Keywords: basal area increment; climate change; forest dieback; Mediterranean forest; stem growth; water availability Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Sat Mar 06 10:37:16 CET 2021 ModDate: Sat Mar 06 10:42:59 CET 2021 ID: 0xd136b807e6d35e36e0c971f85cc35d3d, 0xd136b807e6d35e36e0c971f85cc35d3d Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: NAEGRZ+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 241 FontDescriptor: FontName: NAEGRZ+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: TPJMNS+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: TPJMNS+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: DSJVZH+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 160 LastChar: 189 FontDescriptor: FontName: DSJVZH+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic 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