SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL OF A review on Bison schoetensacki and its closest relatives through the Early-Middle Pleistocene Transition: insights from the Vallparadís Section (NE Iberian Peninsula) and other European localities Leonardo Sorbellia, David M. Albaa, Marco Cherinb, Pierre-Élie Moulléc, Jean-Philip Brugald, Joan Madurell-Malapeiraa,* a Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain b Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via A. Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy c Musée de Préhistoire Régionale de Menton, 06500 Menton, France d Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Minist. Culture, UMR 7269 Lampaea, MMSH, 13094 Aix-en-Provence cedex 2, France * Corresponding author. E-mail address: joan.madurell@icp.cat (J. Madurell-Malapeira). 1 Table S1. List of Bison schoetensacki specimens from Vallparadís Estacio (EVT) and Cal Guardiola (CGR) layers. ID Anatomical element Layer ID Anatomical element Layer ID Anatomical element Layer ID Anatomical element Layer ID Anatomical element Layer IPS39141 Astragalus CGRD7 IPS92970 Horn core EVT7 IPS14985 Metacarpal CGRD7 IPS92958 Cubonavicular EVT10 IPS91545 Pyramidal EVT7 IPS92949 Astragalus EVT7 IPS50672 Humerus CGRD4 IPS15002 Metacarpal CGRD7 IPS92984 Indeterminate fragments EVT7 IPS92961 Pyramidal EVT10 IPS92950 Astragalus EVT7 IPS92928 Humerus EVT7 IPS107626 Metacarpal EVT12 IPS92985 Indeterminate fragments EVT7 IPS13570 Radius CGRD2 IPS92951 Astragalus EVT7 IPS92929 Humerus EVT7 IPS107635 Metacarpal EVT12 IPS14104 Pelvis fragment CGRD2 IPS39893 Radius CGRD2 IPS92952 Astragalus EVT7 IPS114549 Humerus EVT7 IPS107636 Metacarpal EVT12 IPS14977 Proximal phalanx CGRD7 IPS48775 Radius CGRD7 IPS92953 Astragalus EVT12 IPS114568 Humerus EVT7 IPS118115 Metacarpal EVT12 IPS61879 Proximal phalanx CGRD3 IPS92914 Radius EVT7 IPS118120b Astragalus EVT12 IPS107620 Humerus EVT12 IPS118116 Metacarpal EVT12 IPS92924 Proximal phalanx EVT10 IPS92915 Radius EVT7 IPS92966 Autopodial fragment EVT10 IPS92981 Long bone fragment EVT12 IPS17761 Metapodial distal fragment CGRD7 IPS92925 Proximal phalanx EVT7 IPS92916 Radius EVT7 IPS114551 Axis EVT7 IPS92968 Mandible EVT12 IPS18517 Metapodial distal fragment CGRD7 IPS92926 Proximal phalanx EVT10 IPS92918 Radius EVT7 IPS13936 Calcaneum CGRD2 IPS92978 Maxilla EVT7 IPS92959 Metapodial distal fragment EVT10 IPS92927 Proximal phalanx EVT7 IPS92919 Radius EVT7 IPS92944 Calcaneum EVT7 IPS796 Metacarpal CGRD7 IPS18430 Metatarsal CGRD7 IPS107624 Proximal phalanx EVT12 IPS92920 Radius EVT7 IPS92945 Calcaneum EVT7 IPS92905 Metacarpal CGRD7 IPS92906 Metatarsal EVT7 IPS114554 Proximal phalanx EVT7 IPS107616 Radius EVT12 IPS92946 Calcaneum EVT7 IPS92907 Metacarpal EVT10 IPS92930 Metatarsal EVT12 IPS118118 Proximal phalanx EVT12 IPS107617 Radioulna EVT12 IPS92947 Calcaneum EVT7 IPS92908 Metacarpal EVT7 IPS92931 Metatarsal EVT7 IPS118119 Proximal phalanx EVT12 IPS107628 Radioulna EVT12 IPS92948 Calcaneum EVT7 IPS92909 Metacarpal EVT12 IPS92932 Metatarsal EVT12 IPS16778 Intermediate phalanx CGRD2 IPS118111 Radioulna EVT12 IPS118120a Calcaneum EVT12 IPS92910 Metacarpal EVT12 IPS92933 Metatarsal EVT7 IPS40612 Intermediate phalanx CGRD2 IPS92922 Scapula EVT7 IPS92963 Capitatotrapezoid EVT10 IPS92911 Metacarpal EVT7 IPS92934 Metatarsal EVT7 IPS107621 Intermediate phalanx EVT12 IPS107637 Scapula EVT12 IPS107615 Cervical vertebra EVT12 IPS92912 Metacarpal EVT7 IPS92935 Metatarsal EVT7 IPS118114 Intermediate phalanx EVT12 IPS92960 Semilunar EVT10 IPS92969 Cranial fragments EVT12 IPS92913 Metacarpal EVT12 IPS92936 Metatarsal EVT7 IPS39142 Distal phalanx CGRD2 IPS92965 Cuneiform EVT10 IPS92971 Cranial fragments, horn core EVT10 IPS13547 Metacarpal CGRD7 IPS92937 Metatarsal EVT12 IPS41597 Distal phalanx CGRD2 IPS92994 M2 and M3 EVT10 IPS92972 Cranial fragments EVT10 IPS13911 Metacarpal CGRD2 IPS92938 Metatarsal EVT12 IPS92967 Distal phalanx EVT10 IPS92954 Thoracic vertebra EVT3 IPS92980 Indeterminate fragments EVT12 IPS13928 Metacarpal CGRD7 IPS92939 Metatarsal EVT7 IPS107623 Distal phalanx EVT12 IPS92955 Thoracic vertebra EVT7 IPS92982 Indeterminate fragments EVT12 IPS14102 Metacarpal CGRD7 IPS107634 Metatarsal EVT12 IPS107625 Distal phalanx EVT12 IPS92956 Thoracic vertebra EVT3 IPS92983 Indeterminate fragments EVT12 IPS14702 Metacarpal CGRD7 IPS114552 Metatarsal EVT7 IPS107622 Distal phalanx EVT12 IPS118117 Thoracic vertebra EVT12 IPS92973 Hemimandible EVT7 IPS14815 Metacarpal CGRD7 IPS114553 Metatarsal EVT7 IPS118112 Distal phalanx EVT12 IPS92940 Tibia EVT7 IPS92977 Hemimandible EVT7 IPS14917 Metacarpal CGRD2 IPS92957 Cubonavicular EVT10 IPS118113 Distal phalanx EVT12 IPS92942 Tibia EVT7 2 ID Anatomical element Layer ID Anatomical element Layer ID Anatomical element Layer ID Anatomical element Layer IPS92943 Tibia EVT7 IPS93040 m1 or m2 EVT7 IPS93018 M3 EVT7 IPS93002 Upper molar EVT7 IPS107618 Tibia CGRD2 IPS93041 m1 or m2 EVT7 IPS93021 M3 EVT7 IPS93003 M2 EVT7 IPS114546 Tibia EVT12 IPS93042 m1 EVT7 IPS93023 M3 EVT3 IPS93046 Upper molar EVT7 IPS114555 p3 EVT7 IPS93047 M1 EVT7 IPS93033 M3 EVT7 IPS93057 Upper molar EVT7 IPS93006 dP3 EVT7 IPS92991 M2 EVT10 IPS93043 m3 EVT7 IPS92986 P2 EVT7 IPS93050 dP3 EVT7 IPS92990 m2 EVT7 IPS20182 M3 CGRD7 IPS92996 P3 EVT10 IPS93054 dp3 or dp4 EVT7 IPS93005 M2 EVT7 IPS93000 Cheek tooth EVT7 IPS92998 P3 EVT7 IPS92997 dp4 EVT7 IPS93014 m2 EVT7 IPS93026 Cheek tooth EVT7 IPS93012 P3 or P4 EVT7 IPS93008 dp4 EVT7 IPS93019 m2 EVT7 IPS93052 Cheek tooth EVT7 IPS92995 P4 EVT10 IPS93037 dp4 EVT7 IPS93022 M2 EVT7 IPS93053 Cheek tooth EVT7 IPS93013 P4 EVT3 IPS14965 dp4 CGRD7 IPS93032 M2 EVT7 IPS93035 Lower cheek tooth EVT7 IPS93015 p4 EVT7 IPS93063 i1 EVT12 IPS93027 m1 EVT7 IPS93001 Lower molar EVT7 IPS93020 P4 EVT7 IPS93064 i1 EVT12 IPS93030 m2 EVT7 IPS93024 Lower molar EVT7 IPS93045 p4 EVT7 IPS93062 i2 EVT12 IPS93044 m2 EVT7 IPS93031 Lower molar EVT10 IPS93049 P4 EVT7 IPS93065 i3 EVT12 IPS92988 M2 EVT7 IPS93048 Lower molar EVT7 IPS93056 p4 EVT7 IPS92992 M1 EVT10 IPS93007 M3 EVT7 IPS93061 Lower molar EVT7 IPS13557 P4 CGRD7 IPS93017 M1 EVT6 IPS93028 M3 EVT7 IPS13681 Lower molar CGRD2 IPS92921 Ulna EVT12 IPS93036 M1 EVT7 IPS93028 M3 EVT7 IPS93004 Lower premolar EVT7 IPS107616 Ulna EVT12 IPS93039 m1 or m2 EVT7 IPS93034 M2 EVT7 IPS93058 Lower premolar EVT7 IPS114545 Ulna EVT12 IPS93009 m2 EVT7 IPS92993 M3 EVT10 IPS93051 Indeterminate tooth EVT7 IPS114548 Ulna EVT7 IPS93016 M1 EVT6 IPS92987 m3 EVT7 IPS93055 Indeterminate tooth EVT7 IPS92962 Unciform EVT10 IPS93029 M1 EVT7 IPS92989 m3 EVT7 IPS93059 Indeterminate tooth EVT7 IPS92964 Unciform EVT7 IPS93038 M2 EVT7 IPS93011 M3 EVT7 IPS93060 Indeterminate tooth EVT7 3 Table S2. Comparative dental measurements (mm) of m3, M1, M2, and M3 in selected Leptobos and Bison s.l. samples. Abbreviations: L, length; W, width. Taxon (source) of data) Locality Statistics m3L m3W M1L M1W M2L M2W M3L M3W Leptobos etruscus Senèze (France) Mean 41.0 16.1 20.1 23.1 26.3 23.6 29.8 22.8 (Duvernois and Guérin, 1989) Minimum 37.5 13.5 18.5 20.0 20.5 28.5 28.0 34.0 Maximum 45.0 19.5 22.5 27.0 19.5 28.5 18.5 27.5 SD 2.3 1.8 1.3 2.2 2.6 3 1.8 2.5 N 10 11 7 7 8 8 10 10 Bison (Eobison) georgicus Dmanisi (Georgia) Mean 40.5 15.3 29.0 26.0 30.1 27.4 (Bukshianidze, 2005) Minimum 37.9 13.0 28.9 27.1 Maximum 43.3 18.0 31.3 27.8 SD 2.4 2.2 1.7 0.5 N 5 5 1 1 2 2 Bison sp. Venta Micena (Spain) Mean 38.9 15.6 25.9 20.9 28.7 25.9 29.7 21.8 (Moyà Solà, 1987) Minimum 37.3 13.9 22.8 19.3 26.2 22.8 27.4 21 Maximum 42.4 17.5 27.2 23.0 30.9 27.2 32.3 23.3 SD 1.5 0.9 1.34 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.9 1.3 N 14 15 11 11 9 11 10 9 Bison (Eobison) degiulii Pirro Nord/Capena (Italy) Mean 34.3 15.0 20.4 23.3 23.3 24.7 20.3 23.2 (Masini, 1989) Minimum 19.6 21.0 22.0 23.9 16.5 21.2 Maximum 22.2 26.0 26.0 25.3 27.6 24.6 SD 1 1.5 1.5 0.6 3.4 0.9 N 1 1 7 7 6 6 10 10 Bison (Eobison) cf. degiulii Mygdonia basin (Greece) Mean 40 17.0 26.2 24.2 29.8 24.9 30.8 23.9 (Kostopoulos et al., 2018) Minimum 37.1 15.1 22.0 19.3 25.0 19.5 27.9 18.0 Maximum 45.1 18.1 33.9 28.0 35.9 29.6 33.0 29.1 SD 2.4 0.9 4.0 2.7 2.6 3.3 1.3 3.3 N 16 16 18 18 22 22 22 22 Bison menneri Untermassfeld (Germany) Mean 41.4 16.0 26.9 20.7 31.2 20.6 31.7 21 (van Asperen and Kahlke, 2017) Minimum 22.7 17.0 22.7 17 27.7 17 30.2 16.8 Maximum 45.3 18.7 30.6 25.2 35 26.3 34.3 23.9 SD 2.1 1.7 3.1 2.9 1.9 3.2 1.2 2.1 N 20 22 16 16 17 17 13 13 Bison schoetensacki Le Vallonnet (France) Mean 41.5 18.4 28.1 26.1 30.7 28.1 32.0 29.9 (Moullé, 1992) Minimum 37.8 17.2 23.0 16.5 28.5 25.0 29.5 26.6 Maximum 43.5 18.9 32.2 29.2 33.3 30.5 35.3 31.5 SD 1.8 0.6 3.1 3.3 1.4 1.8 1.8 2.3 4 N 7 7 18 12 11 8 8 4 Bison schoetensacki Vallparadís Composite Section (Spain) Mean 41.7 17.5 23.3 25.1 27.4 25.5 28.7 25.5 (This paper) Minimum 38.2 16.3 20.6 23.4 24.7 20.4 23.5 24.2 Maximum 46.5 18.4 27.0 26.8 32.3 28.8 32.3 27.6 SD 3.0 1.0 2.4 1.3 2.2 2.6 2.7 1.3 N 5 5 8 8 12 12 9 9 Bison schoetensacki Süssenborn (Germany) Mean 43.5 16.5 30.1 21.3 32.1 22.1 34.2 23.6 (van Asperen and Kahlke, 2017) Minimum 39.4 14.7 26.9 17.9 28.3 17.5 29.0 18.4 Maximum 47.6 19.0 34.5 25.5 35.7 27.2 40.3 28 SD 2.4 1.1 2 2 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 N 17 18 28 24 43 37 30 26 Bison schoetensacki Cromer Forest-bed Mean 39.8 18.0 29.3 26.2 29.0 27.0 33.0 26.2 (Breda et al., 2010) (various localities; England) Minimum 36.0 16.2 28.6 26.0 32.0 24.0 Maximum 43.1 21.0 30.0 26.4 34.0 28.0 SD 2.2 1.2 1 0.3 0.7 1.9 N 9 13 2 2 1 1 6 6 Bison cf. priscus Westbury (England) Mean 44.6 19.5 29.5 26.3 33.2 28.1 33.4 28-0 (Breda et al., 2010) Minimum 41.0 16.1 26.0 23.0 31.6 26.8 