This is the accepted version of the article: Mecozzi, Beniamino. «The tale of a short-tailed cat : new outstanding Late Pleistocene fossils of Lynx pardinus from southern Italy». Quaternary Science Reviews, Available online 15 March (2021), art. 106840. This version is available at https://ddd.uab.cat/record/237630 under the terms of the license This is the accepted version of the article: Mecozzi, Beniamino. «The tale of a short-tailed cat : new outstanding Late Pleistocene fossils of Lynx pardinus from southern Italy». Quaternary Science Reviews, Available online 15 March (2021), art. 106840. This version is available at https://ddd.uab.cat/record/237630 under the terms of the license 1 Supplementary information 2 3 The tale of a short-tailed cat: new outstanding Late Pleistocene fossils 4 of Lynx pardinus from southern Italy 5 6 Beniamino Mecozzi, Raffaele Sardella, Alberto Boscaini, Marco Cherin, Loïc Costeur, 7 Joan Madurell-Malapeira, Marco Pavia, Antonio Profico, Dawid A. Iurino 8 9 Supplementary note 1 10 Referred material 11 Crania: 12 FG102a, cranium; FG108b, fragment of neurocranium; MGPT-PU 135415, cranium; 13 ING75, cranium; ING76, cranium; IN517, fragment of occipital; INGND871, 14 splanchnocranium; INGND1145, fragment of parietal bone; INGD1147, fragment of 15 parietal bone; M693, neurocranium. 16 Premaxillary-maxillary: 17 FG101, right maxillary with C1-P4; FG102b, left premaxillary-maxillary with C1-P4; FG103, 18 left premaxillary-maxillary with I1-P4; FG105, right maxillary with P4; FG130, maxillary with 19 C1-P3; ING82, right maxillary with C1-P4; ING83, right maxillary with P4; ING84, left 20 maxillary with P3-P4; ING85, left maxillary with C1-P3; ING86, left premaxillary-maxillary 21 with P3; ING87, left premaxillary-maxillary with I1-P4; ING88, right maxillary with C1-P4; 22 INGND882, left maxillary with C1-P4. 23 Upper isolated teeth: 24 FG104, right P4; FG109, right P4; ING81, left C1; INGND360, upper left C1; INGND445, left 25 C1; INGND875, right P3; INGND877, right C1; INGND878, left C1. 1 26 Hemimandibles: 27 FG92, right hemimandible with P 4 ; FG93, left hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; FG107, left 28 hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; IN15NS, right hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; ING61, right 29 hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; ING62, left hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; ING63, right 30 hemimandible with P 3 -M 1 ; ING64, left hemimandible with C 1 -P 3 ; ING65, left hemimandible 31 with P 3 -P 4 ; ING66, left hemimandible with C 1 ; ING67, left hemimandible with M 1 ; ING68, 32 right hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; ING69, right hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; ING70: right 33 hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; ING71, left hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; ING72, right 34 hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; ING73, right hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; ING74, right 35 hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; ; ING75, right hemimandible with C 1 -P 4 ; ING79, right 36 hemimandible with M 1 ; INGND144, left hemimandible with P 3 -M 1 ; INGND145, left 37 hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; INGND312, left hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; INGND318, left 38 hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; INGND319, left hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; INGND369, right 39 hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; INGND372, left hemimandible with M 1 ; INGND373, left 40 hemimandible with P 3 -M 1 ; INGND739, right hemimandible with P 3 -M 1 ; INGND867, left 41 hemimandible with P 4 -M 1 ; INGND868, left hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; INGND869, right 42 hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; INGND870, right hemimandible with C 1 -M 1 ; MGPT-PU 135415, 43 complete mandible, with right C 1 -M 1 and left C 1 -M 1 . 44 Lower isolated teeth: 45 FG108, left M 1 ; ING59, left C 1 ; ING80, right C 1 ; INGND876, left C 1 ; INGND879, right C 1 ; 46 INGND880, right C 1 ; INGND881, left C 1 . 