92ace7b5c39d5618ed1ca2e9963d5015 animals_a2021v11n6p1585.pdf 8a2db18949d9d431f63fff8fd146f1140da4b871 animals_a2021v11n6p1585.pdf 9c9e1602aaad3c626b711fb6a9636e4191010e9365afbf222acecd816bc3a26d animals_a2021v11n6p1585.pdf Title: Detection of Beta-Lactam-Resistant Escherichia coli and Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Strains in Wild Boars Foraging in an Anthropization Gradient Subject: Disease transmission among wild boars, domestic animals and humans is a public health concern, especially in areas with high wild boar densities. In this study, fecal samples of wild boars (n = 200) from different locations of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona were analyzed by PCR to explore the frequency of -lactamases and extended cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance genes (ESBLs) in Escherichia coli strains and the presence of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile. The prevalence of genes conferring resistance to -lactam antimicrobials was 8.0% (16/200): blaCMY-2 (3.0%), blaTEM-1b (2.5%), blaCTX-M-14 (1.0%), blaSHV-28 (1.0%), blaCTX-M-15 (0.5%) and blaCMY-1 (0.5%). Clostridioides difficile TcdA+ was detected in two wild boars (1.0%), which is the first report of this pathogen in wild boars in Spain. Moreover, the wild boars foraging in urban and peri-urban locations were more exposed to AMRB sources than the wild boars dwelling in natural environments. In conclusion, the detection of E. coli carrying ESBL/AmpC genes and toxigenic C. difficile in wild boars foraging in urban areas reinforces the value of this game species as a sentinel of environmental AMRB sources. In addition, these wild boars can be a public and environmental health concern by disseminating AMRB and other zoonotic agents. Although this study provides the first hints of the potential anthropogenic sources of AMR, further efforts should be conducted to identify and control them. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; ESBL; AmpC; Clostridiodes difficile; Escherichia coli; Sus scrofa; wild boar; urban areas; zoonotic agents Author: Laila Darwich, Chiara Seminati, Jorge R. López-Olvera, Anna Vidal, Laia Aguirre, Marina Cerdá, Biel Garcias, Marta Valldeperes, Raquel Castillo-Contreras, Lourdes Migura-Garcia, Carles Conejero and Gregorio Mentaberre Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Mon May 31 03:35:22 2021 CEST ModDate: Mon May 31 03:35:22 2021 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 9 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1409162 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- LDAKTS+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 94 0 SAXIKB+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 95 0 OTKRZC+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 96 0 ENXZUH+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 97 0 KSIMFT+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 98 0 SXQPWE+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 101 0 XSVVIN+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 102 0 SZMRXJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 107 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 124 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 125 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 126 0 VIWIOF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 212 0 GIZSCG+EURM7 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 223 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2022-02-22 02:29:31 CET RepresentationInformation: animals_a2021v11n6p1585.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2021-10-06 13:23:58 CEST Size: 1409162 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 0 FreeObjects: 2 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: ぉのぴひはつふっぴどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸲ Item: Title: きちぴづひどちぬびぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰きづぴとはつびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮ㄩ‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぁのどねちぬぜ〴ぜ〰こちねばぬどのでぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㈩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰きどっひはぢどはぬはでどっちぬぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰きはぬづっふぬちひぜ〴ぜ〰ぉつづのぴどてどっちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰はてぜ〴ぜ〰ぐちぴとはでづのびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぁのぴどねどっひはぢどちぬぜ〴ぜ〰げづびどびぴちのっづぜ〴ぜ〰ぇづのづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㐩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰こぴちぴどびぴどっちぬぜ〴ぜ〰ぁのちぬべびどびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸳ Children: Item: Title: ぁのどねちぬぜ〴ぜ〰こちねばぬどのでぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㈩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰きどっひはぢどはぬはでどっちぬぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰きはぬづっふぬちひぜ〴ぜ〰ぉつづのぴどてどっちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰はてぜ〴ぜ〰ぐちぴとはでづのびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぁのぴどねどっひはぢどちぬぜ〴ぜ〰げづびどびぴちのっづぜ〴ぜ〰ぇづのづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㐩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰こぴちぴどびぴどっちぬぜ〴ぜ〰ぁのちぬべびどびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸳ Item: Title: きどっひはぢどはぬはでどっちぬぜ〴ぜ〰ちのつぜ〴ぜ〰きはぬづっふぬちひぜ〴ぜ〰ぉつづのぴどてどっちぴどはのぜ〴ぜ〰はてぜ〴ぜ〰ぐちぴとはでづのびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㌩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰ぁのぴどねどっひはぢどちぬぜ〴ぜ〰げづびどびぴちのっづぜ〴ぜ〰ぇづのづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㐩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰こぴちぴどびぴどっちぬぜ〴ぜ〰ぁのちぬべびどびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸳ Item: Title: ぁのぴどねどっひはぢどちぬぜ〴ぜ〰げづびどびぴちのっづぜ〴ぜ〰ぇづのづびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳畢獥捴楯渮㈮㐩‾㸊⡜㌷㙜㌷㝜〰こぴちぴどびぴどっちぬぜ〴ぜ〰ぁのちぬべびどびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸳ Item: Title: こぴちぴどびぴどっちぬぜ〴ぜ〰ぁのちぬべびどびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸳ Item: Title: げづびふぬぴびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸴ Item: Title: いどびっふびびどはのぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸵ Item: Title: ぃはのっぬふびどはのびぜ〴〩਼㰠⽓ 䝯呯 䐠⡳散瑩潮⸵ Item: Title: げづてづひづのっづび Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: OTKRZC+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 116 FontDescriptor: FontName: OTKRZC+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: ENXZUH+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: ENXZUH+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: KSIMFT+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 250 FontDescriptor: FontName: KSIMFT+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: VIWIOF+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 48 FontDescriptor: FontName: VIWIOF+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: SXQPWE+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 160 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: SXQPWE+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: XSVVIN+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 11 LastChar: 31 FontDescriptor: FontName: XSVVIN+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: LDAKTS+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 150 FontDescriptor: FontName: LDAKTS+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: SAXIKB+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: SAXIKB+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: GIZSCG+EURM7 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 11 LastChar: 12 FontDescriptor: FontName: GIZSCG+EURM7 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -5, -243, 1229, 720 FontFile: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 759, 165, 795 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 759, 560, 795 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 641, 137, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 473, 641, 484, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 446, 628, 457, 642 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 540, 628, 551, 642 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 494, 87, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 82, 370, 154, 379 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 359, 101, 367 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 162, 97, 184 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 89, 154, 98 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 77, 147, 86 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 116, 17, 251, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 407, 17, 558, 28 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 464, 608, 471, 617 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 471, 608, 478, 617 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 378, 570, 385, 579 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 557, 450, 566 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 