30.0 26.3 Maximum 49.7 21.9 33.5 29 35 29.3 37.0 30.2 SD 2.6 1.9 2.5 1.6 1.3 1.1 2 1.4 N 8 8 17 17 8 7 14 13 Bison schoetensacki Isernia la Pineta (Italy) Mean 42.5 19.0 32.6 26.4 (This paper) Minimum 39.0 16.0 29.9 22.3 Maximum 49.8 21.0 36.0 29.6 SD 2.3 1.2 1.6 2.3 N 21 21 11 11 Bison priscus Taubach (Germany) Mean 48.6 18.8 33 23.3 35.9 25.5 38.1 24.2 (van Asperen and Kahlke, 2017) Minimum 44.0 16.0 30.2 21.1 33.8 22.3 36.1 20.7 Maximum 53.7 21.5 35.3 28.2 38.3 29.6 40.0 26.5 SD 3.1 2.9 1.5 2.1 1.4 2.4 1.7 2.6 N 18 19 15 15 14 14 4 4 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, R–W (Russia) Mean 46.8 19.9 25.3 27.5 31.2 28.1 33.1 28.2 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 42 16 20.5 24.7 26.5 23.0 29.0 24.0 Maximum 53.5 22.5 32.0 33.0 34.7 31.0 37.0 30.5 SD N 58 68 10 10 11 9 8 6 5 Table S3. Z-scores values for length (L) and width (W) of m3, M1, M2, M3 of the VCS sample compared with selected Leptobos and Bison s.l. species. Bison (Eobison) cf. Leptobos etruscus Bison sp. (Venta Bison (Eobison) Bison schoetensacki Bison menneri Bison schoetensacki Bison priscus Tooth ID degiulii (Mygdonia (Senèze) Micena) degiulii (Pirro) (Le Vallonnet) (Untermassfeld) (Süssenborn) (Taubach) basin) L W L W L W L W L W L W L W L W m3 IPS93043 0.39 0.83 2.01 2.30 0.82 0.59 0.24 -1.36 0.24 0.97 -0.65 1.00 -2.18 -0.40 m3 IPS92977 -1.22 0.11 -0.47 0.80 -0.75 -0.79 -1.74 -3.65 -1.53 0.21 -2.18 -0.19 -3.39 -0.84 m3 IPS92973 0.31 1.28 1.88 3.22 0.74 1.44 0.13 0.05 0.15 1.45 -0.73 1.73 -2.25 -0.13 m3 IPS92987 2.40 1.28 5.10 3.22 2.77 1.44 2.69 0.05 2.44 1.45 1.26 1.73 -0.68 -0.13 m3 IPS92989 -0.31 0.33 0.94 1.26 0.14 -0.36 -0.62 -2.94 -0.52 0.44 -1.31 0.17 -2.71 -0.71 Mean 0.31 0. 77 1.89 2.16 0.75 0.47 0.14 -1.57 0.16 0.90 -0.72 0.89 -2.24 -0.44 Minimum -1.22 0.11 -0.47 0.80 -0.75 -0.79 -1.74 -3.65 -1.53 0.21 -2.18 -0.19 -3.39 -0.84 Maximum 2.40 1.28 5.10 3.22 2.77 1.44 2.69 0.05 2.44 1.45 1.26 1.73 -0.68 -0.13 STD 1.33 0.53 2.05 1.11 1.29 1.02 1.63 1.70 1.46 0.57 1.26 0.88 1.00 0.33 N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 M1 IPS92992 4.02 1.12 -0.52 2.83 5.08 1.48 -0.25 0.51 -0.94 -0.16 -0.55 1.65 -2.42 2.15 -5.22 1.08 M1 IPS93016 5.59 0.49 0.97 1.99 7.18 0.56 0.25 -0.01 -0.30 -0.58 0.11 1.17 -1.42 1.46 -3.88 0.41 M1 IPS93017 3.62 1.25 -0.90 3.01 4.55 1.68 -0.37 0.62 -1.11 -0.07 -0.71 1.75 -2.67 2.30 -5.55 1.23 M1 IPS93029 1.42 1.65 -2.99 3.55 1.62 2.27 -1.07 0.96 -2.01 0.20 -1.63 2.06 -4.06 2.75 -7.41 1.66 M1 IPS93036 0.71 0.31 -3.66 1.75 0.67 0.30 -1.30 -0.15 -2.30 -0.70 -1.92 1.04 -4.51 1.26 -8.01 0.22 M1 IPS93047 0.39 0.13 -3.96 1.51 0.25 0.04 -1.40 -0.30 -2.43 -0.82 -2.05 0.90 -4.71 1.07 -8.28 0.03 Mean 2.62 0.83 -1.84 2.44 3.23 1.06 -0.69 0.27 -1.51 -0.36 -1.12 1.43 -3.30 1.83 -6.39 0.77 Minimum 0.39 0.13 -3.96 1.51 0.25 0.04 -1.40 -0.30 -2.43 -0.82 -2.05 0.90 -4.71 1.07 -8.28 0.03 Maximum 5.59 1.65 0.97 3.55 7.18 2.27 0.25 0.96 -0.30 0.20 0.11 2.06 -1.42 2.75 -3.88 1.66 STD 2.09 0.60 1.98 0.81 2.78 0.88 0.66 0.50 0.86 0.40 0.87 0.46 1.32 0.67 1.77 0.64 N 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 M2 IPS92988 -0.19 0.57 -1.77 -0.45 1.69 1.09 -1.55 0.13 -3.45 -1.56 -2.78 1.47 -3.49 1.69 -7.04 -0.08 M2 IPS92991 0.70 1.74 -0.37 2.16 3.25 6.97 -0.65 1.20 -1.84 0.42 -1.59 2.57 -2.22 3.56 -5.43 1.36 M2 IPS92994 0.23 1.34 -1.10 1.27 2.44 4.95 -1.12 0.83 -2.68 -0.26 -2.21 2.19 -2.89 2.92 -6.27 0.87 M2 IPS93005 0.51 1.54 -0.67 1.72 2.91 5.96 -0.85 1.02 -2.19 0.08 -1.85 2.38 -2.50 3.24 -5.78 1.11 M2 IPS93003 -0.54 0.50 -2.32 -0.60 1.08 0.76 -1.91 0.07 -4.08 -1.67 -3.25 1.40 -3.99 1.59 -7.66 -0.16 M2 IPS93022 1.17 -0.80 0.37 -3.51 4.07 -5.79 -0.18 -1.12 -1.00 -3.87 -0.97 0.18 -1.56 -0.49 -4.60 -1.76 6 M2 IPS93032 0.78 1.24 -0.24 1.04 3.39 4.45 -0.57 0.74 -1.70 -0.43 -1.49 2.10 -2.11 2.76 -5.30 0.74 M2 IPS93034 -1.17 0.03 -3.29 -1.64 -0.01 -1.59 -2.54 -0.36 -5.20 -2.46 -4.07 0.96 -4.88 0.84 -8.78 -0.73 M2 IPS93038 -0.23 0.84 -1.83 0.15 1.62 2.43 -1.59 0.38 -3.52 -1.11 -2.83 1.72 -3.55 2.12 -7.11 0.25 Mean 0.14 0.78 -1.25 0.02 2.27 2.14 -1.22 0.32 -2.85 -1.21 -2.34 1.66 -3.02 2.03 -6.44 0.18 Minimum -1.17 -0.80 -3.29 -3.51 -0.01 -5.79 -2.54 -1.12 -5.20 -3.87 -4.07 0.18 -4.88 -0.49 -8.78 -1.76 Maximum 1.17 1.74 0.37 2.16 4.07 6.97 -0.18 1.20 -1.00 0.42 -0.97 2.57 -1.56 3.56 -4.60 1.36 STD 0.74 0.81 1.16 1.80 1.29 4.05 0.74 0.74 1.32 1.36 0.98 0.76 1.05 1.28 1.32 0.99 N 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 M3 IPS20182 0.45 1.29 0.48 3.21 -0.13 0.64 -0.78 -1.75 -0.96 2.36 -1.63 1.09 -4.51 0.69 M3 IPS92993 0.34 1.94 0.37 4.43 -0.28 1.12 -0.89 -1.03 -1.14 3.11 -1.73 1.82 -4.63 1.31 M3 IPS92994 0.68 1.90 0.70 4.35 0.18 1.09 -0.56 -1.08 -0.62 3.07 -1.45 1.77 -4.27 1.27 M3 IPS93007 -1.41 0.77 -1.28 2.21 -2.63 0.25 -2.61 -2.33 -3.79 1.76 -3.14 0.49 -6.49 0.18 M3 IPS93011 -1.02 0.60 -0.91 1.91 -2.10 0.13 -2.22 -2.50 -3.19 1.57 -2.82 0.31 -6.07 0.03 M3 IPS93018 -1.13 1.29 -1.02 3.21 -2.25 0.64 -2.33 -1.75 -3.37 2.36 -2.92 1.09 -6.19 0.69 M3 IPS93021 -0.40 1.17 -0.32 2.98 -1.26 0.55 -1.61 -1.88 -2.25 2.22 -2.32 0.95 -5.41 0.57 M3 IPS93023 -3.56 0.89 -3.32 2.44 -5.50 0.34 -4.72 -2.19 -7.05 1.90 -4.88 0.63 -8.77 0.30 M3 IPS93028 1.41 0.69 1.39 2.06 1.16 0.19 0.17 -2.41 0.49 1.66 -0.86 0.40 -3.49 0.11 M3 IPS93033 -1.58 1.49 -1.44 3.59 -2.85 0.79 -2.78 -1.52 -4.05 2.60 -3.28 1.31 -6.67 0.88 Mean -0.62 1.20 -0.53 3.04 -1.57 0.57 -1.83 -1.84 -2.59 2.26 -2.50 0.99 -5.65 0.60 Minimum -3.56 0.60 -3.32 1.91 -5.50 0.13 -4.72 -2.50 -7.05 1.57 -4.88 0.31 -8.77 0.03 Maximum 1.41 1.94 1.39 4.43 1.16 1.12 0.17 -1.03 0.49 3.11 -0.86 1.82 -3.49 1.31 STD 1.44 0.48 1.36 0.90 1.92 0.36 1.41 0.52 2.18 0.55 1.16 0.54 1.52 0.46 N 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 Table S4. Measurements (mm) of the vertebrae of Bison schoetensacki from Vallparadís Estació (EVT) layers. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; CL, centrum length; CH, centrum height; CW, centrum width; NSL, neural spine length; NSW, neural spine width; post, posterior; SCW, spinal canal width. ID Specimen Layer Element CL CH ant. CW ant. CH post. CW post. SCW ant. SCW post. NSW NSL IPS92954 EVT3 Thoracic vertebra 63.5 50.4 56.4 44.2 46.7 29.2 35.2 50.2 >400 IPS92956 EVT3 Thoracic vertebra 70.8 44.8 55.4 45.5 54.0 27.7 30.0 53.2 IPS118117 EVT12 Thoracic vertebra 73.7 74.1 54.4 47.3 21.0 22.3 40.6 73.7 IPS107615 EVT12 Cervical vertebra 60.5 45.1 35.6 55.0 51.0 17.6 14.6 IPS114551 EVT7 Axis 145.4 44.8 106.7 69.0 53.9 28.5 27.2 . 8 Table S5. Measurements (mm) and descriptive statistics of the scapulae of Bison schoetensacki from Vallparadís Estació (EVT) layers. Abbreviations: CSL, collum scapulae length; GL, glenoid cavity length; GPL, glenoid process length; GW: glenoid cavity width; L, left; R, right. ID Specimen Layer Side GL GW GPL CSL IPS107637 EVT12 R 75.1 62.2 83.3 67.4 IPS92922 EVT7 L 60.5 84 75.9 Mean 75.1 61.4 83.7 71.6 Minimum 60.5 83.3 67.4 Maximum 62.2 84 75.9 SD 0.5 6 1.2 N 1 2 2 2 9 Table S6. Comparative measurements (mm) of the scapula in selected Bison s.l. samples. Abbreviations: CSL, collum scapulae length; GL, glenoid cavity length; GPL, glenoid process length; GW: glenoid cavity width. Taxon Locality Statistics GL GW GPL Bison menneri Untermassfeld (Germany) Mean 70.6 60.9 84.5 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 67.5 55 80.5 Maximum 70.0 70.0 92.5 SD 3.8 6.0 4.7 N 4 4 4 Bison schoetensacki Le Vallonnet (France) Mean 78.2 59.9 88.4 (Moullé, 1992) Minimum 78.1 58.0 86.8 Maximum 78.3 61.8 89.9 SD 0.1 2.7 2.2 N 2 2 2 Bison schoetensacki Vallparadís composite section (Spain) Mean 75.1 61.4 83.7 (This paper) Minimum 60.5 83.3 Maximum 62.2 84.0 SD 0.5 6.0 N 1 2 2 Bison schoetensacki Mauer (Germany) Mean 88.0 71.5 103.5 (Sala, 1986) Minimum 84.0 68.0 101.0 Maximum 92.0 75.0 106.0 SD 5.7 5.0 3.5 N 2 2 2 Bison priscus Cava Filo (Italy) Mean 83.9 63.7 97.4 (Sala, 1986) Minimum 69.0 51.0 76.0 Maximum 98.5 75.0 115 SD 13.2 9.2 15.9 N 5 5 5 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, R–W (Russia) Mean 88.8 70.6 104.9 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 74.5 60,5 84.5 Maximum 100.0 84.2 126 SD N 33 33 33 Bison priscus Taradanovo, W1–2 (Russia) Mean 89.0 70.5 103.2 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 78.0 56.0 87.5 Maximum 96.5 81.8 117 SD N 42 46 40 10 Table S7. Measurements (mm) and descriptive statistics of the humeri of Bison schoetensacki from Vallparadís Estació (EVT) and Cal Guardiola (CGR) layers. Abbreviations: DDT, distal diaphysis thickness; DDW, distal diaphysis width; DEAW, distal epiphysis articular width; DEW, distal epiphysis width; DET, distal epiphysis thickness; L, left; OW, oleocraneon fossa width; R, right; TCH, trochlea crest height; THl, lateral trochlear height; THm, medial trochlear height; TTm, trochlea thickness (medial epicondyle); TTl, trochlea thickness (lateral epicondyle); TWl, trochlear lateral articulation width; TWm, trochlear medial articulation width. ID Specimen Layer Side DDW DDT DEW DEAW OW TWm TWl DET TTm TTl THm TCH THl IPS50672 CGRD4 R 58.1 64.5 111.3 105.0 28.8 72.0 33.0 95.3 105.7 72.0 70.0 52.2 44.0 IPS92928 EVT7 R 50.0 56.2 100.0 92.3 34 65.3 27.0 57.8 49.5 41.3 IPS92929 EVT7 R 48.4 35.4 IPS107620 EVT12 L 42.1 50.7 93.0 89.2 21.0 60.5 28.7 65.2 54.5 48.5 41.7 IPS114568 EVT7 R 60.1 65.8 98.1 95.3 37.5 68.8 26.5 57.0 53.4 43.2 IPS114549 EVT7 L 50.2 57.1 101.7 87.9 62.4 25.5 52.0 49.1 36 Mean 51.5 58.9 100.8 93.9 31.3 65.8 28.1 95.3 105.7 68.6 58.3 50.6 41.3 Minimum 42.1 50.7 93.0 87.9 21.0 60.5 25.5 65.2 52 48.5 36 Maximum 60.1 65.8 111.2 105 37.5 72.0 33 72.0 70.0 53.4 44.1 SD 6.6 6.3 6.7 6.8 6.6 4.7 23.0 4.8 7.0 2.1 3.1 N 