47 2 48 Supplementary note 2 49 Abbreviations of craniodental measurements 50 Cranium: 51 TL: Total length 52 CBL: Condylobasal length 53 BL: Basion – Prosthion 54 BS: Basion – Synsphenion 55 SP: Synsphenion – Prosthion 56 BN: Neurocranium length 57 LN: Akrokranion – midpoint of the frontal bone 58 VL: Nasion – Prosthion 59 FL: midpoint of the frontal bone – Prosthion 60 MPL: Staphylion – Prosthion 61 GDB: Greatest diameter of tympanic bulla 62 LDB: Least diameter of tympanic bulla 63 GMB: Greatest breadth of mastoid 64 GBO: Greatest breadth of occipital condyle 65 GBF: Greatest breadth of magnum foramen 66 HF: Basion – Opisthion 67 GNB: Euryon – Euryion 68 ZB: Zygion – Zygion 69 OB: Entorbital – Entorbital 70 GPB: Greatest breadth of the palate at the level of P4 71 GPC: Greatest breadth of the palate at the level of C1 72 BPC: Greatest postorbital constriction 73 FB: Facial breadth at the level of infraorbital foramina 3 74 OL: Ectorbital – Entorbital 75 OA: Greatest inner breadth of the orbit 76 HTO: Akrokranion – Basion 77 LCS: Length of the sagittal crest 78 ALT: Breadth between the temporal lines at the level of coronal suture 79 LLT: Length of the temporal lines (from the midpoint of the frontal bone to their confluence) 80 81 Upper tooth row: 82 LP3-M1: Length of P3-M1 83 LP4-M1: Length of P4-M1 84 LP3-P4: Length of P3-P4 85 LAP3-P4: Alveolar length of P3-P4 86 C1-P3: Length of diastema between C1-P3 87 LAP4: Alveolar length of P4 88 BI1-I3: Breadth of I1-I3 89 LI1-P4: Length of I1-P4 90 LI1-M1: Length of I1-M1 91 92 Upper teeth: 93 I1L: Length of I1 94 I1B: Breadth of I1 95 I2L: Length of I2 96 I2B: Breadth of I2 97 I3L: Length of I3 98 I3B: Breadth of I3 4 99 C1L: Length of C1 100 C1B: Breadth of C1 101 P3L: Length of P3 102 P3B: Breadth of P3 103 P3Lpro: Length of P3 protocone 104 P4L: Length of P4 105 P4B: Breadth of P4 106 P4Bproto: Breadth of P4 at the level of protocone 107 P4Lpara: Length of P4 paracone 108 P4Lmeta: Length of P4 metacone 109 P4Lproto: Length of P4 protocone 110 M1L: Length of M1 111 M1W: Breadth of M1 112 113 Mandible: 114 TL: Total length 115 P 3 -M 1 : Length of P 3 -M 1 116 HVR: Height of ramus 117 HM 1 : Height of corpus behind M 1 (measured on the lingual side) 118 119 Lower teeth: 120 C 1 L: Length of C 1 121 C 1 B: Breadth of C 1 122 P 3 L: Length of P 3 123 P 3 B: Breadth of P 3 5 124 P 4 L: Length of P 4 125 P 4 B: Breadth of P 4 126 P 4 Lprot: Length of P 4 protoconid 127 M 1 L: Length of M 1 128 M 1 B: Breadth of M 1 129 M 1 Lpara: Length of M 1 paraconid 130 M 1 Lprot: Length of M 1 protoconid 131 132 Supplementary note 3 133 Description of cranial material 134 MGPT-PU 135415 (Figure 2) is a well-preserved skull, missing the left zygomatic arch and 135 the tympanic bullae, and part of the nasals, maxillae, palate, and basioccipital. The 136 anteriormost portion of the nasals and maxillae is damaged, partially exposing the floor of 137 the nasal cavity in dorsal view. The frontals are laterally expanded with well-developed 138 triangular-shaped zygomatic processes; the right zygomatic arch is broad and semicircular 139 in shape. The temporal ridges are lyre shaped and strongly marked, and converge 140 caudally in a short sagittal crest which merges to a well-developed nuchal crest. In lateral 141 view, the cranium is anteroposteriorly elongated with a rounded and domed profile. The 142 orbits are large and rounded, but their surrounding bones are quite damaged. The right 143 zygomatic arch is slightly dorsoventrally convex. In ventral view, the incisive line of the 144 premaxillaries is projected anteriorly, displaying a well-developed notch at the level of the 145 I3-C diastema. Even if the tympanic bullae are broken, their outlines appear elliptical and 146 elongated anteroposteriorly. In the posteromedial corner of the tympanic bullae, the jugular 147 and hypoglossal foramina are located into the same depression. In posterior view, the 148 foramen magnum is oval in shape, being slightly compressed dorsoventrally. 