450, 557, 457, 566 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 272, 532, 279, 541 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 282, 532, 294, 541 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 324, 507, 336, 516 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 237, 482, 249, 491 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 470, 215, 478 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 469, 227, 478 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 194, 444, 206, 453 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 209, 444, 221, 453 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 377, 419, 389, 428 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 404, 528, 416 ActionDest: 201 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 366, 247, 378 ActionDest: 201 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 408, 369, 420, 378 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 366, 356, 378, 365 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 344, 247, 353 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 201, 329, 208, 341 ActionDest: 201 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 306, 375, 315 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 533, 304, 540, 316 ActionDest: 201 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 342, 281, 354, 290 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 292, 253, 299, 265 ActionDest: 201 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 241, 460, 253 ActionDest: 201 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 193, 343, 202 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 276, 168, 288, 177 ActionDest: 322 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 313, 113, 325, 122 ActionDest: 322 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 405, 644, 417, 653 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 418, 581, 430, 590 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 581, 443, 590 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 419, 493, 431, 502 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 480, 418, 492, 427 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 362, 101, 369, 113 ActionDest: 219 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 513, 569, 520, 581 ActionDest: 219 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 419, 350, 425, 360 ActionDest: 201 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 399, 285, 406, 297 ActionDest: 201 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 149, 209, 158 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 111, 220, 121 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 86, 264, 95 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 87, 556, 95 ActionDest: 322 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 205, 735, 217, 744 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 735, 229, 744 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 710, 556, 719 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 395, 697, 407, 706 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 351, 659, 363, 669 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 189, 634, 201, 643 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 496, 622, 508, 631 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 346, 572, 358, 581 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 462, 559, 474, 568 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 421, 509, 433, 518 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 187, 496, 199, 505 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 417, 433, 429, 443 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 374, 358, 386, 367 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 387, 358, 398, 367 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 310, 296, 322, 304 ActionDest: 280 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 322, 295, 334, 304 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 335, 295, 347, 304 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 457, 258, 469, 267 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 157, 456, 166 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 107, 299, 116 ActionDest: 322 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 299, 107, 311, 116 ActionDest: 322 Page: Sequence: 7 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 174, 707, 211, 717 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 673, 155, 683 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 161, 673, 197, 683 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 638, 97, 648 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 109, 604, 146, 614 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 152, 604, 188, 614 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 157, 569, 194, 579 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 261, 545, 298, 556 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 545, 341, 556 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 523, 368, 533 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 374, 523, 410, 533 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 319, 488, 356, 499 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 362, 488, 399, 499 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 465, 557, 476 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 454, 95, 464 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 320, 430, 357, 441 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 397, 169, 407 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 426, 373, 464, 384 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 536, 338, 560, 349 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 327, 287, 338 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 293, 151, 303 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 166, 259, 203, 269 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 209, 259, 245, 269 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 430, 235, 468, 246 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 189, 508, 200 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 307, 166, 560, 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 154, 243, 165 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 143, 401, 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 536, 131, 560, 142 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 120, 248, 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 379, 85, 416, 96 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 710, 97, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 210, 676, 247, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 171, 653, 209, 663 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 309, 617, 346, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 353, 617, 389, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 511, 594, 548, 605 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 179, 561, 216, 571 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 314, 525, 351, 536 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 357, 525, 393, 536 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 309, 502, 346, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 469, 97, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 433, 375, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 381, 433, 417, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 200, 399, 238, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 244, 399, 280, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 365, 97, 375 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 353, 557, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 342, 95, 352 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 303, 318, 341, 329 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 347, 318, 383, 329 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 307, 490, 318 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 209, 284, 247, 295 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 322, 249, 360, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 215, 155, 226 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 161, 215, 197, 226 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 73, 181, 110, 191 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 146, 169, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 175, 146, 211, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 123, 97, 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 103, 123, 139, 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 100, 353, 111 Checksum: 82068b80 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 92ace7b5c39d5618ed1ca2e9963d5015 Type: MD5 Checksum: 8a2db18949d9d431f63fff8fd146f1140da4b871 Type: SHA-1