Supplementary Online Material (SOM): New femoral remains of Nacholapithecus kerioi: Implications for intraspecific variation and Miocene hominoid evolution Marta Pinaa,b*1, Yasuhiro Kikuchic, Masato Nakatsukasaa, Yoshihiko Nakanod, Yutaka Kunimatsue, Naomichi Ogiharaf, Daisuke Shimizug, Tomo Takanoh, Hiroshi Tsujikawai, Hidemi Ishidaj a Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan b Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain c Division of Human Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan d Department of Biological Anthropology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-8502, Japan e Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business Administration, Ryukoku University, Kyoto, 612-8577, Japan f Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan g Faculty of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Chubu Gakuin University, Seki, Gifu, 504- 0837, Japan h Japan Monkey Centre, Aichi 484-0081, Japan i Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Science and Welfare, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Sendai 981-8551, Japan 1 Present address: School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom 1 j Professor Emeritus. Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan *Corresponding author. E-mail address: marta.pinamiguel@manchester.ac.uk (M. Pina) 2 SOM Figure S1. Comparison of the femoral distal diaphysis fragment (posterior views) of Nacholapithecus kerioi (KNM-BG 42722; left) with Equatorius africanus (cast BNMH M 16332-3; right). KNM-BG 42722 is placed at the shaft location that might correspond with that of BNMH M 16332-3. Scale bar = 20 mm. 3 SOM Figure S2. Screenshots from 3D models of A) KNM-BG 15333, and B) KNM- BG 13336. Left and right, side views; center, medial view. These two fragments were described by previous authors (Rose et al., 1996), who suggested that both fragments would be femoral heads of the species Nacholapithecus kerioi. We amended these attributions in this work, suggesting that (A) is a humeral head of N. kerioi; whereas (B) would be a femoral fragment that belongs to a nonprimate mammal (see text for further explanation). Scale bar = 20 mm. 4 SOM Figure S3. Distal femoral end and patellae of Hylobates and Cebus in A) anterior, B) distal, and C) proximal views, respectively. Femora are displayed at the same mediolateral width, and patella at the same anteroposterior thickness to facilitate morphological comparisons. Black continuous lines denote the depth of the patellar groove in the femur and its respective morphology at the articular surface of the patella. As shown in the figure, anthropoid monkeys display a deeper patellar groove while it is shallow in apes. Red continuous lines represent the lateral and medial rims of the patellar groove in the femur, highlighting that the rims are parallel in apes and tend to converge in anthropoid monkeys. See also 3D models of femora belonging to N. kerioi (KNM-BG 42732), Hylobates lar, and Cebus apella (SOM 3D Models S1, S2, and S3). 5 SOM Table S1 Descriptive statistics for APN, SIH, SIN, NL, and TotW in the Nacholapithecus kerioi sample. All measurements are taken in mm. n Mean SD Min Max APN 9 9.89 2.00 7.76 12.90 SIH 9 20.05 3.01 17.00 24.80 SIN 9 14.99 1.76 13.10 18.20 NL 5 20.36 3.97 17.30 25.80 TotW 5 43.68 7.72 37.70 54.20 Abbreviations: APN = anteroposterior neck depth; n = sample size; Max = maximum value; Min = minimum value; NL = neck length; SIH = superoinferior height of the femoral head; SIN = superoinferior height of the femoral neck; SD = standard deviation; TotW = total mediolateral width of the proximal femur. 6 SOM Table S2 Summary of the main femoral traits qualitatively described in this study and compared with previously published reports. Rose et al., 1996 Nakatsukasa et al., 1998 Ishida et al., 2004 Nakatsukasa et al., 2012 Kikuchi et al., 2018 This studya Proximal FH Strong anteversion; weak Inclined weakly Absence of anterior displacement of anteriorly; rounded strong the FH center related to anteversion FN axis Articular surface FH Moderately wide Mediolaterally Extensive and Moderately wide Hemispherical deep mushrooms over the neck coverage, mushroomed around the neck FH-GT projection FH slightly above FH slightly above GT FH higher than GT FH above GT GT FH/FN relation Large Large (FN Small relative constricted FH superoinferiorly relative to the FH) Fovea capitis Antero-posteriorly Faint, positioned Shallow; oblong, posteroinferiorly posteroinferiorly positioned in situated the distal half