4620086086364c39974e7a6cda98c960 processes_a2021v9n10p1844.pdf f4a062c36cf545dd40ca402b3826e80dd263f405 processes_a2021v9n10p1844.pdf 7238f2bfd359e68d99268b669eaf64414593c709f7e986b2369b5cf7abfee1f3 processes_a2021v9n10p1844.pdf Title: Gaseous Emissions from the Composting Process: Controlling Parameters and Strategies of Mitigation Subject: Organic waste generation, collection, and management have become a crucial problem in modern and developing societies. Among the technologies proposed in a circular economy and sustainability framework, composting has reached a strong relevance in terms of clean technology that permits reintroducing organic matter to the systems. However, composting has also negative environmental impacts, some of them of social concern. This is the case of composting atmospheric emissions, especially in the case of greenhouse gases (GHG) and certain families of volatile organic compounds (VOC). They should be taken into account in any environmental assessment of composting as organic waste management technology. This review presents the relationship between composting operation and composting gaseous emissions, in addition to typical emission values for the main organic wastes that are being composted. Some novel mitigation technologies to reduce gaseous emissions from composting are also presented (use of biochar), although it is evident that a unique solution does not exist, given the variability of exhaust gases from composting. Keywords: organic wastes; composting; gaseous emissions; mitigation strategies Author: Tahseen Sayara and Antoni Sánchez Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Mon Oct 18 12:28:51 2021 CEST ModDate: Mon Oct 18 12:32:54 2021 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 558325 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- MWHIBA+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 TFMNPR+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 XNZRPB+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 DUKXAQ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 AIQCCL+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 BHUVWR+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 36 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 58 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 62 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 66 0 FPHEQV+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 83 0 FPHEQV+PalatinoLinotype,Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 89 0 FPJOVM+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 95 0 XFIZIB+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 105 0 HYYHEA+CMBSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 115 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-05-27 03:27:51 CEST RepresentationInformation: processes_a2021v9n10p1844.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-03-31 11:58:31 CEST Size: 558325 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 609 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Gas Emissions from Composting Process Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Item: Title: Factors Affecting the Emissions’ Rates Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Children: Item: Title: Composting Method Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Average Composting Temperature Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Initial Moisture Content Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Initial Total Carbon (TC) and Initial Total Nitrogen (TN) Content Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Aeration Rate Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: pH Value Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Mitigation Strategies Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Children: Item: Title: Providing Adequate Bulking Agent Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: Introducing Microorganism for Promoting Nitrification Process and Reducing NH3 Emissions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: Vermicomposting Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: Using Different Additives Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Item: Title: Compressing and Covering Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Item: Title: Biofiltration Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@63440df3 Item: Title: Addition of Biochar Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@3aeaafa6 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@76a3e297 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4d3167f4 Info: Title: Gaseous Emissions from the Composting Process: Controlling Parameters and Strategies of Mitigation Author: Tahseen Sayara and Antoni Sánchez Subject: Organic waste generation, collection, and management have become a crucial problem in modern and developing societies. Among the technologies proposed in a circular economy and sustainability framework, composting has reached a strong relevance in terms of clean technology that permits reintroducing organic matter to the systems. However, composting has also negative environmental impacts, some of them of social concern. This is the case of composting atmospheric emissions, especially in the case of greenhouse gases (GHG) and certain families of volatile organic compounds (VOC). They should be taken into account in any environmental assessment of composting as organic waste management technology. This review presents the relationship between composting operation and composting gaseous emissions, in addition to typical emission values for the main organic wastes that are being composted. Some novel mitigation technologies to reduce gaseous emissions from composting are also presented (use of biochar), although it is evident that a unique solution does not exist, given the variability of exhaust gases from composting. Keywords: organic wastes; composting; gaseous emissions; mitigation strategies Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Mon Oct 18 12:28:51 CEST 2021 ModDate: Mon Oct 18 12:32:54 CEST 2021 ID: 0xfacb70823e691d5d0a20ec1cd9d86234, 0xfacb70823e691d5d0a20ec1cd9d86234 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: HYYHEA+CMBSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 0 FontDescriptor: FontName: HYYHEA+CMBSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -26, -940, 1332, 825 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: XNZRPB+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: XNZRPB+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: DUKXAQ+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: DUKXAQ+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: XFIZIB+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 14 FontDescriptor: FontName: XFIZIB+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: MWHIBA+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: MWHIBA+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: AIQCCL+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 161 FontDescriptor: FontName: AIQCCL+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: TFMNPR+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: TFMNPR+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 759, 177, 795 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 759, 560, 795 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 659, 230, 673 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 143, 346, 154, 355 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 334, 147, 343 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 162, 97, 184 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 89, 154, 98 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 77, 147, 86 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 232, 306, 239, 315 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 242, 268, 249, 277 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 211, 243, 218, 252 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 243, 226, 252 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 522, 231, 529, 240 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 180, 517, 189 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 180, 527, 189 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 277, 143, 284, 152 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 353, 102, 360, 114 ActionDest: 75 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 406, 67, 418, 76 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 419, 68, 431, 76 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 68, 555, 76 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 115, 17, 243, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 401, 17, 558, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 411, 87, 430 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 216, 661, 223, 670 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 661, 236, 670 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 236, 661, 248, 670 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 636, 442, 645 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 374, 611, 386, 620 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 386, 611, 398, 620 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 516, 290, 523, 299 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 253, 443, 262 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 446, 253, 458, 262 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 