ec09e0887a167b3dcfa28d9f24ba1217 pmc_35011195.pdf 6b63ca886692afd05f3b37b8f8dd48b4094a21cc pmc_35011195.pdf 1f6bd51b039aebf4c00b2cacfe6f700fb7142db14ff13024a19d8ba16a588ea1 pmc_35011195.pdf Title: Short-Chain and Total Fatty Acid Profile of Faeces or Plasma as Predictors of Food-Responsive Enteropathy in Dogs: A Preliminary Study Subject: The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the total fatty acid profile of faeces or plasma as possible indicators of FRE in comparison with healthy dogs. FRE dogs had a lower concentration (p = 0.026) of plasma -tocopherol as an indicator of the oxidative status of the animal, and lower C20:5n-3 (p = 0.033), C22:5n-3 (p = 0.005), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p = 0.021) and n-6 (p = 0.041) when compared with the control dogs; furthermore, sick dogs had higher proportions of plasma C20:3n-6 (p = 0.0056). The dogs with FRE showed a decrease in the production of faecal levels of SCFAs, mainly propionic acid (C3) (p = 0.0001) and isovaleric acid (iC5) (p = 0.014). FRE dogs also had a lower proportion of C15:0 (p = 0.0003), C16:1n-9 (p = 0.0095), C16:1n-7 (p = 0.0001), C20:5n-3 (p = 0.0034) and monounsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.0315), and tended to have lower n-3 (p = 0.058) and a reduced desaturase activity index in the stool when compared with the control group. However, the dogs with chronic enteropathy tended to have greater C20:4n-6 (p = 0.065) in their faeces as signs of damage at the intestinal level. The faecal parameters were better predictors than plasma. The highest correlations between faecal odd-chain, medium- or long-chain fatty acids and SCFAs were observed for C15:0 that correlated positively with faecal acetic acid (C2) (r = 0.72, p = 0.004), propionic acid (r = 0.95, p = 0.0001), isobutyric acid (iC4) (r = 0.59, p = 0.027) and isovaleric acid (r = 0.64, p = 0.0136), as well as with total SCFAs (r = 0.61, p = 0.02). Conversely, faecal C20:4n-6 showed a high inverse correlation (r = -0.83, p = 0.0002) with C2 and C3 (r = -0.59, p = 0.027). Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity (CIBDAI) index correlated negatively mainly with faecal measurements, such as C3 (r = -0.869, p = 0.0005) and C15:0 (r = -0.825, p = 0.0018), followed by C16:1/C16:0 (r = -0.66, p= 0.0374) and iC5 (r = -0.648, p = 0.0310), which would indicate that these fatty acids could be good non-invasive indicators of the chronic inflammatory status, specifically FRE. Keywords: short-chain fatty acids; odd-chain fatty acids; long-chain fatty acids; dog; food-responsible enteropathy; gut health Author: Cristina Higueras, Ana I. Rey, Rosa Escudero, David Díaz-Regañón, Fernando Rodríguez-Franco, Mercedes García-Sancho, Beatriz Agulla and Angel Sainz Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Sat Jan 1 09:36:22 2022 CET ModDate: Sat Jan 1 09:40:38 2022 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 16 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 338848 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- AMRDEP+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 LEVXPH+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 15 0 HZTQML+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 HXINDE+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 DHEVTK+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 QMDDXF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 32 0 YWWVQQ+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 36 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 44 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 48 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 52 0 SZMRXJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 64 0 HVSBKL+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 89 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 99 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2022-03-10 02:52:17 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_35011195.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2022-01-17 03:35:43 CET Size: 338848 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 358 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Children: Item: Title: Animals and Sample Collection Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Laboratory Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Children: Item: Title: Concentration of Vitamin E in Plasma Samples Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Analysis of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Faecal Samples Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Extraction of Total Fat and Fatty Acid Profile of Plasma and Faecal Samples Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Results and Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Children: Item: Title: Signalment of Dogs Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: Oxidative Status and Lipid Plasma Profile of the Dogs Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) Profile in Faecal Samples Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: Total Fatty Acid Profile in Faecal Samples Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Item: Title: Correlations between Fatty Acids and SCFAs Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@63440df3 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@3aeaafa6 Info: Title: Short-Chain and Total Fatty Acid Profile of Faeces or Plasma as Predictors of Food-Responsive Enteropathy in Dogs: A Preliminary Study Author: Cristina Higueras, Ana I. Rey, Rosa Escudero, David Díaz-Regañón, Fernando Rodríguez-Franco, Mercedes García-Sancho, Beatriz Agulla and Angel Sainz Subject: The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the total fatty acid profile of faeces or plasma as possible indicators of FRE in comparison with healthy dogs. FRE dogs had a lower concentration (p = 0.026) of plasma -tocopherol as an indicator of the oxidative status of the animal, and lower C20:5n-3 (p = 0.033), C22:5n-3 (p = 0.005), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p = 0.021) and n-6 (p = 0.041) when compared with the control dogs; furthermore, sick dogs had higher proportions of plasma C20:3n-6 (p = 0.0056). The dogs with FRE showed a decrease in the production of faecal levels of SCFAs, mainly propionic acid (C3) (p = 0.0001) and isovaleric acid (iC5) (p = 0.014). FRE dogs also had a lower proportion of C15:0 (p = 0.0003), C16:1n-9 (p = 0.0095), C16:1n-7 (p = 0.0001), C20:5n-3 (p = 0.0034) and monounsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.0315), and tended to have lower n-3 (p = 0.058) and a reduced desaturase activity index in the stool when compared with the control group. However, the dogs with chronic enteropathy tended to have greater C20:4n-6 (p = 0.065) in their faeces as signs of damage at the intestinal level. The faecal parameters were better predictors than plasma. The highest correlations between faecal odd-chain, medium- or long-chain fatty acids and SCFAs were observed for C15:0 that correlated positively with faecal acetic acid (C2) (r = 0.72, p = 0.004), propionic acid (r = 0.95, p = 0.0001), isobutyric acid (iC4) (r = 0.59, p = 0.027) and isovaleric acid (r = 0.64, p = 0.0136), as well as with total SCFAs (r = 0.61, p = 0.02). Conversely, faecal C20:4n-6 showed a high inverse correlation (r = -0.83, p = 0.0002) with C2 and C3 (r = -0.59, p = 0.027). Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity (CIBDAI) index correlated negatively mainly with faecal measurements, such as C3 (r = -0.869, p = 0.0005) and C15:0 (r = -0.825, p = 0.0018), followed by C16:1/C16:0 (r = -0.66, p= 0.0374) and iC5 (r = -0.648, p = 0.0310), which would indicate that these fatty acids could be good non-invasive indicators of the chronic inflammatory status, specifically FRE. 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