6 149 ING75 (Figure 2) is a nearly complete cranium with some encrusting sediments on its 150 surface. It only lacks part of the maxillae, frontals, parietals and the right tympanic bulla. In 151 dorsal view, the nasals are semi-triangular in shape. The frontal bones are mediolaterally 152 expanded and arched anteroposteriorly. As in MGPT-PU 135415, the temporal ridges are 153 lyre shaped and well-marked converging posteriorly. In ING75, the zygomatic arches are 154 strong, mediolaterally broad and semicircular in shape. The mediolateral width of the 155 cranium measured at this point is almost equivalent to the anteroposterior total length 156 (Supplementary table 1). In lateral view, ING75 is anteroposteriorly elongated and 157 domed, with dorsoventrally arched zygomatic bones, as in MGPT-PU 135415. In ventral 158 view, an encrusting patina prevents the observation of the palate surface, the presphenoid 159 and the posteromedial corner of the tympanic bullae. However, the CT images allowed to 160 partially remove the encrusting material highlighting the jugular and hypoglossal foramina 161 located into the same depression (Figure 6). The outline of the tympanic bullae appears 162 anteroposteriorly elongated. Rostrally, the incisive line of the premaxillaries is projected 163 anteriorly with a well-developed notch at the level of the I3-C diastema. In posterior view, 164 the foramen magnum is oval in shape and laterally expanded. 165 ING76 (Figure 2) is a partial cranium in which the muzzle, the left zygomatic arch and the 166 occipital portion are missing. The nasals are almost completely lacking, exposing the 167 underlying turbinates in dorsal and frontal views. The frontals are mediolaterally enlarged 168 and arched anteroposteriorly. Together with the parietals, they impart a convex profile to 169 the dorsal cranial roof in lateral view. The right zygomatic arch of ING76 is similar in shape 170 to those of ING75 and MGPT-PU 135415. In ventral view, even if the left tympanic bulla is 171 broken, its profile appears rounded in shape and anteroposteriorly elongated. The jugular 172 and hypoglossal foramina are not observable. 173 M693 (Figure 2) is a well preserved neurocranium, missing the ventral portion of the 174 tympanic bullae. In dorsal view, the temporal ridges are elongated and strongly marked 7 175 converging caudally in a short sagittal crest, as in ING75 and MGPT-PU 135415. In lateral 176 view, M693 possesses a rounded and domed neurocranium. Ventrally, the tympanic 177 bullae are anteroposteriorly elongated and their outline is elliptical. The jugular and 178 hypoglossal foramina are located into the same depression. In posterior view, the nuchal 179 crest is strongly developed and the occipital is triangular shaped; the foramen magnum is 180 slightly compressed dorsoventrally. 181 FG102 (Supplementary figure 1) is bad preserved cranium consisting of two fragments: a 182 partial neurocranium and a left maxillary. The morphology of the ventral part is completely 183 obliterated by an encrusting reddish patina. In dorsal view, the temporal rides seem to 184 converge caudally in a sagittal crest, which is quite damaged; anteriorly the temporal 185 ridges are well seprated and are laterally directed. The left maxillary preserves the canine, 186 the P3 and the P4. 187 IN517 (Supplementary figure 1) is an isolated fragment of basicranium in which only 188 some features in the auditory region can be observed. Among them, the profile of the 189 tympanic bullae appears anteroposteriorly enlarged and the jugular and hypoglossal 190 foramina converge into the same depression. 191 INGND1150 (Supplementary figure 1) is an isolated fragment of splancnocranium, where 192 the ventral portion is completely encrusted by a reddish patina. The nasals and maxillae 193 are strongly damaged, partially exposing the floor of the nasal cavity in dorsal view. 194 Laterally, the nasals are quite inclined anteriorly. Only the left P3 and P4 are preserved. 195 196 Supplementary note 4 197 aDNA methods 198 Ancient DNA (aDNA) extraction was attempted at the Archaeological Research 199 Laboratory, University of Stockholm (Sweden), on micro-drilled samples of tooth roots 200 considered as one of the most informative skeletal elements for this analysis (Hansen et 8 201 al., 2017; Damgaard et al., 2015; Adler et al., 2011). We obtained ca. 80 mg of tooth 202 powder on which a pre-digestion step was conducted in order to reduce exogenous DNA 203 and microbial DNA following Allentoft et al. (2015). The aDNA was extracted and purified 204 using a silica-binding method optimized for short DNA fragments (Yang et al., 1998; 205 Dabney et al., 2013). We got a final volume of 44 ml of aDNA extract. We targeted 183 bp 206 of the mitochondrial control region and a 152 bp fragment of the cytochrome b using six 207 non-overlapping primer pairs (Rodríguez-Varela et al., 2015). DNA amplification and 208 cycling conditions were performed following Rodríguez-Varela et al. (2015). Amplicons 209 were purified using ExoSAP-It (GE Healthcare) following the manufacturer’s instructions 210 and directly sequenced in forward and reverse orientations on an automated DNA 211 sequencer (ABI-3730xl) using the Big Dye 3.1 sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems). 