529, 240, 541, 249 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 240, 556, 249 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 303, 190, 315, 199 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 190, 327, 199 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 152, 556, 161 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 482, 127, 494, 136 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 425, 102, 437, 111 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 247, 90, 259, 99 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 262, 90, 274, 99 ActionDest: 134 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 722, 209, 731 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 496, 659, 508, 669 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 368, 634, 380, 643 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 268, 559, 280, 568 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 551, 544, 558, 556 ActionDest: 102 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 493, 534, 500, 543 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 501, 534, 513, 543 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 476, 538, 483 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 466, 538, 474 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 457, 538, 464 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 447, 538, 455 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 438, 538, 445 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 428, 538, 436 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 414, 538, 422 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 395, 538, 403 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 381, 538, 389 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 367, 538, 374 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 348, 538, 356 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 393, 276, 400, 285 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 524, 276, 536, 285 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 419, 213, 431, 222 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 213, 443, 222 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 405, 200, 417, 209 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 175, 252, 184 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 523, 138, 535, 147 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 429, 99, 441, 108 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 275, 73, 287, 83 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 290, 73, 302, 83 ActionDest: 138 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 466, 710, 478, 719 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 647, 210, 656 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 210, 647, 222, 656 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 647, 237, 656 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 523, 622, 535, 631 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 245, 571, 257, 580 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 209, 521, 221, 530 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 521, 236, 530 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 458, 210, 467 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 428, 421, 440, 430 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 283, 395, 295, 405 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 345, 538, 354 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 320, 227, 329 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 414, 307, 426, 316 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 426, 307, 438, 316 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 441, 307, 453, 316 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 311, 245, 323, 254 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 324, 245, 336, 254 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 336, 245, 348, 254 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 280, 207, 292, 216 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 295, 207, 307, 216 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 207, 403, 216 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 132, 543, 141 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 132, 556, 141 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 529, 106, 541, 116 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 106, 556, 116 ActionDest: 138 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 256, 735, 268, 744 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 269, 735, 281, 744 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 281, 735, 293, 744 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 353, 722, 365, 731 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 621, 224, 631 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 258, 609, 270, 618 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 270, 609, 282, 618 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 283, 609, 295, 618 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 609, 456, 618 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 421, 546, 433, 555 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 546, 445, 555 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 496, 343, 505 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 343, 496, 355, 505 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 358, 496, 370, 505 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 483, 543, 492 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 483, 556, 492 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 415, 446, 427, 455 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 420, 433, 427, 442 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 406, 383, 413, 392 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 314, 358, 326, 367 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 345, 443, 354 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 345, 456, 354 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 332, 527, 342 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 301, 307, 313, 316 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 295, 557, 304 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 182, 298, 191 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 298, 182, 310, 191 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 131, 216, 140 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 119, 272, 128 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 270, 106, 282, 115 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 282, 106, 294, 115 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 81, 272, 90 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 273, 81, 285, 90 ActionDest: 141 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 722, 227, 731 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 480, 722, 492, 731 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 492, 722, 504, 731 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 505, 722, 517, 731 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 517, 722, 529, 731 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 659, 317, 668 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 634, 362, 643 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 634, 375, 643 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 609, 410, 618 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 411, 609, 423, 618 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 502, 609, 513, 618 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 584, 510, 593 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 534, 323, 543 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 324, 534, 336, 543 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 339, 534, 351, 543 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 496, 407, 505 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 192, 483, 204, 492 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 406, 471, 418, 480 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 288, 421, 295, 430 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 440, 421, 452, 430 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 301, 371, 313, 380 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 314, 371, 326, 380 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 411, 358, 423, 367 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 249, 320, 261, 329 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 262, 320, 274, 329 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 295, 343, 304 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 283, 216, 292 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 283, 229, 292 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 487, 195, 494, 203 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 457, 169, 469, 178 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 470, 169, 482, 178 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 353, 144, 365, 153 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 193, 132, 205, 141 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 200, 81, 215, 90 ActionDest: 122 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 323, 668, 335, 677 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 336, 668, 348, 677 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 348, 668, 360, 677 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 