f9d123f798f6fd8b9cda4707c457679c minerals_a2021v11n9p949.pdf df9ce8df434601f3e3cf0ad0b6b5872c65890f77 minerals_a2021v11n9p949.pdf 2ef124881b6a00c081deac8c09485ff4e70a9b2221c8f369868d0201fe1b671c minerals_a2021v11n9p949.pdf Title: Soil Erosion Monitoring in Quarry Restoration Using Drones Subject: Mining is an essential activity that supports the provision of raw materials. However, the extraction process of mining has deep environmental impacts. For this reason, restoration actions are mandatory, and monitoring is a key step in ensuring the renaturalization of affected areas. Erosion processes are one of the main problems that affect restored areas in extractive activities due to the frequently steep slopes and the difficulty of revegetating the technosols constructed using mining debris. This research aims to develop a method for determining soil losses due to water erosion in mine-restored areas by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) tools. For the study, images obtained using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in an open pit mine in the process of restoration are used, from which the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the current state of the slopes is obtained (0.10 m spatial resolution). With GIS techniques, ridges of the rills and gullies generated in the slopes are detected, whereby an estimation of a first DEM before the erosive process and a second DEM after the erosive process can be constructed. Each of these DEMs are evaluated individually in order to determine the height differences and estimate the volumetric loss. At the same time, the results are validated with the DEM derived from official mapping agencies’ airborne Lidar data (1.00 m spatial resolution), which yield consistent data in the volumetric quantification of the erosion despite the difference in spatial resolution. In conclusion, the high spatial resolution of drone images facilitated a detailed monitoring of erosive processes, obtaining data from vast and inaccessible slopes that are usually immeasurable with traditional field techniques, and altogether improving the monitoring process of mine restoration. Keywords: mine restoration; soil degradation; DEM; drones; GIS tools; Remote Sensing Author: Vicenç Carabassa, Pau Montero, Josep Maria Alcañiz and Joan-Cristian Padró Creator: LaTeX with hyperref package Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.18 CreationDate: Wed Sep 1 11:23:43 2021 CEST ModDate: Thu Sep 2 10:49:53 2021 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 11 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 7799403 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- QFBNDF+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 ZOJFXE+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 DAPXXL+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 SOZKOC+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 23 0 JIAXHG+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 OLQXYA+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 36 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 58 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 62 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 66 0 VORBJF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 78 0 EHBJLL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 88 0 EHBJLN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 91 0 EHBJLP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 94 0 EHBJLL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 105 0 EHBJLN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 108 0 EHBJLP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 111 0 EHBJLL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 122 0 EHBJLN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 125 0 EHBJLP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 128 0 EHBJLL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 141 0 EHBJLN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 144 0 EHBJLP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 147 0 EHBJLL+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 157 0 EHBJLN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 160 0 EHBJLP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 163 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2022-03-10 03:06:06 CET RepresentationInformation: minerals_a2021v11n9p949.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2022-02-02 11:35:24 CET Size: 7799403 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 288 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Children: Item: Title: Study Area Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Data Processing Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Children: Item: Title: Gully Detection Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: DEM of Differences (DoD) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Info: Title: Soil Erosion Monitoring in Quarry Restoration Using Drones Author: Vicenç Carabassa, Pau Montero, Josep Maria Alcañiz and Joan-Cristian Padró Subject: Mining is an essential activity that supports the provision of raw materials. However, the extraction process of mining has deep environmental impacts. For this reason, restoration actions are mandatory, and monitoring is a key step in ensuring the renaturalization of affected areas. Erosion processes are one of the main problems that affect restored areas in extractive activities due to the frequently steep slopes and the difficulty of revegetating the technosols constructed using mining debris. This research aims to develop a method for determining soil losses due to water erosion in mine-restored areas by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) tools. For the study, images obtained using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in an open pit mine in the process of restoration are used, from which the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the current state of the slopes is obtained (0.10 m spatial resolution). With GIS techniques, ridges of the rills and gullies generated in the slopes are detected, whereby an estimation of a first DEM before the erosive process and a second DEM after the erosive process can be constructed. Each of these DEMs are evaluated individually in order to determine the height differences and estimate the volumetric loss. At the same time, the results are validated with the DEM derived from official mapping agencies’ airborne Lidar data (1.00 m spatial resolution), which yield consistent data in the volumetric quantification of the erosion despite the difference in spatial resolution. In conclusion, the high spatial resolution of drone images facilitated a detailed monitoring of erosive processes, obtaining data from vast and inaccessible slopes that are usually immeasurable with traditional field techniques, and altogether improving the monitoring process of mine restoration. 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