of the FH FN length Relatively short Apparently short Relatively short Moderately long NSangle High High High Moderately high Lateral flare GT Protuberant Flare of the m gluteus Protuberant insertion of Projects laterally Inconclusive minimus insertion m gluteus minimus (mainly the distal part) 7 LT More lateral than Large Posteromedially Superoinferiorly wide High position, long, Posteromedial posterior directed and projects medially projecting medially direction, projection and moderately close to the posteriorly FN Gluteal tuberosity Discrete and Prominent Proximally placed (close Marked, close protuberant to the insertion of the m to the GT gluteus minimus) Distal Patellar surface Wide Squared-shaped Squared-shaped and wide Squared- shaped and shallow Epicondyles Similar Symmetrical Symmetrical mediolateral breath Abbreviations: FH = femoral head; FN = femoral neck; GT = greater trochanter; LT = lesser trochanter; m = muscle; NSangle = neck-shaft angle. a See also Pina et al. (2018). 8 SOM Table S3 Descriptive statistics for SIH/(√SIN*APN) (upper row), relative NL (middle row), and NSangle (bottom row) for each species in the sample of extant anthropoids. Species n Mean SD Min Max Cebus apella 33 1.55 0.07 1.41 1.70 27 49.70 3.98 40.70 59.04 27 121.16 5.40 111.99 133.20 Ateles sp. 8 1.67 0.13 1.51 1.94 8 48.60 5.50 39.88 56.73 8 127.60 6.24 118.20 134.15 Aloutta sp. 45 1.70 0.11 1.48 1.97 28 45.09 4.29 31.14 52.62 30 123.62 6.02 111.03 134.48 Presbytis sp. 34 1.47 0.06 1.37 1.66 25 42.48 4.00 34.29 53.36 33 113.23 4.23 103.77 122.19 Colobus sp. 28 1.44 0.09 1.27 1.63 32 41.59 5.15 30.45 49.49 27 112.94 6.24 97.86 126.27 Nasalis larvatus 25 1.43 0.09 1.24 1.57 25 38.14 4.06 29.24 47.52 25 111.55 4.71 101.33 120.52 Chlorocebus sp. 16 1.45 0.08 1.32 1.60 10 40.23 4.19 33.25 46.41 — — — — — Cercopithecus sp. 49 1.46 0.09 1.17 1.70 37 42.27 5.69 32.00 55.61 14 112.11 4.89 104.15 123.18 Macaca sp. 30 1.44 0.09 1.31 1.64 27 38.67 5.07 26.36 46.76 26 110.53 4.67 101.93 120.16 Lophocebus sp. 15 1.49 0.08 1.37 1.65 7 39.31 4.07 33.71 45.92 — — — — — Mandrillus sp. 13 1.46 0.11 1.31 1.69å 10 45.40 6.32 37.39 57.11 10 109.32 6.26 97.84 117.42 Papio sp. 25 1.57 0.10 1.38 1.78 18 42.91 4.71 35.77 53.70 20 112.70 5.65 100.18 119.31 Hylobates lar 26 1.89 0.14 1.65 2.12 25 35.08 3.65 28.33 42.19 9 26 123.95 5.16 115.43 134.82 Pongo pygmaeus 12 1.93 0.14 1.70 2.14 11 48.84 5.83 38.10 54.69 12 134.93 5.81 127.29 145.07 Pan t. troglodytes 29 1.63 0.08 1.46 1.78 17 44.47 5.67 36.73 52.97 — — — — — Pan t. schweinfurthii 25 1.68 0.10 1.53 1.94 21 42.98 5.34 30.50 53.24 26 123.00 5.11 114.27 132.69 Pan paniscus 20 1.66 0.10 1.53 1.84 20 38.44 4.65 28.82 44.80 20 122.77 5.31 114.23 130.86 Gorilla g. gorilla 31 1.65 0.09 1.48 1.81 20 44.87 5.00 34.08 56.63 26 121.95 3.98 113.31 127.82 Gorilla b. graueri 21 1.66 0.08 1.49 1.87 22 42.49 3.75 34.31 50.51 20 116.89 4.27 107.75 122.61 Gorilla b. beringei 10 1.60 0.07 1.47 1.77 7 42.00 4.05 33.22 44.79 9 120.96 4.92 113.94 129.04 Abbreviations: APN = anteroposterior neck depth; n = sample size; Max = maximum value; Min = minimum value; NL = neck length; NSangle = neck-shaft angle; SIH = superoinferior height of the femoral head; SIN = superoinferior height of the femoral neck; SD = standard deviation. 10 SOM References Ishida, H., Kuminatsu, Y., Takano, T., Nakano, Y., Nakatsukasa, M., 2004. Nacholapithecus skeleton from the Middle Miocene of Kenya. J. Hum. Evol. 46, 69-103. Kikuchi, Y., Nakatsukasa, M., Tsujikawa, H., Nakano, Y., Kunimatsu, Y., Ogihara, N., Shimizu, D., Takano, T., Nakaya, H., Sawada, Y., Ishida, H., 2018. Sexual dimorphism of body size in an African fossil ape, Nacholapithecus kerioi. J. Hum. Evol. 123, 129-140. Nakatsukasa, M., Yamanaka, A., Kunimatsu, Y., Shimizu, D., Ishida, H., 1998. A newly discovered Kenyapithecus skeleton and its implications for the evolution of positional behavior in Miocene East African hominoids. J. Hum. Evol. 34, 657- 664. Nakatsukasa, M., Kunimatsu, Y., Shimizu, D., Nakano, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Ishida, H., 2012. Hind limb of the Nacholapithecus kerioi holotype and implications for its positional behavior. Anthropol. Sci. 120, 235-250. Pina, M., Kikuchi, Y., Nakatsukasa, M., Nakano, Y., Kunimatsu, Y., Ogihara, N., Shimizu, D., Takano, T., Tsujikawa, H., Ishida, H., 2018. Revisiting the femoral morphology of Nacholapithecus kerioi. Anthropol. Sci. 126, 188. Rose, M.D., Nakano, Y., Ishida, H., 1996. Kenyapithecus postcranial specimens from Nachola, Kenya. Afr. Study Monogr. Suppl. 24, 3-56. 11