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 2 5 5 5 11 Table S8. Comparative measurements (mm) of the humerus in selected Leptobos and Bison s.l. samples. Abbreviations: DEAW, distal epiphysis articular width; DEW, distal epiphysis width; THl, lateral trochlear height; THm, medial trochlear height; TTl, trochlea thickness (lateral epicondyle); TTm, trochlea thickness (medial epicondyle); TWm, trochlear medial articulation width. Taxon Locality Statistics DEW DEAW TWm TTm TTl THm THl Leptobos etruscus Matassino/Olivola (Italy) Mean 88.0 79.7 55.6 83.6 57.7 52.3 39.3 (Masini, 1989) Minimum 82.9 64.5 53 68 48.6 43 33 Maximum 91.5 85 58.6 88.7 63 55.8 42.4 SD 2.8 4.5 1.6 5.8 3.6 3.2 2.9 N 10 16 15 10 14 14 16 Bison (Eobison) palaeosinensis Shanshenmiaozui (China) Mean 93.0 (Tong et al., 2016) N 1 Bison (Eobison) georgicus Dmanisi (Georgia) Mean 93.0 81.9 63.9 87.3 57.7 49.7 34.8 (Bukshianidze, 2005) Minimum 91.3 78.4 54.5 81.6 55.4 48.6 31.6 Maximum 95.4 84.8 91.8 91.9 59.1 50.9 37.2 SD 1.9 2.7 15.7 4.6 2.1 1.3 2.4 N 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 Bison (Eobison) degiulii Pirro Nord (Italy) Mean 80.0 75.5 53.0 35.3 (Masini, 1989) N 1 1 1 1 Bison menneri Untermassfeld (Germany) Mean 104.1 94.8 60.1 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 90.0 85.0 52.0 Maximum 120 104.5 68.0 SD 8.6 6.0 4.6 N 24 30 28 Bison schoetensacki Le Vallonnet (France) Mean 103.3 (Moullé, 1992) Minimum 92.0 Maximum 113.0 SD 6.9 N 12 Bison schoetensacki Vallparadís Composite Section (Spain) Mean 100.8 93.9 65.8 105.7 68.6 58.3 41.3 (This paper) Minimum 93.0 87.9 60.5 65.2 52.0 36 Maximum 111.3 105.0 72.0 72.0 70.0 44 SD 6.7 6.8 4.7 4.8 7.0 3.1 N 5 5 5 1 2 5 5 Bison schoetensacki Mauer (Germany) Mean 94.5 (Sala, 1986) Minimum 93.0 Maximum 96.0 SD 2.1 N 2 Bison schoetensacki Isernia (Italy) Mean 105.2 (Sala, 1986) Minimum 96.0 12 Maximum 108 SD 3.8 N 9 Bison aff. priscus Tiraspol (Ukraine) Mean 117.7 115.7 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 114.0 111.5 Maximum 120.0 118.0 SD N 3 3 Bison priscus North-East Siberia (Russia) Mean 112.5 100.4 63.5 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 100.0 90.0 56.0 Maximum 125.0 111.0 68.0 SD 9.3 7.2 4.0 N 15 15 15 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, R–W (Russia) Mean 119.7 108.9 118.1 79.6 68.0 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 99.3 94.0 102.3 68.7 59.0 Maximum 135.5 124.5 132 90 76.7 SD N 63 69 62 56 73 Bison priscus Cava Filo (Italy) Mean 118.3 107.3 (Sala, 1986) Minimum 106.0 97.0 Maximum 124.0 115.0 SD 8.3 7.8 N 4 4 Bison priscus Kiputz IX (Spain) Mean 107.4 99.7 (Castaños, 2012) Minimum 93.0 85.5 Maximum 115.0 111.5 SD 8.6 7.0 N 6 20 Bison bonasus Warsaw (Czech Republic) Mean 89.4 (Empel and Roskoz, 1963) Minimum 81.0 Maximum 101.0 SD 7.2 N 39 13 Table S9. Stampfli’s trochlea index for selected species of Leptobos and Bison s.l. Taxon Stampfli's trochlea index Leptobos etruscus, Matassino/Olivola (Masini, 1989) range: 28.4–35.4; mean = 31.4; N = 16 Bison (Eobison) georgicus, Dmanisi (Bukshianidze, range: 29.6–31.3; mean = 30.6; N = 4 2005) Bison menneri, Untermassfeld (Sher, 1997) range: 28.7–34.4; mean = 31.5; N = 16 Bison schoetensacki, VCS (this paper) range: 27.8–32.2; mean = 29.9; N = 5 Bison aff. priscus, Tiraspol (Sher, 1997) mean = 27.8; N = 1 Bison priscus, Siberia (Sher, 1997) range:27.8–34.0; mean = 30.4; N = 15 Bos primigenius, Rhine Gravels (Martin, 1987) range:26.5–29.4; mean = 28.0; N = 10 14 Table S10. Lehmann trochlear index for selected species of bovids. Taxon Lehmann trochlear index Leptobos etruscus, Matassino/Olivola (Masini, 1989) range: 66.2–80.4; mean = 75.3; N =15 Bison (Eobison) georgicus, Dmanisi (Bukshianidze, range: 62.1–76.4; mean =70; N = 4 2005) Bison menneri, Untermassfeld (Sher, 1997) range: 66.2–87; mean =72.7; N = 24 Bison schoetensacki, VCS (this paper) range: 62.9–76.5; mean = 71.2; N = 5 Bison priscus (Martin, 1987) range: 63.4–72.4; mean =67.1; N= 14 Bos primigenius (Martin, 1987) range: 65.7–73.1; mean =: 69.2; N = 10 15 Table S11. Measurements (mm) and descriptive statistics of the radii of Bison schoetensacki from Vallparadís Estació (EVT) and Cal Guardiola (CGR) layers. Abbreviations: DEAT, distal end articular thickness; DEATmin, distal end articular thickness (not considering the distal end of ulna); DEAW, distal end articular width; DET, distal end maximum thickness; DEW, distal end width; DT, diaphysis thickness (midshaft); DTmin, diaphysis minimum thickness; DW, diaphysis width (midshaft); DWmin, diaphysis minimum width; L, left; Lmax, maximum length; PEAT, proximal end articular thickness; PEATl, lateral facet articular thickness (proximal end); PEAW, proximal end articular width ; PET, proximal end thickness; PEW, proximal end width; R, right. ID Specimen Layer Side Lmax PEW PEAW PET PEAT PEATl DWmin DWm DTmin DTm DEW DEAW DET DEAT DEATmin IPS48775 CGRD2 R 380.0 107.6 99.1 54.8 47.2 30.7 59.8 63.9 37.7 38.6 IPS39893a CGRD2 R 384.5 63.0 53.0 62.0 62.9 38.1 38.9 102.7 97.0 69.2 66.1 44.2 IPS13570 CGRD2 R 107.9 100.7 52.4 47.2 29.7 IPS92914 EVT7 L 363.7 102.9 91.9 49.5 42.2 29.8 56.6 58.0 28.0 30.5 94.5 92.5 46.0 44.5 33.5 IPS92915 EVT7 R 102.8 94.5 57.6 49.6 30.5 60.0 35.5 IPS92916 EVT7 L 101.3 90.4 48.5 44.5 39.5 IPS92918 EVT7 L 99.9 91.8 50.9 47.5 28.4 96.5 91.9 58.5 52.1 36.9 IPS92919 EVT7 R 339.1 96.2 86.9 46.5 41.0 25.5 49.8 50.6 27.5 32.8 89.0 78.1 61.4 51.0 36.6 IPS92920 EVT7 R 104.0 95.4 54.0 48.4 29.5 57.5 60.0 35.1 36.4 IPS107617 EVT12 L 357.2 101.8 92.7 52.3 46.3 32.7 59.4 62.8 34.1 35.4 96.9 88.9 60.1 57.0 50.8 IPS107628 EVT12 R 376.9 106.4 99.5 53.9 47.2 34.0 55.3 60.4 35.3 36.5 97.5 90.8 67.3 56.7 47.9 IPS107616 EVT12 R 360.4 102.6 94.1 54.0 48.8 33.9 56.8 63.9 34.8 36.0 97.1 90.6 64.0 54.6 48.9 IPS118111 EVT12 R 383.0 110.1 97.6 55.1 46.9 36.8 63.1 64.2 36.0 40.8 102.8 88.3 77.0 63.0 54.0 Mean 368.1 103.8 94.9 53.7 47.1 31.0 58.0 60.4 37.2 36.1 97.6 89.8 61.3 54.4 43.6 Minimum 339.1 96.2 86.9 46.5 41.0 25.5 49.8 50.6 27.5 30.5 89.0 78.1 46.0 44.5 33.5 Maximum 384.5 110.1 100.7 63 53 36.8 63.1 64.2 67.4 40.8 102.8 97.0 77.0 66.1 54.0 SD 15.8 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.1 3.1 3.8 4.0 10.6 3.0 4.4 5.1 9.8 7.4 7.2 N 8 11 11 12 12 11 10 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 16 Table S12. Comparative measurements (mm) of the radius of selected Leptobos and Bison s.l. samples. Abbreviations: DET, distal end maximum thickness; DW, diaphysis width (midshaft); Lmax, maximum length; PEAT, proximal end articular thickness; PEAW, proximal end articular width; PET, proximal end maximum thickness; PEW, proximal end maximum width. Taxon Locality Statistics Lmax PEW PEAW PET PEAT DW DEW DET Leptobos etruscus Matassino/Olivola (Italy) Mean 297.4 84.7 77.5 41.6 43.5 47.3 76.7 53.0 (Masini, 1989) Minimum 273.0 77.2 70.0 39.2 39.2 42.0 66.2 47.0 Maximum 308.5 92.6 83.2 48.0 48.0 53.6 84.7 56.9 SD 16.5 4.9 4.0 10.6 3.1 4.3 5.4 3.4 N 4 15 15 16 9 5 8 6 Bison (Eobison) palaeosinensis Shanshenmiaozui (China) Mean 335 91.8 83.1 92.0 (Tong et al., 2016) Minimum 84.0 75.0 Maximum 99.5 91.2 SD 11.0 11.5 N 1 2 2 1 Bison (Eobison) georgicus Dmanisi (Georgia) Mean 302 91.7 81.6 48.5 43.0 51.8 81.6 59.0 (Bukshianidze, 2005) Minimum 300.0 90.1 79.8 47.6 40.7 50.7 80.2 62.9 Maximum 304.0 93.3 82.6 49.6 44.3 52.7 82.9 62.9 SD 1.9 2.7 15.7 1.2 4.6 2.1 1.3 2.4 N 4 4 5 4 4 3 4 4 Bison sp. Venta Micena (Spain) Mean 277.0 71.6 37.2 42.2 63.3 43.0 (Moyà-Solà, 1987) Minimum 267.8 65.2 34.5 42.0 57.0 40.2 Maximum 282.6 76.3 40.3 42.4 69.2 48.0 SD 8.0 4.2 2.0 0.2 4.5 3.0 N 3 8 8 3 5 5 Bison (Eobison) cf. degiulii Mygdonia basin (Greece) Mean 300.0 84.3 47.8 48.0 79.7 47.0 (Kostopoulos, 1997) Minimum 80.6 44.8 47.7 Maximum 88.0 50.8 48.3 SD N 1 2 2 2 1 1 Bison menneri Untermassfeld (Germany) Mean 384.5 104.3 94.9 49.1 57.6 98.8 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 350.0 91.5 83.0 43.0 49.0 89.0 350.0 Maximum 418.0 118.0 106.5 57.0 65.5 110.0 418.0 17 SD 22.5 7.5 6.5 4.1 5.4 6.9 22.5 N 13 24 24 24 17 13 13 Bison schoetensacki Le Vallonnet (France) Mean 390.0 102.2 93.5 46.9 (Moullé, 1992) Minimum 94.4 88.4 40.5 Maximum 110.0 99.5 54.5 SD 11.0 5.6 6.3 N 1 2 4 4 Bison schoetensacki Vallparadís CS (Spain) Mean 368.1 103.9 94.5 53.6 46.6 31.9 57.8 60.9 (This paper) Minimum 339.1 96.2 86.9 46.5 41.0 50.6 89.0 46.0 Maximum 384.5 110.1 100.7 63.0 53.0 64.2 102.7 77 SD 15.8 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.1.0 4.4 4.4 9.8 N 8 10 11 12 12 9 9 9 Bison schoetensacki Durfort (France) Mean 380.8 106.6 97.9 55.7 59.3 98.6 66.1 (Brugal, 1995) Minimum 373.0 106.0 96.7 55.3 58.0 96.0 63.3 Maximum 388.5 107.2 99.0 56.0 61.0 101.7 70.0 SD 11.0 0.9 1.6 0.5 1.5 2.9 3.5 N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Bison schoetensacki Mauer (Germany) Mean 109.8 102.3 56.6 (Sala, 1986) Minimum 104.0 97.0 56.0 Maximum 115.0 107.0 57.0 SD 4.6 4.1 0.6 N 4 4 4 Bison priscus Romain-la-Roche (France) Mean 388.2 120.1 60.8 70.2 114.0 71.4 (Vercoutère and Guérin, 2010) Minimum 373.0 115.0 56.0 64.0 105.0 63.0 Maximum 405.0 126.0 66.0 75.0 120.0 79.0 SD 13.8 4.7 4.4 4.0 7.0 6.0 N 5 4 5 5 4 5 Bison aff. priscus Tiraspol (Ukraine) Mean 383.5 118.2 110.2 62.2 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 371.2 112.2 106.4 60.0 Maximum 397.0 122 113.3 65.3 SD 9.4 3.4 2.8 1.8 N 5 7 6 7 Bison priscus NorthEast Siberia (Russia) Mean 351.9 106.1 97.4 50.1 54.4 97.9 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 318.0 97.0 90.0 43.5 46.0 86.5 18 Maximum 393.0 120.5 107.5 58.5 63.5 111.0 SD 20.2 6.8 5.2 4.0 5.0 8.7 N 16 16 16 16 16 15 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, R–W (Russia) Mean 389.9 115.9 107.1 60.3 66.1 110.6 67.6 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 343.0 100.0 94.0 50.0 51.8 93.2 56,.5 Maximum 427.0 142.0 130.0 71.5 86.0 132.5 77.5 SD N 40 61 62 62 49 40 46 Bison priscus Taradanovo, W1–2 (Russia) Mean 374.4 106.9 99.5 55.0 59.6 95.8 60.7 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 351.8 98.5 94.0 51.5 49.1 82.3 51.7 Maximum 400.3 121.7 108.7 60.7 71 111.2 71 SD N 6 11 11 12 6 16 15 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, W2 (Russia) Mean 366.0 107.8 100.3 56.6 55.6 90.9 56.1 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 126.4 116.5 65.0 58.5 98.0 66.0 Maximum 94.0 86.0 48 50.7 84.0 50.3 SD N 1 4 3 5 5 3 3 Bison priscus Cava Filo (Italy) Mean 389.0 107.2 100.7 51 (Sala, 1986) Minimum 388.0 92.0 86.0 45 Maximum 390.0 125.0 114.0 56 SD 1.4 13.8 11.5 4.6 N 2 6 6 6 Bison priscus Kiputz IX (Spain) Mean 363.3 106.7 99.0 53.6 94.4 (Castaños, 2014) Minimum 327.0 96.5 91.0 47.0 77.0 Maximum 405.0 117.5 110.0 61.5 114 SD 23.1 6.6 5.7 4.4 8.3 N 10 17 17 10 23 Bison bonasus Warsaw (Czech Republic) Mean 343.4 92.3 46.9 82.4 57.7 (Empel and Roskoz, 1963) Minimum 291.0 80.0 42.0 71.0 47.0 Maximum 392.0 111.0 54.0 100.0 72.0 SD 21.8 8.2 3.3 7.8 5.9 N 36 36 36 36 36 19 Table S13. Measurements (mm) and descriptive statistics of the ulnae of Bison schoetensacki from Vallparadís Estació (EVT) and Cal Guardiola (CGR) layers. Abbreviations: AL, articular surface length; AT, articular surface thickness; L, left; Lmax, maximum length; OL, olecranon length; OTmin, olecranon minimum thickness; R, right; Wmax, maximum width (on the coronoid process). ID Specimen Layer Side Lmax OL OTmin Wmax AL AT IPS39893 CGR-D2 Right 482.4 150.3 81.6 52.7 31.1 IPS92921 EVT7 Right 57.5 51.3 30.1 IPS107616 EVT12 Right 469.6 135.2 78.8 57.5 49,39 31.6 IPS107617 EVT12 Left 470.7 133.4 77.6 55.1 50.9 30.3 IPS107628 EVT12 Right 60.8 IPS118111 EVT12 Right 58 55 30 Mean 474.2 139.6 79.3 57.8 51.8 30.6 Minimum 469.6 133.4 77.6 55.1 49.4 30 Maximum 482.4 150.3 81.6 60.8 55 31.6 SD 5.8 7.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 0.7 N 3 3 3 5 5 5 20 Table S14. Comparative measurements (mm) of the ulna in selected Bison s.l. Abbreviations: AL, articular surface length; AT, articular surface thickness; Lmax, maximum length; OL, olecranon length; OTmin, olecranon minimum thickness; PAT, processus anconaeus thickness; Wmax, maximum width (on the coronoid process). Taxon Locality Statistics Lmax OL OTmin Wmax AL AT Bison (Eobison) palaeosinensis Shanshenmiaozui (China) Mean >104.0 (Tong et al., 2016) N 11 Bison (Eobison) georgicus Dmanisi (Georgia) Mean 495.0 115.3 52 (Bukshianidze, 2005) N 1 1 Bison menneri Untermaßfeld (Germany) Mean 465 148.4 90.2 57.6 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 420.0 133.0 84.0 53.0 Maximum 509.0 165.0 105.0 66.0 SD 32.2 12.4 6.7 3.7 N 6 9 11 13 Bison schoetensacki Vallparadís Composite Section (Spain) Mean 474.2 139.6 79.3 57.8 51.8 30.6 (This paper) Minimum 469.6 133.4 77.6 55.1 49.4 30.0 Maximum 482.4 150.3 81.6 60.8 55.0 31.6 SD 5.8 7.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 0.7 N 3 3 3 5 5 5 Bison aff. priscus Tiraspol (Ukraine) Mean 196.0 126.0 (Sher, 1997) N 1 1 Bison priscus Taubach (Germany) Mean 166.0 119.2 >70.0 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 114.3 Maximum 124.0 SD 6.9 N 1 2 1 Bison priscus North-East Siberia (Russia) Mean 157.0 100.5 62. 3 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 138.0 80.5 55.5 Maximum 195.0 128.5 75.0 SD 17.6 14.0 5.9 N 12 13 13 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, R–W (Russia) Mean 487.9 154.9 110.8 64.4 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 464 135.5 85.5 52.7 Maximum 515.5 173.5 123.3 77 SD N 9 23 43 44 21 Table S15. Measurements (mm) of the carpals and tarsals of Bison schoetensacki from Vallparadís Estació (EVT) layers. Abbreviations: L, left; L, length; R, right; T, thickness; W, width. ID Specimen Layer Element Side L W T IPS92963 EVT10 Capitatotrapezoid L 49.0 45.5 29.0 IPS91545 EVT7 Pyramidal R 45.0 28.4 50.9 IPS92961 EVT10 Pyramidal L 45.8 26.7 49.9 IPS92960 EVT10 Semilunar L 32.9 39.0 48.2 IPS92962 EVT10 Unciform L 30.6 38.2 39.2 IPS92964 EVT7 Unciform L 27.4 32.9 37.3 IPS92957 EVT7 Cubonavicular R 51.2 74.2 68.5 IPS92958 EVT3 Cubonavicular R 45.0 73.6 68.0 IPS92965 EVT10 Cuneiform R 20.0 27.4 40.0 22 Table S16. Comparative measurements (mm) of the metacarpal in selected Leptobos and Bison s.l. samples. Abbreviations: DET, distal epiphysis thickness; DEW, distal epiphysis width; DT, diaphysis thickness (midshaft); DW, diaphysis width (midshaft); L, left; Lmax, maximum length; PET, proximal epiphysis thickness; PEW, proximal epiphysis width; R, right. Taxon Locality Measures Lmax PEW PET DW DT DEW DET Leptobos etruscus Senèze /Olivola (France/Italy) Mean 250.5 62.4 40.6 38.9 27.8 63.1 34.6 (Masini, 1989) Minimum 242.0 55 36.7 32.7 21.5 55.3 29.7 Maximum 265.5 66.8 42.8 43.7 31.5 67.3 37.2 SD 5.8 3 1.7 3.5 2.5 3.2 1.9 N 16 17 17 16 16 17 18 Bison (Eobison) palaeosinensis Various localities of China Mean 227.7 64.4 40.4 39.4 30.6 63.9 34.6 (Tong et al., 2016) Minimum 207.0 56.0 35.0 58.8 34.2 (Masini, 1989) Maximum 248.1 73.8 47.5 65.2 34.9 SD 12.9 6.8 5.3 2.2 0.3 N 7 7 3 1 1 6 3 Bison (Eobison) georgicus Dmanisi (Georgia) Mean 244.2 66.9 42.1 39.8 29.2 65.5 35.0 (Bukshianidze, 2005) Minimum 231.3 62.8 37.7 34.3 25.8 61.0 33.2 Maximum 256.6 70.5 45.4 44.4 31.6 72.0 36.9 SD 10.3 3.1 2.8 4.2 2.5 4.0 1.6 N 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 Bison sp. Venta Micena (Spain) Mean 225.6 58.5 36.6 35.3 26.9 60.1 33.0 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) Minimum 208.2 52.3 32.8 31.4 24.1 53.5 30.0 Maximum 248.7 69.5 46.5 44.2 32.1 69.1 36.3 SD 10.0 4.6 3.3 3.6 2.1 4.7 1.6 N 30 43 44 31 30 36 35 Bison (Eobison) degiulii Pirro Nord/Capena (Italy) Mean 221.1 63.8 40.1 40.0 28.0 64.4 33.4 (Masini, 1989) Minimum 210.0 58.0 35.5 29.8 25.0 62.1 29.3 Maximum 230.0 69.5 44.1 46.2 30.1 66.5 37.3 SD 8.6 4.6 3.1 6.4 2.1 1.6 2.5 N 5 7 6 4 4 6 7 Bison (Eobison) cf. degiulii Mygdonia basin Mean 238.5 67.4 40.1 42.4 29.4 70.3 39.3 (Kostopoulos et al., 2018) (various localities) Minimum 220.7 57.7 32.9 31.8 23.5 59.5 34.4 (Greece) Maximum 258.1 78.3 48.4 51.2 35.2 88.8 48.2 SD 10.4 4.8 3.0 5.0 2.8 6.5 3.0 23 N 19 24 24 23 23 22 22 Bison menneri Untermassfeld (Germany) Mean 276.5 77.0 46.5 44.8 32.8 75.6 38.2 (Sher, 1997); Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) Minimum 255.8 64.4 39.3 35.3 27.8 65.4 29.5 Maximum 296.0 91.4 52.6 57.7 39.0 86.0 47.3 SD 10.1 5.6 3.2 4.6 3.0 6.2 5.8 N 37 50 48 43 40 41 38 Bison schoetensacki Le Vallonnet (France) Mean 261.7 82.3 48.9 53,6 35.6 75.2 42.0 (This paper) Minimum 245.0 74.7 45.0 43.0 31.0 66.2 37.5 Maximum 271.0 89.0 51.5 64.0 42.0 83.7 46.5 SD 9,2 5,3 2,3 6,9 3,8 6,4 2,5 N 8 6 6 9 9 15 15 Bison schoetensacki Vallparadís Composite Section (Spain) Mean 241.7 77.6 46.1 48.8 33.7 77.2 41.2 (This paper) Minimum 228.9 67.7 41.3 36.3 27.9 66.7 35.3 Maximum 262.7 85.1 51.5 53.9 46.6 83.4 45.9 SD 10.8 5 2.7 5.0 4.1 5.9 3.7 N 11 18 17 15 15 10 10 Bison schoetensacki Durfort (France) Mean 247.2 77.1 46.2 47.7 32.4 77.2 41.9 (Brugal, 1995) Minimum 239.0 69.2 41.3 42.4 28.7 67.5 38.0 Maximum 250.0 81.3 50.0 53.0 35.0 82.3 43.4 SD 3.9 5.2 3.5 4.3 2.6 6.1 2 N 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Bison schoetensacki Süssenborn (Germany) Mean 246.1 77.7 45.0 46.3 32.1 75.6 42.7 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) Minimum 238.3 69.6 37.6 40.8 28.0 65.9 35.8 Maximum 253.7 85.2 49.7 50.5 36.4 81.8 52.4 SD 7.7 5.9 4.3 3.1 3.1 6.2 5.2 N 5 10 10 9 9 7 6 Bison schoetensacki Cromer Forest-bed formation Mean 247.6 78.2 48.3 78.6 42.8 (Sala, 1987; this paper) (Various localities) Minimum 225.0 70.0 42.0 67.0 40.0 (United Kingdom) Maximum 263.0 89.0 56.0 87.2 46.0 SD 10.7 6.4 4.4 5.8 1.9 N 11 11 8 12 7 Bison schoetensacki Isernia La Pineta (Italy) Mean 52.2 80 43.3 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) Minimum 52.2 79.2 43.2 Maximum 52.2 80.8 43.4 SD 0.8 0.1 N 1 2 2 Bison schoetensacki Mauer (Germany) Mean 265.4 83.7 49.0 49.2 33.5 79.1 42.9 (Schertz, 1936b; this paper) Minimum 250.4 71.8 43.5 46.7 30.3 70.7 36.8 24 Maximum 277.0 93.0 53.0 55.5 37.0 88.5 50.0 SD 8.5 6.4 3.3 3.2 3.0 6.7 5.1 N 12 10 9 6 6 11 6 Bison cf. schoetensacki Mosbach (Germany) Mean 256 84.5 48.9 49.9 32.6 42.4 33.2 (Schertz, 1936b; this paper) Minimum 241.1 72.0 43.4 43.3 30.2 40.1 30.3 Maximum 277.8 97.3 56.4 55.1 35.1 46.0 36.3 SD 11.3 6.9 3.3 5.2 2.5 2.1 3.0 N 22 18 19 4 4 6 3 Bison aff. priscus Tiraspol (Ukraine) Mean 265.1 92.6 54.1 58.2 36.7 93.9 47.5 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 252.7 80.5 49.0 46.6 33.7 81.0 43.5 Maximum 276.0 10.0 64.0 67.6 38.7 99.0 51.6 SD 6.4 6.2 4.1 5.7 1.9 5.3 4.0 N 9 11 11 8 8 8 7 Bison priscus Taubach (Germany) Mean 270.9 89.0 56.2 54.4 37.0 90.1 47.4 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) Minimum 251.4 71.4 47.4 42.3 30.6 78.3 41.8 Maximum 286.5 100.9 62.9 61.6 42.0 98.1 51.4 SD 10.6 8.9 5.1 6.6 3.6 6.9 3.2 N 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 Bison priscus Châtillon-Saint-Jean (France) Mean 248.8 87,.6 52.4 55.9 36.2 85.8 45.7 (This paper) Minimum 232 75.5 44 45 31 75.5 37 Maximum 263 102 63 63 42 97 51.5 SD 7 8.3 5.2 6.3 3.5 8.4 3.1 N 26 26 26 26 26 7 26 Bison priscus Romain-la-Roche (France) Mean 257.4 87.8 51.1 57.0 36.0 86.5 45.5 (Vercoutère and Guérin, 2010) Minimum 238.5 80.5 50.0 53.5 33.0 80.5 44.0 Maximum 279 95.0 52.5 59.5 42.5 90.0 47.0 SD 15.4 4.9 1.1 2.2 3.8 2.9 1.1 N 6 