7273c19184e05cbb2ce7540b91093f21 pmc_34573488.pdf b423d6545133cf21d76eb9b873e7b9e695907718 pmc_34573488.pdf acb1257ae9ed2e91690af57c42488018fcaf282a173c2fe2faee46672e1a17c2 pmc_34573488.pdf Title: Feather Corticosterone Measurements and Behavioral Observations in the Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) Living under Different Flight Restraint Conditions in German Zoos Subject: The pinioning of birds was previously one of the most-accepted forms of mutilation in zoos. Despite a lack of knowledge on the effects of deflighting procedures with regard to the well-being of deflighted birds, pelicans are often reversibly deflighted by feather-clipping to keep them in open enclosures, including those with ponds without netting. In the present study, we focused on the welfare implications of flight restraint on one of the most commonly kept types of birds in German zoos, the great white pelican. A combination of behavioral observations and feather corticosterone concentrations (CORTf) of pelicans with different deflighting statuses (i.e., irreversibly deflighted, reversibly deflighted, and airworthy) was used to evaluate the effects of deflighting status on pelican welfare. We observed 215 individuals in 21 different German zoos. The pelicans lived in differently designed exhibits. An ethogram for these species was developed and their behavior was evaluated by scan sampling. Feather samples from 182 individuals were collected to determine if different deflighting conditions influenced the CORTf and therefore stress levels. The hypothesis was that the CORTf values of airworthy pelicans differ from those of deflighted pelicans. Tendencies with regard to the flight status groups were found. Conversely, reversibly deflighted pelicans had higher CORTf levels than irreversible deflighted and airworthy pelicans. Tendencies with regard to CORTf values and the group size of the kept pelicans were observed. The CORTf values were lower in groups consisting of more than 10 animals. In addition, the frequency of fluttering behavior was positively associated with CORTf values. Pelicans that frequently showed fluttering had higher CORTf values. Therefore, fluttering behavior might be considered a sign of stress levels in pelicans. This study is one of the first important steps in assessing the impact of deflighting procedures on the welfare of great white pelicans kept in zoos. Keywords: feather corticosterone; great white pelican; zoo animal welfare; pinioning; clipping feathers; behavior; deflighting Author: Gudrun Haase, Mechthild Wiegard, Christa Thöne-Reineke, Katrin Baumgartner, Lorenzo von Fersen, Hermann Will, Roswitha Merle, Manel Lopez-Bejar, Oriol Tallo-Parra, Annais Carbajal and Lukas Reese Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Aug 27 12:59:58 2021 CEST ModDate: Fri Aug 27 13:10:17 2021 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 12 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1477830 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- DRZUJM+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 ZUWYXW+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 UIIHKW+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 WBINKI+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 KWNJVC+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 SZMRXJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 36 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 58 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 62 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 66 0 WTAUCZ+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 90 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 102 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 106 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 110 0 BCDKEE+Calibri TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 114 0 BCDLEE+Calibri-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 118 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 127 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 131 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 135 0 BCDKEE+Calibri TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 139 0 BCDLEE+Calibri-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 143 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 159 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 163 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 167 0 BCDIEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 171 0 BCDKEE+Calibri TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 178 0 BCDLEE+Calibri-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 182 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-05-27 02:57:09 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_34573488.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-03-31 12:05:45 CEST Size: 1477830 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 324 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Children: Item: Title: Ethics Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Study Design and List of the Participating Zoos Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Behavioral Observation Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Feather Collection Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Corticosterone Extraction and Corticosterone Concentration Measurements Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Statistics Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Children: Item: Title: Behavioral Observations Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Feather Corticosterone Concentrations Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Info: Title: Feather Corticosterone Measurements and Behavioral Observations in the Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) Living under Different Flight Restraint Conditions in German Zoos Author: Gudrun Haase, Mechthild Wiegard, Christa Thöne-Reineke, Katrin Baumgartner, Lorenzo von Fersen, Hermann Will, Roswitha Merle, Manel Lopez-Bejar, Oriol Tallo-Parra, Annais Carbajal and Lukas Reese Subject: The pinioning of birds was previously one of the most-accepted forms of mutilation in zoos. Despite a lack of knowledge on the effects of deflighting procedures with regard to the well-being of deflighted birds, pelicans are often reversibly deflighted by feather-clipping to keep them in open enclosures, including those with ponds without netting. In the present study, we focused on the welfare implications of flight restraint on one of the most commonly kept types of birds in German zoos, the great white pelican. A combination of behavioral observations and feather corticosterone concentrations (CORTf) of pelicans with different deflighting statuses (i.e., irreversibly deflighted, reversibly deflighted, and airworthy) was used to evaluate the effects of deflighting status on pelican welfare. We observed 215 individuals in 21 different German zoos. The pelicans lived in differently designed exhibits. An ethogram for these species was developed and their behavior was evaluated by scan sampling. Feather samples from 182 individuals were collected to determine if different deflighting conditions influenced the CORTf and therefore stress levels. The hypothesis was that the CORTf values of airworthy pelicans differ from those of deflighted pelicans. Tendencies with regard to the flight status groups were found. Conversely, reversibly deflighted pelicans had higher CORTf levels than irreversible deflighted and airworthy pelicans. Tendencies with regard to CORTf values and the group size of the kept pelicans were observed. The CORTf values were lower in groups consisting of more than 10 animals. In addition, the frequency of fluttering behavior was positively associated with CORTf values. Pelicans that frequently showed fluttering had higher CORTf values. Therefore, fluttering behavior might be considered a sign of stress levels in pelicans. This study is one of the first important steps in assessing the impact of deflighting procedures on the welfare of great white pelicans kept in zoos. Keywords: feather corticosterone; great white pelican; zoo animal welfare; pinioning; clipping feathers; behavior; deflighting Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Aug 27 12:59:58 CEST 2021 ModDate: Fri Aug 27 13:10:17 CEST 2021 ID: 0x784262aad89164db30560fa1779aac27, 0x784262aad89164db30560fa1779aac27 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: UIIHKW+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 246 FontDescriptor: FontName: UIIHKW+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: WBINKI+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 