417, 643, 429, 652 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 429, 643, 441, 652 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 643, 557, 652 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 437, 618, 448, 627 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 593, 222, 602 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 593, 234, 602 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 593, 247, 602 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 233, 517, 245, 526 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 246, 517, 258, 526 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 258, 517, 275, 526 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 517, 295, 526 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 492, 221, 501 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 342, 467, 349, 476 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 350, 467, 366, 476 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 378, 417, 395, 426 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 395, 417, 412, 426 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 366, 497, 375 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 366, 515, 375 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 362, 341, 379, 350 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 291, 210, 300 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 210, 291, 222, 300 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 223, 291, 239, 300 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 485, 253, 502, 262 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 253, 520, 262 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 241, 354, 250 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 241, 498, 250 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 241, 203, 253, 212 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 254, 203, 271, 212 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 128, 272, 137 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 273, 127, 285, 137 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 285, 128, 302, 137 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 303, 127, 320, 137 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 102, 491, 111 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 379, 77, 396, 86 ActionDest: 141 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 216, 735, 228, 744 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 228, 735, 245, 744 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 358, 722, 375, 731 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 376, 722, 393, 731 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 539, 685, 556, 694 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 503, 659, 520, 669 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 256, 647, 268, 656 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 539, 534, 556, 543 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 193, 496, 205, 505 ActionDest: 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 206, 496, 222, 505 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 536, 496, 543, 505 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 496, 555, 505 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 526, 484, 538, 493 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 539, 484, 556, 493 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 517, 459, 534, 468 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 395, 322, 405 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 323, 395, 340, 405 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 345, 366, 354 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 366, 345, 378, 354 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 379, 345, 396, 354 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 396, 345, 413, 354 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 388, 295, 400, 304 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 295, 412, 304 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 413, 295, 430, 304 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 430, 295, 447, 304 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 295, 465, 304 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 257, 285, 267 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 257, 298, 267 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 298, 257, 315, 267 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 257, 332, 267 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 258, 350, 267 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 472, 232, 489, 241 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 314, 220, 331, 229 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 195, 222, 204 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 195, 239, 204 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 412, 132, 424, 141 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 425, 132, 442, 141 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 296, 106, 313, 116 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 94, 438, 103 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 192, 81, 209, 90 ActionDest: 147 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 372, 710, 384, 719 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 373, 685, 380, 694 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 659, 252, 669 ActionDest: 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 334, 609, 346, 618 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 347, 609, 363, 618 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 609, 381, 618 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 381, 609, 398, 618 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 399, 609, 416, 618 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 375, 596, 392, 605 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 571, 455, 580 ActionDest: 131 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 455, 571, 467, 580 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 571, 484, 580 ActionDest: 144 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 485, 571, 502, 580 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 349, 546, 366, 555 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 460, 521, 477, 530 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 504, 508, 521, 518 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 508, 538, 518 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 539, 508, 556, 518 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 460, 483, 477, 492 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 483, 494, 492 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 283, 458, 300, 467 ActionDest: 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 449, 446, 466, 455 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 422, 421, 439, 430 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 358, 277, 367 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 330, 283, 347, 292 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 311, 257, 328, 267 ActionDest: 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 241, 144, 258, 154 ActionDest: 147 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 304, 471, 342, 482 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 362, 448, 399, 459 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 413, 472, 424 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 413, 515, 424 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 460, 402, 498, 413 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 380, 97, 390 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 103, 380, 139, 390 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 427, 356, 465, 367 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 471, 356, 507, 367 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 325, 333, 363, 344 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 226, 310, 264, 321 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 469, 287, 506, 298 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 257, 264, 295, 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 299, 241, 337, 252 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 188, 218, 225, 229 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 184, 142, 194 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 158, 161, 195, 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 202, 161, 238, 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 442, 137, 480, 148 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 114, 557, 125 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 103, 95, 114 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 411, 80, 449, 91 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 207, 57, 245, 68 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 251, 57, 287, 68 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 721, 353, 732 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 698, 392, 709 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 399, 698, 435, 709 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 226, 675, 263, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 495, 652, 532, 663 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 618, 97, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 200, 595, 237, 605 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 