5 4 4 4 6 4 Bison priscus Cava Filo (Italy) Mean 240.7 84.1 47.5 91.0 47.8 (Sala, 1986) Minimum 232.0 79.0 43.0 80.0 44.0 Maximum 260.0 93.0 50.0 99.0 53.0 SD 10.0 4.6 2.4 5.9 2.8 N 6 6 6 6 6 Bison priscus North Sea seabed Mean 238.2 82.3 48.2 50.7 34.0 83.8 44.0 (Drees, 2005) Minimum 226.0 72.0 43.0 41.0 30.0 75.0 40.0 Maximum 248.0 96.0 55.0 59.0 40.0 95.0 48.0 SD 6.3 6.7 3.2 6.3 29.0 6.7 2.2 N 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 25 Bison priscus North-East Siberia (Russia) Mean 222.1 80.3 45.8 49.1 32.5 82.8 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 206.0 68.5 39.0 38.7 28.0 71.0 Maximum 235.0 90.5 51.5 62.0 37.0 95.0 SD 8.5 6.5 3.5 6.2 2.7 6.8 N 29 29 29 29 29 29 Bison priscus Various localities of England Mean 225.8 81.9 46.3 50.8 33.0 79.2 41.5 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) (United Kingdom) Minimum 209.7 69.4 40.8 43.2 27.6 69 36.2 Maximum 241.3 90.8 52.8 56.2 36.6 88.2 45.6 SD 9.3 7.0 3.5 4.4 3.1 6.4 2.9 N 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, R–W (Russia) Mean 240.5 85.5 49.6 53.0 34.4 87.1 46.7 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 215.2 71.5 40.8 42.0 28.5 73.7 39.5 Maximum 280.0 98.0 59.0 63.0 43.0 99.0 53.0 SD N 64 68 69 69 70 63 59 Bison priscus priscus Taradanovo, W1–2 (Russia) Mean 236.0 89.0 46.4 48.1 32.1 44.5 44.5 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 220.3 69.8 38.3 40.2 28.5 72.2 39.0 Maximum 254.5 95.4 55.6 61.5 40.7 93.0 51.0 SD N 31 34 34 36 36 40 35 Bison priscus Chumysh, Q3 (Russia) Mean 237.9 84.0 48.8 52.6 34.0 85.7 46.1 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 218.0 71.3 40.7 41.2 28.8 71.2 38.3 Maximum 260.6 99.0 58.8 65.0 39.8 99.6 54.4 SD N 57 52 51 56 55 57 41 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, W2 (Russia) Mean 237.4 83.0 47.4 50.9 333 83.8 45.2 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 226.5 73.0 42.6 41.0 29.3 72.0 40.0 Maximum 246.0 95.0 53.0 60.8 36.8 94.0 51.0 SD N 8 10 8 9 10 8 7 B. priscus Kurtak, Q3 (Russia) Mean 236.8 84.6 48.7 52.2 33.7 85.4 45.2 (Vasiliev 2008) Minimum 213.4 73.4 40 41.2 26.8 74.0 39.6 Maximum 251 101.5 60 65.1 39.5 104.4 55.6 SD N 63 65 65 70 70 75 62 Bison priscus Ukraine, Q3 (Ukraine) Mean 228.6 78.3 46.0 47.7 31.5 81.3 43.3 (Bibikova, 1950) Minimum 206.2 69.5 40.2 40.7 27.7 71.5 39.0 Maximum 245.4 90.4 52.6 57.8 36.8 98.1 49.1 26 SD N 78 73 74 75 75 67 64 Bison sp. Siréjol cave (France) Mean 223.2 73.6 44.3 43.4 30.1 75.3 40 (This paper) Minimum 210.5 64.2 39.5 36 25.8 69 37.7 Maximum 231 86 51.4 47 32.5 80.8 43.2 SD 5.8 5.7 3.7 3.1 2 4.1 1.8 N 15 14 15 15 15 15 14 Bison priscus Kiputz IX (Spain) Mean 236.9 80.7 48.9 87.9 46.4 (Castaños et al., 2012) Minimum 217.0 60.0 39.5 78.0 41.5 Maximum 254.0 96.5 57.0 101.5 52.0 SD 11.9 7.9 5.2 7.5 3.1 N 14 22 14 14 14 Bison bonasus Unknown Mean 210.0 70.5 41.4 39.5 25.9 66.5 38.2 (Reshetov and Sukhanov, 1979) Minimum 201.0 62.0 37.3 32.0 60.0 34.6 Maximum 225.0 79.0 45.8 49.0 75.0 42.4 SD N 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 Bos primigenius Lunel Viel (France) Mean 254.4 82.5 50.5 52.0 36.2 84.5 45.1 (Brugal, 1985) Minimum 241.1 69.6 41.7 40.0 29.5 70.7 38.9 Maximum 271.5 95.2 59.3 66.0 42.2 99.2 52.2 SD N 60 71 71 60 60 57 54 27 Table S17. Ratio (%) between distal diaphysis width (DDW) and distal maximum width (DEW) in metacarpals of various species of bovids. Taxon DDW/DEW*100 Leptobos etruscus, Olivola/ Senèze (Masini, 1989) range: 89.2–98.3; mean = 95; N = 17 Bison (Eobison) georgicus, Dmanisi (Bukshianidze, 2005) range:94.0–103.4; mean = 98.7; N = 4 Bison sp., Venta Micena (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) range: 92.5–101.5; mean = 97; N= 32 Bison (Eobison) degiulii, Pirro Nord/Capena (Masini, 1989) range: 98.2–101.7; mean = 99.7; N = 3 Bison (Eobison) cf. degiulii, Mygdonia Basin (Kostopoulos et al., 2018) range: 92.2–99.9; mean = 96.2; N = 21 Bison menneri, Untermassfeld (Sher, 1997) range: 92.8–102.7; mean = 98.8; N = 21 Bison schoetensacki, Vallparadís Composite Section (This paper) range: 91.5–97.5; mean = 94.8; N = 8 Bison schoetensacki, Süssenborn (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) range: 93.6–99.8; mean = 96.9; N = 6 Bison schoetensacki, Durfort (Brugal, 1995) range: 94.7–98.7; mean = 95.8; N = 6 Bison priscus, Romain-la-Roche (Vercoutère and Guérin, 2010) range: 93.3–98.9; mean = 95.3; N = 4 Bison priscus, Taubach (Sher, 1997) range: 89.3–98.5; mean = 93.9; N = 9 Bison priscus, UK (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) range: 98.1–102.6; mean = 99.4; N = 8 Bos primigenius Romain-la-Roche (Vercoutère and Guérin, 2010) range:87.8–101.4; mean = 93.6; N = 9 Bos primigenius Lunel Viel (Brugal, 1985) mean = 92.4; N:57 28 Table S18. Ratio (%) between width of the lateral facet (PFWl) and width of the medial facet (PFWm) of the proximal epiphysis in metacarpals of various species of bovids. Taxon PFWl/ PFWm*100 Leptobos etruscus Olivola/Senèze (Masini, 1989) range: 71.6–98; mean = 81.3; N = 18 Bison (Eobison) palaeosinensis China (Masini, 1989) mean = 86.5; N = 1 Bison (Eobison) georgicus, Dmanisi (Bukshianidze, 2005) range :67.3–75; mean = 71.1; N = 4 Bison sp., Venta Micena (Masini, 1989) range:67.7–70.2; mean = 68.9; N = 2 Bison (Eobison) degiulii, Pirro Nord/Capena (Masini, 1989) range:68.5–74.8; mean = 72.3; N = 4 Bison menneri, Untermassfeld (Sher, 1997) mean = 72.3; N = 24 Bison schoetensacki, Vallparadís Composite Section (This paper) range: 62.3–82.9; mean = 71.4; N = 16 Bison priscus, Ukraine/Germany (Sher, 1997) mean = 69.7; N = 18 Bos primigenius Ukraine/Germany (Sher, 1997) mean = 69; N = 21 29 Table S19. Principal component analysis of metacarpals using seven selected variables (see Section 3 and Fig. 10). Eigenvalue and % variance of the PCs and coefficient of each variables for each PC. Abbreviations as in Table 4. PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 PC 4 PC 5 PC 6 PC 7 Eigenvalue 0.00258538 0.000585286 0.000427393 0.000408312 0.000188404 0.000116617 8,56E-16 % variance 59.966 13.575 99.131 94.705 43.699 27.049 1,98E-11 mv Lmax -0.83086 -0.17921 -0.27416 0.14799 -0.19284 0.021075 0.37796 mv PET -0.0095925 0.29015 0.37141 0.62507 0.4779 0.12578 0.37796 mv PEW 0.21969 0.26208 0.10576 0.1438 -0.55811 -0.62996 0.37796 mv DT -0.0059032 -0.53122 0.64735 -0.39292 0.036922 -0.010008 0.37796 mv DW 0.45535 -0.52992 -0.53669 0.20786 0.18901 -0.044997 0.37796 mv DETl -0.054462 0.43139 -0.25535 -0.59101 0.46217 -0.19998 0.37796 mv DEW 0.22578 0.25673 -0.058324 -0.1408 -0.41504 0.73809 0.37796 30 Table S20. Principal component analysis of metacarpals following Scott and Barr (2004) (see Section 3 and Fig. 10). Eigenvalue and % variance of the PCs and coefficient of each variables for each PC. Abbreviations as in Table 4. PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 PC 4 PC 5 PC 6 PC 7 PC 8 Eigenvalue 0.00275304 0.000667232 0.000518681 0.000387236 0.000199621 7,89E+00 5,73E+00 4,76E+00 % variance 58.456 14.167 11.013 82.222 42.386 16.745 12.174 10.108 re Lmax 0.81739 0.36269 -0.083492 0.36791 -0.22368 0.061456 0.015739 0.06288 re DW -0.44093 0.38381 0.072559 0.73961 0.26044 0.13508 0.13271 0.048037 re DT 0.043998 0.61013 0.44117 -0.50562 0.25478 0.14236 0.25699 0.15587 re DETl 0.2263 -0.33029 0.32148 0.13645 0.2538 -0.13944 0.60295 -0.51992 re DETm 0.18711 -0.48411 0.30725 0.13375 0.27791 0.31828 -0.001039 0.66317 re DEW -0.09344 0.026324 -0.041165 0.039192 -0.24246 -0.70443 0.43037 0.49711 re PEW -0.15322 -0.058333 -0.26866 -0.081916 -0.47145 0.58365 0.57248 0.059988 re PET 0.13075 0.036564 -0.72215 -0.13122 0.62812 -0.010199 0.19897 0.092827 31 Table S21. Pairwise comparison results based on MANOVA (p<0.05) for seven raw selected variables of metacarpals of several Bison s.l. and Leptobos etruscus samples. Leptobos etruscus: samples from Olivola and Senèze; B. (Eobison) sp.: sample from Venta Micena; B. (Eobison) cf. degiulii: sample from Mygdonia Basin; B. menneri: sample from Untermassfeld; B. schoetensacki: samples from Le Vallonnet, Durfort, Süssenborn, Mauer; B. priscus priscus: samples from Taubach, Châtillon-Saint-Jean, Romain-la-Roche; B. priscus mediator: samples from UK (several sites, see Fig. 9), North Sea seabed. Abbreviations are given in Table 4. Values of p<0.05 are in bold. Eobison sp. Eobison cf. degiulii Bison menneri Bison schoetensacki VCS Bison priscus priscus Bison priscus mediator Leptobos etruscus <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Eobison sp. <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Eobison cf. degiulii <0.001 0.001 0.045 <0.001 <0.001 Bison menneri <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Bison schoetensacki 0.075 <0.001 <0.001 VCS 0.03 0.011 Bison priscus priscus <0.001 32 Table S22. Measurements (mm) and descriptive statistics of the tibiae of Bison schoetensacki from Vallparadís Estació (EVT) and Cal Guardiola (CGR) layers. Abbreviations: DEAAW, distal epiphysis astragalus articulation width; DEAT, distal epiphysis articulation thickness; DEAW, distal epiphysis articular width; DET, distal epiphysis thickness; DEW, distal epiphysis width; DTmin, minimum diaphysis thickness; DWmin, minimum diaphysis width; L, left; MFT, malleolar facet thickness; MFW, malleolar facet width; R, right. ID Specimen Layer Side DWmin DTmin DEW DEAW DEAAW DET DEAT MFW MFT IPS107618 CGRD2 R 56.7 39.2 89.6 78.6 58.7 60.9 53.4 19.3 IPS92940 EVT7 R 74.4 68.9 54.2 51.9 45.3 13.5 34.8 IPS92942 EVT7 R 54.0 40.4 81.7 74.9 57.2 59.4 51.7 16.8 34 IPS92943 EVT7 L 46.5 33.4 69.3 61.5 50.2 50.6 44.6 11.0 24.5 IPS114546 EVT12 R 92.3 80.6 58.0 69.9 60.5 18.7 