80 LastChar: 117 FontDescriptor: FontName: WBINKI+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: DRZUJM+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: DRZUJM+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: WTAUCZ+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 14 FontDescriptor: FontName: WTAUCZ+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: KWNJVC+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: KWNJVC+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: ZUWYXW+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 44 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: ZUWYXW+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 759, 165, 795 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 759, 560, 795 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 624, 233, 638 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 348, 624, 360, 638 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 130, 611, 141, 625 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 301, 611, 312, 625 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 415, 611, 426, 625 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 513, 611, 524, 625 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 115, 599, 126, 612 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 108, 358, 154, 367 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 346, 127, 355 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 162, 97, 184 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 89, 154, 98 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 77, 147, 86 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 116, 17, 251, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 407, 17, 558, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 494, 87, 513 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 357, 439, 364, 448 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 535, 401, 542, 410 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 401, 550, 410 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 447, 326, 454, 335 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 457, 325, 464, 335 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 190, 275, 197, 284 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 314, 225, 326, 234 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 216, 200, 228, 209 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 187, 322, 196 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 162, 285, 171 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 293, 137, 300, 146 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 279, 112, 290, 121 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 293, 112, 305, 121 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 87, 367, 96 ActionDest: 193 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 722, 227, 731 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 647, 216, 656 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 258, 634, 270, 643 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 339, 509, 350, 518 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 509, 366, 518 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 428, 496, 440, 505 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 421, 556, 430 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 229, 333, 241, 342 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 334, 296, 346, 304 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 270, 230, 279 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 323, 270, 330, 279 ActionDest: 189 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 389, 220, 396, 229 ActionDest: 189 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 413, 404, 420, 416 ActionDest: 81 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 525, 707, 537, 716 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 483, 694, 495, 703 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 679, 271, 691 ActionDest: 84 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 669, 267, 678 ActionDest: 84 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 511, 521, 520 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 537, 369, 548, 377 ActionDest: 193 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 707, 247, 716 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 230, 644, 241, 653 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 352, 644, 364, 653 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 192, 631, 203, 640 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 150, 204, 162 ActionDest: 94 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 218, 429, 225, 441 ActionDest: 94 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 191, 656, 198, 666 ActionDest: 148 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 387, 556, 399 ActionDest: 148 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 694, 231, 706 ActionDest: 148 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 553, 657, 560, 669 ActionDest: 151 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 386, 192, 398, 201 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 104, 498, 113 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 432, 92, 444, 101 ActionDest: 193 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 735, 556, 744 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 206, 647, 218, 656 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 243, 622, 255, 631 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 559, 459, 568 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 242, 546, 254, 556 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 534, 367, 543 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 521, 297, 530 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 509, 214, 518 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 170, 465, 179 ActionDest: 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 132, 532, 141 ActionDest: 193 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 536, 335, 560, 346 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 323, 416, 334 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 301, 97, 311 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 232, 277, 269, 288 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 255, 169, 265 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 209, 133, 219 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 197, 557, 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 455, 151, 492, 162 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 406, 128, 560, 139 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 116, 178, 127 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 93, 508, 104 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 710, 155, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 162, 710, 198, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 446, 686, 484, 697 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 630, 97, 640 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 606, 343, 617 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 227, 583, 264, 594 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 548, 391, 559 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 397, 548, 433, 559 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 214, 515, 251, 525 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 257, 515, 293, 525 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 345, 491, 383, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 389, 491, 425, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 146, 457, 184, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 446, 441, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 417, 422, 454, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 449, 410, 487, 421 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 405, 376, 560, 387 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 364, 282, 375 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 387, 353, 424, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 319, 97, 329 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 151, 285, 189, 295 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 464, 238, 502, 249 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 406, 215, 443, 226 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 449, 215, 485, 226 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 89, 97, 99 Checksum: a4de9f69 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 7273c19184e05cbb2ce7540b91093f21 Type: MD5 Checksum: b423d6545133cf21d76eb9b873e7b9e695907718 Type: SHA-1