187, 571, 224, 582 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 327, 548, 364, 559 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 425, 502, 463, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 251, 479, 289, 490 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 457, 97, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 433, 486, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 179, 411, 217, 421 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 389, 387, 427, 398 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 387, 469, 398 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 378, 364, 416, 375 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 422, 364, 458, 375 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 86, 331, 124, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 130, 331, 166, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 296, 97, 306 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 262, 97, 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 238, 557, 249 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 227, 95, 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 461, 203, 499, 214 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 375, 180, 412, 191 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 303, 146, 340, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 149, 123, 186, 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 140, 100, 177, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 184, 100, 220, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 356, 77, 393, 88 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 168, 710, 205, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 686, 441, 697 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 664, 142, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 122, 641, 160, 651 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 166, 641, 202, 651 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 617, 323, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 595, 191, 605 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 571, 371, 582 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 332, 549, 370, 559 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 188, 526, 226, 536 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 191, 503, 228, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 147, 469, 184, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 191, 469, 227, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 394, 445, 431, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 437, 445, 473, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 430, 422, 467, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 122, 388, 160, 398 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 166, 388, 202, 398 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 354, 97, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 331, 290, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 296, 331, 332, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 385, 307, 423, 318 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 369, 284, 406, 295 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 154, 261, 192, 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 261, 234, 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 238, 289, 249 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 215, 137, 226 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 192, 332, 203 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 136, 158, 173, 168 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 179, 158, 216, 168 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 456, 134, 494, 145 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 111, 402, 122 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 295, 88, 333, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 352, 65, 390, 76 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 512, 721, 550, 732 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 170, 699, 208, 709 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 201, 675, 239, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 640, 471, 651 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 276, 594, 314, 605 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 326, 525, 363, 536 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 109, 503, 146, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 266, 479, 304, 490 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 279, 457, 316, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 322, 457, 358, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 390, 433, 427, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 433, 469, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 395, 410, 433, 421 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 388, 246, 398 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 432, 364, 470, 375 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 385, 341, 422, 352 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 428, 341, 464, 352 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 272, 319, 310, 329 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 319, 352, 329 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 295, 402, 306 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 490, 272, 527, 283 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 276, 250, 313, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 215, 97, 226 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 192, 142, 203 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 177, 169, 214, 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 220, 169, 257, 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 396, 146, 433, 157 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 109, 123, 146, 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 100, 375, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 381, 100, 417, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 195, 77, 232, 88 Page: Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 710, 97, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 163, 687, 201, 697 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 664, 155, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 641, 133, 651 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 370, 617, 408, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 454, 571, 492, 582 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 548, 316, 559 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 154, 503, 191, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 503, 233, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 460, 479, 497, 490 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 456, 391, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 398, 456, 434, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 505, 433, 543, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 168, 400, 205, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 212, 400, 248, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 417, 376, 454, 387 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 136, 354, 173, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 416, 330, 454, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 460, 330, 496, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 397, 307, 435, 318 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 273, 169, 283 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 175, 273, 211, 283 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 249, 470, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 476, 249, 513, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 227, 298, 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 204, 169, 214 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 134, 524, 145 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 216, 112, 254, 122 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 89, 97, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 103, 89, 139, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 77, 557, 88 Page: Sequence: 15 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 163, 722, 201, 732 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 699, 132, 709 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 469, 675, 507, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 279, 652, 316, 663 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 158, 618, 195, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 594, 273, 605 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 291, 571, 328, 582 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 158, 548, 195, 559 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 526, 352, 536 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 359, 526, 395, 536 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 472, 502, 510, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 516, 502, 552, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 469, 240, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 348, 445, 386, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 422, 481, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 284, 399, 322, 410 Checksum: 39761ffd Type: CRC32 Checksum: 4620086086364c39974e7a6cda98c960 Type: MD5 Checksum: f4a062c36cf545dd40ca402b3826e80dd263f405 Type: SHA-1