212 Sequences were edited with Sequencher v.4.7 (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI, 213 USA) and manually aligned using the software MEGA version 6 (Tamura et al., 2013). 214 215 aDNA results 216 Unfortunately, we were not able to recover any reliable genetic sequence with this PCR- 217 Sanger sequencing approach. It is possible that, in the next future, the Next Generation 218 Sequencing techniques open up the possibility to test these samples again. 9 219 Supplementary tables 220 221 222 Supplementary table 1. Measurements (mm) of the crania of Lynx pardinus from 223 Ingarano. 224 225 226 Supplementary table 2. Measurements (mm) of the upper tooth rows of Lynx pardinus 227 from Ingarano. 10 228 229 Supplementary table 3. Measurements (mm) of the upper teeth of Lynx pardinus from 230 Ingarano. 231 232 11 233 234 Supplementary table 4. Measurements (mm) of the mandibles and lower teeth of Lynx 235 pardinus from Ingarano. 12 236 237 Supplementary table 5. Morphological comparison of the P4 and M 1 . 13 238 239 Supplementary table 6. Comparative cranial measurements (mm) of Pleistocene lynxes. 240 241 242 Supplementary table 7. Results of the statistical analysis. 243 244 245 246 247 248 14 Species Locality Specimen Age CBL (mm) BM (kg) L. pardinus Ingarano MGPT-PU 135415 Late Pleistocene 148.6 23.7 L. pardinus Ingarano ING75 Late Pleistocene 151.1 25.0 L. issiodorensis Les Etouaires MNB Prr 200 latest Pliocene 168.0 34.7 L. issiodorensis Les Etouaires MNB Prr 411 latest Pliocene 144.7 21.8 L. issiodorensis La Côte d’Ardé n/a latest Pliocene 145.0 22.0 L. issiodorensis Saint Vallier NMB StV.767 Early Pleistocene 143.0 21.0 L. issiodorensis Olivola MNB Ol 1 Early Pleistocene 144.4 21.7 L. issiodorensis Pantalla SABAP_UMB 337653 Early Pleistocene 140.0 19.7 Lynx sp. Pirro Nord DE 04 Liv II Early Pleistocene 151.9 25.4 L. pardinus L'Escale H7622 Middle Pleistocene 132.5 16.6 L. pardinus L'Escale B611 Middle Pleistocene 145.0 22.0 L. pardinus Grotte de l'Observatoire n/a Middle?-Late Pleistocene 128.0 14.9 L. pardinus Grotte de l'Observatoire n/a Middle?-Late Pleistocene 124.0 13.5 L. pardinus Grotta del Principe n/a Late Pleistocene 128.0 14.9 L. lynx Pagolusieta n/a Late Pleistocene 145.0 22.0 L. lynx Beeston Tor BM M13/36 Late Pleistocene 141.0 20.1 L. lynx Neale’s Cave BM Late Pleistocene 147.0 22.9 L. lynx Col d'Aran n/a Late Pleistocene 145.0 22.0 L. lynx Rèseau du Cèbèri n/a Late Pleistocene 139.0 19.3 L. lynx Grotte de l'Observatoire A-F n/a Late Pleistocene 140.0 19.7 249 250 Supplementary table 8. Body mass estimates (BM) based on condylobasal length (CBL) 251 for Lynx pardinus from Ingarano and other fossil lynx specimens. 252 15 253 16 254 255 Supplementary table 9. Complete list of the lynx specimens considered in this study. 256 17 257 Supplementary figures 258 259 Supplementary figure 1. Fragmented crania of Lynx pardinus from Ingarano (Italy). A, 260 FG102 in dorsal view; B-C, IN517 in ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views; D-F, INGND1150 in 261 dorsal (D), ventral (E) and left lateral (F) views. Scale bars 3 cm. 18 262 263 Supplementary figure 2. Comparative crania of Lynx issiodorensis. A-C, MNB Prr 200 264 from Les Etouaires in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and right lateral (C) views; D-F, MNB StV.767 265 from Saint Vallier in dorsal (D), ventral (E), and right lateral (F) views; G-I, MNB Ol 1 from 266 Olivola in dorsal (G), ventral (H), and left lateral (I) views. Scale bar 2 cm. 19 267 268 Supplementary figure 3. Boxplot of P4 and M 1 of extant and fossil lynxes. EP, Early 269 Pleistocene; MP, Middle Pleistocene; LP, Late Pleistocene. 270 20 271 Supplementary references 272 Altuna, J. (1972). 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