Supplementary Table 1- Bivariate analysis of potential predictors of weight gain during pregnancy corrected for

gestational age in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes

                                                   % or P50 (P25, P75) in each weight gain category            P within
             Maternal characteristic       Weight gain <IOM       Weight gain within     Weight gain > IOM       IOM
                                                                         IOM                                   categories
Non-Caucasian ethnicity (%)                       8.5                     4.4                    5.6             0.329
Age (years)                                    30 (27-34)             31 (27-34)              31 (28-34)         0.744
                 a
Height (cm)                                  159 (156-164)          161 (157-165)           162 (158-167)        0.002
Prepregnancy BMI (%)a                                                                                           <0.001
     Underweight                                    2.8                    1.5                     0.3
     Normal weight                                 75.5                    73.8                   51.7
     Overweight                                     6.6                    18.4                   31.5
     Obesity                                       15.1                    6.3                    16.5
                       a
Diabetes type (%)                                                                                               <0.001
     Type 1 diabetes                              69.8                   87.4                    87.5
     Type 2 diabetes                              30.2                   12.6                    12.5
Duration of diabetes (years)a                   9 (3-14)               11 (5-17)              12 (5-18)          0.009
Prior pregnancy (%)                               56.6                   61.7                    58.9            0.666
Unfavorable obstetric history (%)                 11.4                   15.0                    19.1            0.149
Multiple pregnancy (%)                            2.8                     1.9                    0.6             0.186
Prepregnancy care (%)a                            35.8                   59.2                    53.6           <0.001
             a
HbA1c                                                                                                            0.009
         Initial (mmol/mol)                    43 (39-49)             45 (39-52)              49 (41-58)
                 (%)                          6.1 (5.7-6.6)          6.3 (5.7-6.9)           6.6 (5.9-7.5)
         Final (mmol/mol)                      38 (34-42)             40 (36-44)              41 (36-46)
                 (%)                          5.6 (5.3-6.0)          5.8 (5.5-6.2)           5.9 (5.5-6.4)
         Final-initial (mmol/mol)           -5.5 (-9.8--0.4)         -4.3 (-11.2-0)        -7.6 (-15.3--1.1)
                 (%)                       -0.50 (-0.90--0.04)      -0.40 (-1.03-0)       -0.70 (-1.4--0.10)
Smoking habit during pregnancy                                                                                   0.633
     Quitter (%)                                  8.5                    11.7                    13.5
     Active smokers (%)                           23.6                   20.9                    23.3
1st trimester insulin dose (IU/kg/d)a       0.58 (0.44-0.72)        0.67 (0.55-0.82)       0.66 (0.54-0.78)      0.004
    ed                                 a
2 trimester insulin dose (IU/kg/d)          0.59 (0.49-0.78)        0.67 (0.55-0.80)       0.68 (0.56-0.85)      0.003
3rd trimester insulin dose (IU/kg/d)a       0.78 (0.60-1.02)        0.88 (0.72-1.08)       0.92 (0.76-1.22)     <0.001
Diabetic retinopathy (%)                          26.5                   27.7                    28.7            0.907
Diabetic nephropathy (%)                          10.0                    8.3                    10.1            0.771
                              a
Diabetic neuropathy (%)                           14.9                    4.4                    7.1             0.005
Length of follow-up (weeks)a                   31 (26-37)             35 (30-38)              34 (30-38)        <0.001
Weight gain (kg)                             8.9 (6.1-10.5)         13.2 (11.6-14.8)       17.9 (16.1-20.7)     <0.001

a
    Variables with a P value <0.100 after bivariate analysis are displayed and used in the multivariate multinomial

logistic regression analysis
Supplementary Table 2-Multivariate analysis of independent predictors associated with weight gain during pregnancy corrected for gestational age in women with

type 1 and type 2 diabetes

                                                           Insufficient Weight Gain                                   Excessive Weight Gain
                   Predictors
                                                    OR            P            95% CI         Overall P        OR             P          95% CI
Height (cm)                                        0.98         0.495         0.94-1.03        0.001           1.06         0.003       1.02-1.09
Prepregnancy BMI category (%)                                                                  <0.001
  Underweight                                      1.63         0.653        0.20-13.58                        0.30        0.335        0.03-3.47
  Normal weight                                      1            -               1                             1             -             1
  Overweight                                       0.42         0.085         0.16-1.13                        3.42        <0.001       2.05-5.71
  Obesity                                          2.77         0.103         0.81-9.45                       10.93        <0.001      3.93-30.41
Diabetes type (years) (type 1 vs type 2)           0.80         0.664         0.30-2.18         0.006          3.09        0.009        1.33-7.22
Change in HbA1c,                                                                                0.032
  Final-initial (mmol/mol)                         1.001        0.948         0.97-1.03                        0.98         0.024      0.96-0.997
 rd
3 trimester insulin dose (IU/kg/d)                  0.49        0.149         0.18-1.30        <0.001          2.55         0.007       1.29-5.04
Length of follow-up (weeks)                         0.89        0.001         0.84-0.96        0.003           0.96         0.119       0.91-1.01
Supplementary Fig.1-Distribution of gestational weight gain during pregnancy according to Institute of

Medicine 2009 in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Corrected for a gestational age of 40 weeks