41.8 Mean 52.4 37.7 81.5 72.9 55.7 58.5 51.1 15.8 33.8 Minimum 46.5 33.4 69.3 61.5 50.2 50.6 44.6 11.0 24.5 Maximum 56.7 40.4 92.3 80.6 58.7 69.9 60.5 19.3 41.8 SD 5.3 3.7 9.8 7.8 3.5 7.8 6.5 3.5 7.1 N 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 33 Table S23. Comparative measurements (mm) of the tibia in selected Leptobos and Bison s.l. samples. Abbreviations: DET, distal epiphysis thickness; DEW, distal epiphysis width; DTmin, minimum diaphysis thickness; DWmin, minimum diaphysis width. Taxon Locality Measures DWmin DTmin DEW DET Leptobos etruscus Senèze (France) Mean 46.8 34.3 68.0 57.0 (Duvernois and Guérin, 1989) Minimum 44.5 33.0 61.0 56.0 Maximum 48.5 36.5 72.0 57.0 SD 1.8 1.7 6.1 N 4 4 3 2 Bison (Eobison) palaeosinensis Various localities of China Mean 47.8 73.8 56.0 (Tong et al., 2016) Minimum 45.0 70.0 53.0 Maximum 51.0 78.0 58.0 SD 3.2 3.9 2.5 N 4 4 4 Bison (Eobison) georgicus Dmanisi (Georgia) Mean 71.2 55.1 (Bukshianidze, 2005) Minimum 70.2 54.7 Maximum 72.3 55.6 SD 1.6 0.6 N 2 2 Bison sp. Venta Micena (Spain) Mean 60.7 46.1 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) Minimum 60 41.2 Maximum 62.2 51.7 SD 1 4.4 N 4 4 Bison menneri Untermassfeld (Germany) Mean 84.0 62.0 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 74.0 55.0 Maximum 94.0 67.0 SD 5.4 3.5 N 23 23 Bison schoetensacki Le Vallonnet (France) Mean 56.9 82.9 62.2 (Moullé, 1992) Minimum 51.0 76.3 57.2 Maximum 68.0 89.8 64.4 SD 7.6 5.8 3.3 N 4 4 4 Bison schoetensacki Vallparadís Composite Mean 52.4 37.7 81.5 58.5 (This paper) Section (Spain) Minimum 46.5 33.4 69.3 50.6 Maximum 56.7 40.4 92.3 69.9 SD 5.3 3.7 9.8 7.8 N 3 3 5 5 Bison schoetensacki Durfort (France) Mean 82.7 67.4 34 (Brugal, 1995) Minimum 81.4 66.7 Maximum 84.0 68.0 SD 1.8 0.9 N 2 2 Bison schoetensacki Isernia la Pineta (Italy) Mean 86.9 63.3 (Sala, 1986) Minimum 79.0 57.0 Maximum 91.0 67.0 SD 5.4 4.4 N 4 4 Bison spp. Mauer (Germany) Mean 56.9 85.1 61.9 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 53.0 77.0 56.0 Maximum 60.5 91.0 64.0 SD 5.3 4.4 2.5 N 2 7 7 Bison aff. priscus Tiraspol (Ukraine) Mean 92.8 69.5 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 89.0 64.0 Maximum 94.0 73.0 SD 2.2 3.4 N 4 4 Bison priscus Cava Filo (Italy) Mean 54.5 78.9 59.3 (Sala, 1986) Minimum 46.0 68.0 56.0 Maximum 62.0 91.0 64.5 SD 5.7 9.7 3.5 N 6 5 5 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, R–W (Russia) Mean 43.5 85.8 65.0 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 36.3 73.0 56.5 Maximum 54.5 98.2 75.4 SD N 70 92 87 Bison priscus priscus Taradanovo, W1–2 (Russia) Mean 42.6 83.9 63.9 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 38.0 67.3 69.0 Maximum 45.7 94.6 58.0 SD N 12 31 27 35 Table S24. Measurements (mm) and descriptive statistics of the astragali of Bison schoetensacki from Vallparadís Estació (EVT) and Cal Guardiola (CGR) layers. Abbreviations: DTW, distal trochleae width; Ll, lateral length; Lm, medial length; Lmin, minimum length; PTW, proximal trochleae width; Tl, lateral thickness; Tm, medial thickness; TTW, intertrochlear width. ID Specimen Layer Side Ll Lm Lmin Tl Tm PTW TTW DTW IPS39141 CGRD7 R 90.1 83.4 71.5 45.6 50.8 60 48.4 60.1 IPS92949 EVT7 R 84.4 77.2 66.0 46.0 42.7 49.4 44.2 52.1 IPS92950 EVT7 R 78.9 73.1 60.8 43.3 42.1 45.6 42.9 51.5 IPS92951 EVT7 R 81.9 76.6 64.5 44.5 44.0 45.5 49.0 52.8 IPS92952 EVT7 R 82.4 74.1 63.1 44.6 48.1 51.8 50.1 55.0 IPS92953 EVT12 L 90.9 80.8 68.7 48.3 51.0 54.8 54.9 61.0 IPS118120b EVT12 L 85.2 76.8 67.0 45.6 48.3 56.8 50.8 56.9 Mean 84.8 77.4 65.9 45.8 46.3 52.0 48.6 55.6 Minimum 78.9 73.1 60.8 43.3 42.1 45.5 42.9 51.5 Maximum 90.9 83.4 71.5 48.3 51.0 60.0 54.9 61.0 SD 4.4 3.6 3.6 1.9 3.7 5.5 4.0 3.8 N 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 36 Table S25. Comparative measurements (mm) of the astragalus in selected Leptobos and Bison s.l. samples. Abbreviations: DTW, distal trochleae width; Ll, lateral length; Lm, medial length; PTW, proximal trochleae width; Tl, lateral thickness. Taxon Locality Measures Ll Lm Tl PTW DTW Leptobos etruscus Olivola (Italy) Mean 71.5 39.2 38.2 43.6 46.2 (Masini, 1989) Minimum 67.2 35.0 35.0 39.7 42.0 Maximum 76.7 43.7 42.0 48.0 52.0 SD 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.3 3.2 N 18 18 18 18 18 Bison (Eobison) palaeosinensis Various localities of China Mean 78.0 50.7 (Tong et al., 2016) Minimum 74.0 46.0 Maximum 80.0 53.0 SD 3.5 4.0 N 3 3 Bison (Eobison) georgicus Dmanisi (Georgia) Mean 78.9 50.3 52.5 (Bukshianidze, 2005) N 1 1 1 Bison sp. Venta Micena (Spain) Mean 71.5 47.2 (Moyà-Solà, 1987) Minimum 66.6 40.0 Maximum 77.0 53.7 SD 3.5 3.6 N 15 17 Bison (Eobison) degiulii Pirro Nord (Italy) Mean 73.4 42.1 40.6 46.8 48.7 (Masini, 1989) Minimum 67.1 39 36.7 41.3 44.3 Maximum 79.8 46.8 44.0 49.7 53.3 SD 4.1 2.2 2.2 2.7 3.1 N 10 10 10 9 10 Bison (Eobison) cf. degiulii Mygdonia basin Mean 79.1 52.6 (Croitor, 2016) (various localities) Minimum 73.5 46.4 (Greece) Maximum 87.1 60.3 SD 4.7 4.2 N 8 8 Bison menneri Untermassfeld (Germany) Mean 85.8 57.6 56.2 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 78.5 52.0 50.5 Maximum 95.5 66.0 64.4 SD 4.1 3.7 3.8 N 33 34 35 37 Bison schoetensacki Le Vallonnet (France) Mean 86.7 49 48.2 60.1 (Moullé, 1992) Minimum 83.7 46.5 46.5 56.8 Maximum 90.0 51.9 52.1 65.4 SD 2.1 2.1 1.7 2.9 N 6 6 8 7 Bison schoetensacki Vallparadís Composite Mean 84.8 77.4 45.8 52 55.6 (This paper) Section (Spain) Minimum 78.9 73.1 43.3 45.4 51.5 Maximum 90.9 83.4 48.3 60.0 61.0 SD 4.4 3.6 1.9 5.5 3.8 N 7 7 7 7 7 Bison schoetensacki Durfort (France) Mean 83.1 46.5 45.4 55.4 53.7 (Brugal, 1995) Minimum 69.8 41.2 39.0 48.5 47.2 Maximum 89.6 49.0 48.5 60.0 57.6 SD 7.4 2.9 3.4 4.3 4.0 N 6 6 6 6 5 Bison schoetensacki Isernia la Pineta (Italy) Mean 92.3 52.6 51.6 60.5 60.6 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017) Minimum 87.7 49.0 49.6 54.2 55.2 Maximum 99.5 56.5 54.8 65.5 63.7 SD 3.3 2.6 1.7 3.3 3 N 11 6 7 12 13 Bison schoetensacki Mauer (Germany) Mean 91.0 48.6 49.7 60.0 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 85.0 34.0 43.0 55.0 Maximum 100.0 55.0 53.5 65.0 SD 4.4 5.3 3.3 3.3 N 14 14 15 15 Bison cf. schoetensacki Mosbach (Germany) Mean 94.2 51.3 51.6 60.0 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 88.5 47.0 49.0 53.0 Maximum 99.5 57.0 55.5 66.0 SD 5.0 4.4 2.5 5.7 N 5 4 5 5 Bison aff. priscus Tiraspol (Ukraine) Mean 97.8 62.8 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 92.8 59.8 Maximum 105.3 66.0 SD 6.6 3.1 N 3 3 Bison priscus Romain-la-Roche (France) Mean 94.1 54.9 53.1 60.8 65.5 (Vercoutère and Guérin, 2010) Minimum 91.0 52.5 51.0 57.0 60.0 38 Maximum 100.0 57.0 57.0 66.0 69.5 SD 3.1 1.6 1.7 2.3 3.1 N 12 12 12 12 12 Bison priscus Cava Filo (Italy) Mean 88.5 49.8 49.8 58.5 (Sala, 1986) Minimum 86.0 46 47.8 52.0 Maximum 90.7 52 51.2 62.6 SD 2.4 3.3 1.8 5.7 N 3 3 3 3 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, R–W (Russia) Mean 91.5 52 51.7 60.5 (Vasiliev ,2008) Minimum 82.0 46.5 46.0 53.2 Maximum 102.5 58.0 56.7 67.3 SD N 68 60 67 69 Bison priscus Taradanovo, W1–2 (Russia) Mean 88.5 49.6 48.9 57.0 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 76.2 42.5 41.7 47.5 Maximum 104 55.3 57.7 63.6 SD N 139 95 134 125 Bison bonasus Warsaw (Polonia) Mean 77.0 45.1 54.4 (Empel and Roskoz, 1963) Minimum 67.0 38.0 47.0 Maximum 87.0 51.0 63.0 SD 4.7 3.3 3.5 N 39 39 39 39 Table S26. Measurements (mm) and descriptive statistics of the calcanei of Bison schoetensacki from Vallparadís Estació (EVT) and Cal Guardiola (CGR) layers. Abbreviations: Lmax, maximum length; BLm, minimum length (medial view); BLp, calcaneum body length (posterior view); CBHmin, calcaneum body minimum height; CBWmin, calcaneum body minimum width; Hmax, maximum height; HST, height at sustentaculum tali level; HTC, height of tuber calcanei; L, left; MFL, malleolar facet length; MFW, malleolar facet width; NCFL, cubonavicular articular facet length; R, right; STT, sustentaculum tali thickness; Wmax, maximum width; WTC, width of tuber calcanei. ID Specimen Layer Side Lmax BLP BLm Hmax Wmax HST STT HTC WTC MFL MFW NCFL CBWmin CBHmin IPS13936 CGR-D2 R 189.4 139.1 110.3 72.5 60.0 69.9 33.0 52.2 46.9 34.5 21.1 48.9 25.4 50.1 IPS92944 EVT7 R 166.6 125.4 102.9 66.7 58.0 58.3 35.6 52.1 40.4 32.0 19.0 48.0 26.0 44.8 IPS92945 EVT7 R 160.8 115.3 92.7 68.5 51.2 61.9 33.7 49.2 38.3 32.9 17.7 48.0 21.6 46.3 IPS92946 EVT7 R 174.4 126:3 102.2 69.9 52.0 63.1 33.0 51.6 43.4 31.0 16.0 49.3 31.3 46.4 IPS92947 EVT7 R 169.6 123.6 100.5 73.5 59.0 62.9 35.7 47.3 43.7 32.4 20.1 46.7 26.6 47.2 IPS92948 EVT7 L 177.6 129.1 103.8 70.8 55.0 64.0 33.0 53.2 45.6 32.8 19.6 50.5 28.7 47.4 IPS-118120 EVT12 R 170.8 131.0 102.1 69.3 58.7 34.9 50.6 44.0 32.7 18.8 48.5 25.3 45.0 Mean 172.7 127.1 102.1 70.2 56.3 63.4 34.1 50.9 43.2 32.6 18.9 48.5 26.4 46.8 Minimum 160.8 115.3 92.7 66.7 51.2 58.3 33.0 47.3 38.3 31 16 46.7 21.6 44.8 Maximum 189.4 139.1 110.3 73.5 60.0 69.9 35.7 53.2 46.9 34.5 21.1 50.5 31.3 50.1 SD 9.1 7.3 5.2 2.3 3.5 3.8 1.2 2.1 3.0 1.1 1.7 1.2 3.0 1.8 N 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 40 Table S27. Comparative measurements (mm) of the calcaneus in selected Leptobos and Bison s.l. samples. Abbreviations: BLp, calcaneum body length (posterior view); Hmax, maximum height; HTC, height of tuber calcanei; Lmax, maximum length; Wmax, maximum width; WTC, width of tuber calcanei. Taxon Locality Measures Lmax BLp Hmax Wmax HTC WTC Leptobos etruscus Olivola (Italy) Mean 149.7 104.9 58.9 51.1 43.5 38.2 (Masini, 1989) Minimum 134.0 100.0 54.7 43.2 39.0 34.0 Maximum 159.1 123.5 62.2 59.0 47.0 42.1 SD 9.3 7.3 2.4 4.2 2.9 2.6 N 10 14 11 13 12 12 Bison (Eobison) palaeosinensis Various localities of China Mean 146.3 47.0 (Tong et al., 2016) Minimum 136.0 44.0 Maximum 160.0 53.0 SD 10.0 4.1 N 4 4 Bison sp. Venta Micena (Spain) Mean 151.7 25.1 (Moyà-Solà, 1987) Minimum 148.0 23.0 Maximum 158.0 27.4 SD 5.5 2.2 N 3 3 Bison (Eobison) degiulii Pirro Nord (Italy) Mean 140.8 109.4 58.2 45.2 44.2 36.5 (Masini, 1989) Minimum 138.5 103.0 57.2 41.3 42.0 34.5 Maximum 143.0 119.2 59.2 49.0 48.0 39.5 SD 3.2 8.6 1.4 5.4 3.3 2.7 N 2 3 2 2 3 3 Bison menneri Untermassfeld (Germany) Mean 177.1 70.0 59.2 52.4 44.6 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 163.5 61.0 53.4 47.8 37 Maximum 189.0 79.6 68.3 59.3 49.5 SD 7.9 5.0 4.2 3.1 3.5 N 21 20 20 21 21 Bison schoetensacki Le Vallonnet (France) Mean 158.0 50.0 48.5 (Moullé, 1992) Minimum 155.0 46.5 Maximum 161.0 50.5 SD 4.2 2.8 N 2 1 2 Bison schoetensacki Vallparadís Composite Mean 172.7 127.1 70.2 56.3 50.9 43.2 (This paper) Section (Spain) Minimum 160.8 115.3 66.7 51.2 47.3 38.3 Maximum 189.4 139.1 73.5 60.0 53.2 46.9 41 SD 9.1 7.3 2.3 3.5 2.1 3.0 N 7 7 7 7 7 7 Bison schoetensacki Durfort (France) Mean 180.0 123.1 70.6 59.4 (Brugal, 1995) Minimum 120.0 66.5 54.0 Maximum 130.2 73.0 62.0 SD 4.1 2.5 3.7 N 1 5 5 4 Bison priscus Taubach (Germany) Mean 199.3 81.8 74.0 63.0 52.9 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) Minimum 185.0 79.6 69.9 59.5 50.5 Maximum 206.0 83.6 77.1 65.5 54.0 SD 8.3 1.8 3.0 2.3 1.4 N 4 4 4 4 4 Bison priscus Romain-la-Roche (France) Mean 190.0 78.3 66.7 54.0 48.7 (Vercoutère and Guérin, 2010) Minimum 187.0 75.0 63.0 51.0 48.0 Maximum 195.0 82.0 71.0 57.0 49.0 SD 3.6 3 4 4.2 0.6 N 4 4 3 2,00 3 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, R–W (Russia) Mean 188.3 74.8 65.1 52.4 49.6 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 163.0 66.0 56.0 46.0 39.5 Maximum 201.0 85.7 75.0 57.0 54.6 SD N 23 50.0 44 25 24 Bison priscus Taradanovo, W1–2 (Russia) Mean 186.3 73.3 64.4 52.1 50.3 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 170 65.2 51.3 44.3 42.7 Maximum 210 82.7 74 59 58 SD N 53.0 77 69.0 51.0 53.0 Bos primigenius Lunel Viel (France) Mean 179.1 71.5 63.1 (Brugal, 1985) Minimum 164.5 61.8 54.6 Maximum 199.3 81.1 77.3 SD N 35.0 80 35 Bison bonasus Warsaw (Polonia) Mean 159.8 56.0 43.2 40.0 (Empel and Roskoz, 1963) Minimum 142.0 49.0 37.0 34.0 Maximum 181.0 66.0 50.0 50.0 SD 11.3 5.4 3.6 4.3 N 33 28 33 33 42 Table S28. Comparative measurements (mm) of the metatarsal in selected Leptobos and Bison s.l. samples. Abbreviations: DEW, distal epiphysis width; DET, distal epiphysis thickness; DW, diaphysis width (midshaft); DT, diaphysis thickness (midshaft); Lmax, maximum length; PET, proximal epiphysis thickness; PEW, proximal epiphysis width. Taxon Locality Statistics Lmax PEW PET DW DT DEW DET Leptobos etruscus Senèze/Olivola (France/Italy) Mean 273.8 50.4 50.1 34.2 33.8 55.1 35.0 (Masini, 1989) Minimum 258.0 46.4 45.0 31.3 29.5 50.2 32.0 Maximum 290.5 55.7 53.5 37.4 36.3 59.0 37.3 SD 8.6 2.7 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.7 1.8 N 16 16 16 16 15 15 10 Bison (Eobison) palaeosinensis Various localities of China Mean 256.2 51.1 50.9 32.2 33.2 59.4 32.8 (Tong et al., 2016; Masini, 1989) Minimum 237.0 46.5 45.0 31.4 30.9 52.5 31.6 Maximum 280.0 57.0 60.0 32.9 35.5 67.0 34.0 SD 19.8 4.6 6.1 1.1 3.3 6.4 1.7 N 6 6 6 2 2 6 2 Bison sp. Venta Micena (Spain) Mean 264.7 51.1 48.5 32.8 34.5 57.3 34.4 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) Minimum 240.9 43.5 45.0 27.4 29.6 50.2 29.5 Maximum 286.2 59.4 53.9 38.0 37.7 63.8 38.3 SD 12.9 4.4 3.7 3.3 2.5 4.0 2.2 N 15 24 23 20 19 20 20 Bison (Eobison) degiulii Pirro/Capena (Italy) Mean 257.3 52.8 54.3 37.1 34.7 57.9 34.9 (Masini, 1989) Minimum 246.8 50.9 52.3 34.6 32.4 51.7 32.9 Maximum 267.8 56.7 58 39.5 36.8 66.0 37 SD 14.9 3.4 3.2 2.5 2.2 5.4 1.5 N 2 3 3 3 3 5 5 Bison (Eobison) cf. degiulii Mygdonia basin Mean 275.5 55.3 55.0 34.3 35.2 63.7 39.3 (Kostopoulos et al., 2018) (Various localities) Minimum 261.2 51.1 51.4 31.1 31.9 59.5 36.9 (Greece) Maximum 286.9 62.1 64 38.1 40.3 70.6 40.9 SD 8.4 2.9 3.5 2.3 2.6 3.2 1.2 N 10 16 17 15 14 12 12 Bison menneri Untermassfeld (Germany) Mean 315.0 64.0 61.7 41.3 41.0 72.8 45.1 (Sher, 1997; Maniakas and Kostopoulos 2017a) Minimum 301.4 56.9 53.8 35.6 35.7 64.5 39.5 Maximum 329 72.3 68.6 47.3 45.2 80 50.6 SD 9.5 4.5 4.9 3.9 3.1 4.8 2.8 N 18 18 18 18 17 19 19 Bison schoetensacki Le Vallonnet (France) Mean 298.0 69.8 61.3 77.7 48.7 43 (Moullé 1992) Minimum 290.0 58.0 54.0 74.0 46.5 Maximum 306.0 82.0 66.0 85.0 52.5 SD 11.3 12 6.4 6.4 3.3 N 2 3 3 3 3 Bison schoetensacki Vallparadís Composite Section (Spain) Mean 283.4 59.7 58.2 39.6 40.2 67.3 40.3 (This paper) Minimum 269.7 53.0 52.7 34.0 34.2 61.3 34.,5 Maximum 300.2 68.3 66.0 45.5 45.0 78.0 43.6 SD 11.7 4.2 3.7 3.1 3.3 6.0 3.1 N 8 13 13 13 13 8 7 Bison schoetensacki Durfort (France) Mean 277.8 63.2 59.3 41.8 39.0 68.4 42 (Brugal, 1995) Minimum 269.0 59.3 56.4 39.2 35.5 65.3 41 Maximum 286.3 68.0 63.0 43.5 41.6 71.3 43 SD 8.7 4.5 3.0 2.3 3.2 3.0 1.0 N 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 Bison schoetensacki Süssenborn (Germany) Mean 298.3 63.4 60.9 41.0 40.0 72.6 41.9 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) Minimum 266.0 53.4 48.6 33.6 33.6 62.2 35.8 Maximum 315.0 67.2 67.2 45.4 44.5 80.7 47.3 SD 19.4 5.0 6.0 4.5 4.1 7.3 4.9 N 5 7 7 5 5 6 5 Bison schoetensacki Cromer Forest-bed formation Mean 284.4 58.3 62.0 71.4 43.0 (Sala, 1986) (various localities; England) Minimum 277.5 51.0 55.0 62.7 39.0 Maximum 295.0 69.0 69.0 83.9 47.0 SD 6.9 7.2 9.9 9.0 5.7 N 6 6 2 4 2 Bison schoetensacki Mauer (Germany) Mean 298.3 59.44 59.4 38.7 68.0 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 280.0 53.6 55.5 36.0 65.5 Maximum 315.0 66.0 61.5 44.5 76.0 SD 11.9 4.0 2.2 2.9 4.0 N 5 8 6 10 5 Bison cf. schoetensacki Mosbach (Germany) Mean 300.3 66.5 63.1 42.7 77.2 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 270.5 56.5 56.5 34.0 66.2 Maximum 314.0 81.0 63.1 52.3 88.0 SD 12.2 5.9 4.7 5.0 6.3 N 22 22 22 22 22 Bison aff. priscus Tiraspol (Ukraine) Mean 313.9 66.9 66.8 45.5 79.7 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 297.3 61.0 62.5 40.0 70.5 Maximum 340.0 76.5 78.5 50.5 93.0 44 SD 15 5.9 5.6 4.1 7.2 N 6 6 6 6 6 Bison priscus Taubach (Germany) Mean 284.2 65.5 62.8 46.7 46.7 80.1 45.4 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) Minimum 41.1 41.4 72.4 42.4 Maximum 53.9 51.9 89.3 47.8 SD 6.6 5.3 6.9 2.3 N 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 Bison priscus priscus Romain-la-Roche (France) Mean 305.8 71.5 66.0 47.3 48.7 76.2 45.5 (Vercoutère and Guérin, 2010) Minimum 298.0 70.0 64.0 46.0 47.0 75.0 45.0 Maximum 314.0 73.0 68.0 48.0 50.0 77.5 46.0 SD 8.0 2.1 2.8 1.2 1.5 1.3 0.7 N 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 Bison priscus Cava Filo (Italy) Mean 294.3 65.2 63.3 83.3 47.3 (Sala, 1986) Minimum 281.0 61.0 56.5 73.0 44.0 Maximum 308.0 74.0 68.0 89.0 50.0 SD 10.4 5 4.2 5.4 2.1 N 6 6 6 6 6 Bison priscus North East Siberia (Russia) Mean 266.4 58.5 58.0 36.6 79.7 (Sher, 1997) Minimum 254.0 51.5 53.5 29.5 70.5 Maximum 283.0 69.5 66 48.0 78.5 SD 7.2 4.7 3.8 4.5 5.6 N 25 25 24 25 6 Bison priscus Various localities of England Mean 279.8 65.3 60.6 42.6 40.5 75.0 42.7 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) (United Kingdom) Minimum 254.6 57.7 56.0 37.5 33.7 69.5 38.9 Maximum 302.1 70.2 67.1 49.1 44.8 79.8 46.5 SD 13.4 4.1 3.6 4.2 3.9 3.9 2.9 N 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, R–W (Russia) Mean 296.7 66.6 64.6 44.4 42.0 77.7 46.7 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 278.3 56.8 55.5 34.7 38.0 68.3 42.1 Maximum 314.0 75.4 70.5 50.2 47.0 86.7 50.9 SD N 30 43 41 36 35 42 35 B. priscus priscus Taradanovo, W1–2 (Russia) Mean 293.4 65.7 63.4 41.7 42.1 76.6 46.0 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 264.0 56.2 56.0 34.3 36.4 67.5 40.7 Maximum 309.0 73.2 68.5 47.5 46.4 84.0 50.4 SD N 33 38 37 38 37 43 37 45 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, W2 Mean 286.3 59.6 57.3 36.8 38.3 73.8 42.1 (Vasiliev, 2008) Minimum 285.5 57.8 55.0 32.8 32.0 71.2 41.5 Maximum 287.0 61.3 59.2 38.8 41.0 76.4 44.0 SD N 2 5 5 4 4 3 3 Bison priscus Kiputz IX (Spain) Mean 296.5 65.8 42.6 81.2 45.9 (Castaños et al., 2012) Minimum 268.0 51 36.5 70 40.5 Maximum 318.0 79 51.0 91 51.5 SD 16.3 6.9 5.7 7.4 3.8 N 12 23 12 12 12 Bison bonasus Warsaw (Polonia) Mean 260.9 58.0 53.2 62.0 41.5 (Empel and Roskoz, 1963) Minimum 242.0 47.0 44.0 51.0 36.0 Maximum 288.0 69.0 63.0 72.0 48.0 SD 11.1 5.4 4.3 5.3 2.9 N 39 39 39 39 39 Bos primigenius Lunel Viel (France) Mean 288.4 66.5 64.8 44.8 45.1 77.4 38.4 (Brugal, 1985) Minimum 263.7 53.4 54.8 35.7 38.3 68.0 32.0 Maximum 312.7 78.7 74.6 55.0 52.7 89.3 42.7 SD N 52 92 92 63 63 52 54 46 Table S29. Ratio (%) between distal diaphysis width (DDW) and distal maximum width (DEW) in metatarsals of various species of bovids. Taxon DDW/DEW*100 Leptobos etruscus (Masini, 1989) range: 94.2–101.3; mean = 98.2; N = 14 Bison sp. Venta Micena (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) range: 95.1–100.0; mean = 97; N = 19 Bison (Eobison) degiulii (Masini, 1989) range: 93.3–96.7; mean = 95; N = 2 Bison (Eobison) cf. degiulii (Kostopoulos et al., 2018) range: 93.8–106.8; mean = 98.6; N = 12 Bison menneri (Sher, 1997) range: 96.4–105.4; mean = 99.8; N = 19 Bison schoetensacki Vallparadís Composite Section (This paper) range: 90.8–103.3; mean = 98.7; N = 8 Bison schoetensacki Süssenborn (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) range: 94.8–98.8; mean = 97.6; N = 6 Bison schoetensacki Durfort (Brugal, 1995) range: 97.1–102.9; mean = 99.9; N = 3 Bison priscus Taubach (Sher, 1997) range: 93.9–96.9; mean = 95.2; N = 8 Bison priscus Romain-la-Roche (Vercoutère and Guérin, 2010) range: 101.3–108.0; mean = 105.7; N = 3 Bison priscus UK (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, 2017a) range: 95.7–99.7; mean = 97.4; N = 8 Bos primigenius Romain-la-Roche (Vercoutère and Guérin, 2010) range: 91.7–98.6; mean = 95.7; N = 3 Bos primigenius (Brugal, 1985) average: 93.7; N = 52 47 Table S30. Principal component analysis of metatarsals using seven selected variables (see Section 3 and Fig. 10). Eigenvalue and % variance of the PCs and coefficient of each variables for each PC. Abbreviations as in Table 4. PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 PC 4 PC 5 PC 6 PC 7 Eigenvalue 0.00104894 0.00055803 0.000459951 0.000312436 0.00015311 0.000110268 9,84E-15 % variance 39.692 21.116 17.404 11.822 57.936 41.725 3,73E-12 mv Lmax 0.81154 -0.35556 -0.13103 -0.10965 -0.19147 0.079202 0.37796 mv PET -0.020849 0.15944 -0.13173 -0.525 0.73203 -0.049449 0.37796 mv PEW -0.2466 0.039901 -0.17232 -0.20579 -0.43866 -0.7282 0.37796 mv DT -0.10104 -0.062571 0.9035 -0.10061 -0.087596 0.09437 0.37796 mv DW -0.42049 -0.66638 -0.20568 0.3781 0.18127 0.13469 0.37796 mv DETl 0.20422 0.50097 0.014653 0.70483 0.19835 -0.16767 0.37796 mv DEW -0.22677 0.3842 -0.2774 -0.14187 -0.39393 0.63706 0.37796 48 Table S31. Principal component analysis of metatarsals following Scott and Barr (2004) (see Section 3 and Fig. 10). Eigenvalue and % variance of the PCs and coefficient of each variables for each PC. Abbreviations as in Table 4. PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 PC 4 PC 5 PC 6 PC 7 PC 8 Eigenvalue 0.00107108 0.000679073 0.000467574 0.000233519 0.00014504 8,62E+00 3,97E+00 2,76E+00 % variance 38.951 24.695 17.004 84.921 52.745 31.359 14.453 10.025 re Lmax 0.90652 0.12343 -0.049579 0.30502 -0.20162 0.1265 -0.097363 0.036869 re DW -0.046536 0.82418 -0.3662 -0.083114 0.30869 0.04473 0.061286 0.2766 re DT 0.1545 0.24712 0.79638 -0.46758 -0.023953 0.10068 0.13179 0.18476 re DETl 0.23835 -0.28778 -0.23494 -0.26483 0.35307 0.26888 0.72778 -0.091805 re DETm 0.18033 -0.32507 -0.23471 -0.39033 0.012315 -0.42979 -0.16882 0.66408 re DEW -0.23325 -0.14062 0.028346 0.31295 -0.2064 0.6256 0.091064 0.62033 re PEW -0.075716 0.13996 0.097497 0.35516 -0.35665 -0.53833 0.63182 0.15112 re PET 0.052133 -0.12875 0.32958 0.48462 0.75424 -0.1835 -0.061169 0.17586 49 Table S32. Pairwise comparison results based on MANOVA (p<0.05) for seven raw selected variables of metatarsals of several Bison s.l. and Leptobos etruscus samples. L. etruscus: samples from Olivola, Senèze; B. (Eobison) sp.: sample from Venta Micena; B. (Eobison) cf. degiulii: sample from Mygdonia Basin; B. menneri: sample from Untermassfeld; B. schoetensacki: samples from Le Vallonnet, Durfort, Süssenborn, Mauer; B. priscus priscus: samples from Taubach, Romain-la-Roche; B. priscus mediator: samples from UK (several sites; see Fig. 9). Abbreviations are given in Tables 2 and 4. Values of p<0.05 are in bold. Eobison sp. Eobison cf. degiulii Bison menneri Bison schoetensacki VCS B. priscus priscus B. priscus mediator Leptobos etruscus 0.08 0.007 <0.001 0.001 0.025 0.044 <0.001 Eobison sp. 0.041 <0.001 0.00 0.085 0.086 <0.001 Eobison cf. degiulii <0.001 0.226 0.437 0.32 0.016 Bison menneri 0.006 0.002 0.016 <0.001 Bison schoetensacki 0.274 0.594 0.179 VCS 0.769 0.075 B. priscus priscus 0.567 50 Table S33. Measurements (mm) of the phalanges of Bison schoetensacki from Vallparadís Estació (EVT) and Cal Guardiola (CGR) layers. Abbreviations: DET, distal end thickness; DEW, distal end width; Lmax, maximum length; PEAT, proximal end articular thickness; PEAW, proximal end articular width;SLmax, maximum length of the sole; SOL, oblique length of the sole; SW, width at the middle; Tmax, maximum thickness; Wmax, maximum width; Wmin, minimum width. ID Specimen Layer Element Lmax Wmax Tmax PEAW PEAT DEW DET Wmin SLmax SOL SW IPS14977 CGRD7 Proximal phalanx 71.6 35.7 42.3 32.1 29.4 31.1 26.7 30.2 IPS61879 CGRD3 Proximal phalanx 77.8 33.9 40.0 30.7 28.7 32.7 27.0 29.9 IPS92924 EVT10 Proximal phalanx 71.0 38.8 43.1 36.6 30.5 37.1 27.3 33.8 IPS92925 EVT7 Proximal phalanx 74.8 39.7 42.6 34.8 33.9 35.0 28.5 30.0 IPS92926 EVT10 Proximal phalanx 77.7 34.7 42.7 32.5 28.9 31.9 24.0 32.0 IPS92927 EVT7 Proximal phalanx 72.7 35.0 39.5 30.4 29.3 32.4 25.2 27.9 IPS107621 EVT12 Proximal phalanx 74.0 35.5 38.8 32.1 28.7 32.9 26.2 32.1 IPS114554 EVT7 Proximal phalanx 83.5 39.1 43.7 34.2 35.7 36.9 28.2 34.5 IPS118118 EVT12 Proximal phalanx 77.2 39.4 43.1 34.1 35.7 27.2 38.1 35.6 IPS118119 EVT12 Proximal phalanx 73.4 41.5 46.5 35.0 38.2 29.1 41.7 36.8 IPS16778 CGRD2 Intermediate phalanx 57.0 43.4 46.8 41.7 32.6 34.7 42.3 35.0 IPS40612 CGRD2 Intermediate phalanx 50.0 40.9 47.4 27.6 IPS107624 EVT12 Intermediate phalanx 55.0 40.4 40.5 37.0 30.6 28.8 36.4 31.6 IPS118114 EVT12 Intermediate phalanx 50.2 41.1 47.0 39.5 31.1 38.5 36.0 33.6 IPS39142 CGRD2 Distal phalanx 92.8 45.1 49.6 33.2 89.0 74.7 34.3 IPS41597 CGRD2 Distal phalanx 97.6 48.9 51.0 34.0 44.0 97.5 76.8 35.1 IPS107622 EVT12 Distal phalanx 95.0 37.5 43.4 32.1 35.7 94.8 80.9 30.0 IPS107623 EVT12 Distal phalanx 95.9 50.7 47.3 33.5 39.8 95.5 80.6 36.9 IPS107625 EVT12 Distal phalanx 83.2 42.0 46.4 27.3 33.5 80.5 70.4 30.9 IPS118112 EVT12 Distal phalanx 72.8 33.0 46.2 29.2 38.3 79.8 69.0 29.2 IPS118113 EVT12 Distal phalanx 92.4 41.5 52.1 36.2 43.2 86.3 86.3 33.0 51 Table S34. Sexual dimorphism in various samples of Bison s.l.. We computed the difference (%) between male and female of four selected metacarpal measurements following the equation given by Schertz (1936b) (equation in Section 3 of the main text). Abbreviations: DEW, distal end width; DW, diaphysis width; Lmax, maximum length; PEW, proximal end width. Female mean Male mean Difference Taxa Variable values (mm) values (mm) % Bison menneri, Untermassfeld Lmax 272.8 283.3 3.7 (Sher, 1997; Maniakas and PEW 74.1 84.3 12.1 Kostopoulos, 2017a) DW 42.5 51.6 17.7 DEW 71.8 83.4 14.0 Lmax 253,7 266,4 4,8 Bison schoetensacki, Le Vallonnet PEW 74,7 85,1 12,2 (This paper) DW 49,8 59,1 15,9 DEW 70,8 82,8 14,5 Lmax 229.7 234.7 2.1 Bison schoetensacki, EVT12 (VCS) PEW 78.6 79.1 12.5 (This paper) DW 37.3 50.4 25.9 DEW 66.7 79.1 15. 7 Lmax 239.5 252.7 5.2 Bison schoetensacki, Süssenborn PEW 71.1 81.1 12.3 (Maniakas and Kostopoulos, DW 43.9 47.7 7.8 2017a) DEW 67.9 78.7 13.7 Lmax 242.5 249.5 2.8 Bison schoetensacki, Durfort PEW 69.8 80.8 13.7 (Brugal, 1995) DW 42.4 50.4 15.9 DEW 68.7 81.4 15.7 Bison priscus, Châtillon-Saint-Jean Lmax 244.7 251.9 2.8 (This paper) PEW 79 93.8 15.8 52 DW 49 60.9 19.7 DEW 77.3 92.2 16.2 Lmax 235.2 241.9 2.8 Bison priscus North Sea (Drees, PEW 78.6 88.3 13.1 2005) DW 45.6 56.7 19.6 DEW 78.4 90.0 12.4 Lmax 236.7 243.0 2.6 Bison priscus Krasny Yar, R–W, PEW 78,6 89.8 12.5 (Vasiliev, 2008) DW 46.1 57.7 20.0 DEW 80.1 91.5 12.4 Lmax 205.0 215.0 4.7 Extant Bison bonasus (Reshetov PEW 67.0 74.0 9.5 and Sukhanov, 1979) DW 35.0 44.0 20.5 DEW 63.0 70.0 10.0 Extant Bison spp. (Lewis et al., Lmax 203 211.6 4.1 2005) PEW 64.2 75.1 14.5 DW 36.9 48.6 24.1 DEW 63.6 75.1 15.3 53 Figure S1. a-d, Bivariate plots of length (L) vs width (W) of m3 (a), M1 (b), M2 (c), and M3 (d) in several Bison s.l. species. e-h, Box-plots of W/L% of m3 (e), M1 (f), M2 (g), and M3 (h) in several Bison s.l. species. 54 Figure S2. Vertebral remains of Bison schoetensacki from the Vallparadís Composite Section. a, Axis IPS114451 in anterior (1), left lateral (2), and posterior (3) views; b, Cervical vertebra IPS107605 in anterior (1) and right lateral (2) views; c, Thoracic vertebra IPS92954 in anterior (1) and right lateral (2) views. Scale bar: 100 mm. 55 Figure S3. Carpals and tarsals of Bison schoetensacki from the Vallparadís Composite Section. a, Right pyramidal IPS91545 in medial (1) and lateral (2) views; 2, Right semilunar IPS92960 in proximal (1) and distal (2) views; c, Left capitatotrapezoid IPS92963 in distal view; d, Left unciform in proximal (1) and distal (2) views; e, Right cuneiform (IPS92965) in distal (1) and medial (2) views; f, Left cubonavicular in proximal (1), distal (2), and anterior (3) views. Scale bar: 30 mm. 56 Supplementary Figure 4. Phalanges of Bison schoetensacki from the Vallparadís Composite Section: a, Left proximal phalanx IPS107624 in anterior (1), posterior (2), lateral (3), proximal (4), and distal (5) views; b, Right intermediate phalanx IPS107621 in anterior (1), posterior (2), lateral (3), proximal (4), and distal (5) views; c, Right distal phalanx IPS107623 in posterior (1), medial (2), proximal (3), and lateral (4) views. Scale bar: 50 mm. 57 Supplementary references Castaños, J., Castaños, P., Murelaga, X. and Alonso-Olazabal, A., 2012. Kiputz IX: un conjunto singular de bisonte estepario (Bison priscus Bojanus, 1827) del Pleistoceno Superior de la Península Ibérica. Ameghiniana 49, 247–261. Empel, W. and Roskosz, T., 1963. Das Skellett der Gliedmassen des Wisents, Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) Acta Theriol. 7, 259–297. Duvernois, M.P. and Guérin, C., 1989. Les Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) du Villafranchien Supérieur d’Europe Occidentale. Geobios 22, 339–379. Martin, T., 1987. Artunterschiede an den Langknochen großer Artiodactyla des Jungpleistozäns Mitteleuropas. Cour. Forsch-inst. Senck. 96, 1–121. Reshetov V.Yu., Sukhanov V.B. 1979 Postcranial skeleton. In: V.E. Sokolov (Ed.), European Bison―Morphology, Systematics, Evolution, Ecology, Nauka, Moscow (1979), 142–173 (in Russian) 58