Ocean and Coastal Management 209 (2021) 105662 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ocean and Coastal Management journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ocecoaman 150 years of anthropogenic impact on coastal and ocean ecosystems in Brazil revealed by historical newspapers Santiago Sandoval Gallardo a, Thiago Fossile b, Dannieli Firme Herbst b, Alpina Begossi c, d, e, Luiz Geraldo Silva f, André Carlo Colonese b, * a Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain b Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA) and Department of Prehistory, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain c NEPA (Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Alimentação), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein 291, Campinas, 13083-852, SP, Brazil d Fisheries and Food Institute – FIFO (www.fisheriesandfood.com), Rua Sousa Lima 16, Copacabana, 22081-010, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil e Graduate Group, Unisanta, 12 R. Cesário Mota 08, CEP: 11045-040, Santos, SP, Brazil f Department of History, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Keywords: Human impact on coastal ecosystems is one of the greatest environmental threats of our times. An understanding Atlantic forest coast of Brazil of the scale and magnitude of species and habitat degradation requires a long-term perspective that incorporates Historical newspapers historical information from a range of sources, including local newspapers. Here we provide a novel contribution Coastal fisheries to the historical ecology of marine organisms along the Brazilian coast by exploring evidence of anthropogenic Human impact Marine conservation impacts in digitized historical newspapers spanning 167 years, available from the Brazilian Digital Newspapers and Periodicals Library. Using the keyword pesca we analyzed over seven thousand matches published in 26 newspapers between 1849 and 2016 in the state of Santa Catarina, one of the largest fish producing territories in Brazil. We found evidence of anthropogenic impacts involving overfishing and bycatch as early as the 19th century, well before the commencement of scientific studies and collection of fisheries landing data in the region. Impacts were exacerbated by the expansion of commercial fishing beginning in 1930, a process that seemingly increased competition for resources, while from 1980 onward anthropogenic impacts were mostly reported in relation to habitat degradation due to urbanization (including tourism) and industrialization. The results reveal that historical newspapers are valuable sources of information on local stakeholder perceptions of environmental and resource changes, and thus can provide a deeper temporal perspective to studies involving local, traditional- citizen knowledge in conservation and management actions. 1. Introduction depended on them. The Atlantic Forest of Brazil and its surrounding coastal areas are Coastal areas are currently home to billions of people who directly or hotspots of world biodiversity (Joly et al., 2014; Reis et al., 2016) and a indirectly depend on ocean ecosystems for their livelihoods. These global priority area for ecosystem restoration and the adaptation of ecosystems are exposed to a range of natural and anthropogenic drivers biodiversity to climate change (Hannah et al., 2013; Strassburg et al., of changes which affect marine biodiversity and ecosystem structure, 2020). Its narrow coastal strip is home to a large portion of the Brazilian function and services (Worm et al., 2006). Human activities, in partic­ population and has experienced considerable levels of ecosystem alter­ ular, feature as prominent drivers of environmental changes but the ation due to accelerated population growth, industrialization and ur­ scale, magnitude and pace of cumulative impacts is a matter of debate banization during the 20th century (de Lima et al., 2020), especially in (Halpern et al., 2015). To complicate matters, our understanding of the port areas (Bisi et al., 2012; Larcerda and Molisani, 2006; Benicá et al., origin and changing nature of anthropogenic pressures is often 2012). Commercial and industrial fisheries have further contributed to hampered by the lack of historical perspective of the human footprint on environmental degradation by overexploiting several economically modern marine ecosystems, and its impact on coastal populations that important marine species, such as Genidens barbus, Pogonias cromis, and * Corresponding author. E-mail address: andrecarlo.colonese@uab.cat (A.C. Colonese). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105662 Received 5 January 2021; Received in revised form 30 March 2021; Accepted 18 April 2021 Available online 27 April 2021 0964-5691/© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). S. Sandoval Gallardo et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 209 (2021) 105662 Micropogonias furnieri (Haimovici et al., 2006; Haimovici and Cardoso, evaluate the applicability of this method to obtain information on 2017). Overfishing, followed by coastal development, habitat loss and ecosystem baselines, impacts and management in a data-poor country degradation, are considered the main causes of population decline for like Brazil. We focused on newspapers published in the state of Santa several red-listed marine species in Brazil (Reis et al., 2016). Catarina, one of the largest fish producing regions in the country, be­ While institutions and norms governing fisheries have been forged to tween 1849 and 2016. This time interval covers the transition from deal with these and many other overfished stocks, the Brazilian state still largely subsistence fishing and farming to commercial and industrial faces severe limitations (e.g., political, institutional, financial, capacity, fisheries in the region in response to policy incentives, urbanization and etc) in sustaining long-term fisheries stock assessments programs and market development. We scrutinized thousands of digitized editions generating even the most basic socioeconomic and demographic data (e. available at the Brazilian Digital Newspapers and Periodicals Library g., number of fishers, fleet size, technology and geographic operation, (Hemeroteca Digital Brasileira) and found evidence for anthropogenic etc, Mattos et al., 2020). Moreover, even though biodiversity conser­ impacts on coastal ecosystems and organisms as early as the 19th cen­ vation in Brazil has been addressed through distinct mechanisms, such tury. Historical newspapers contained information on local community as regular assessments of the conservation status of marine species (REF) perceptions of environmental and resource changes, thus potentially and in situ approaches such as the implementation of Marine Protected providing complementary data for studies involving local, traditional- Areas (MPAs) with variable levels of access and use (Maretti et al., citizen knowledge in conservation and management programs. 2019), these remain limited in extension and resources, and are sur­ rounded by socio-economic conflicts and political controversies (Ger­ 2. Material and methods hardinger et al., 2011; Magris and Pressey, 2018; Martins et al., 2014; Pereira da Silva, 2019; Silveira et al., 2018; Vieira et al., 2019). As a 2.1. Data source and mining consequence, considerable uncertainties still exist regarding the true scale of marine population decline and loss of diversity along the Bra­ Historical newspapers were sourced from the digital collection of the zilian coast. Questions remain about conservation and restoration tar­ Brazilian Digital Newspapers and Periodicals Library (Hemeroteca Digital gets, as defining reference baselines is complex in ecosystems Brasileira, BNDigital), made available by the National Library Founda­ transformed by historical human activities (Lotze and Worm, 2009; tion (Fundação Biblioteca Nacional, https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/h Pauly, 1995; Worm et al., 2009). emeroteca-digital/). Using Optical Character Recognition, news items As in most parts of the world, conservation studies in Brazil are based (e.g. articles, opinion pieces, regulations and sanctions) were sourced on information collected over the last few decades. Along with the using the single keyword “pesca” (fishing) for the region (Locality) of pervasive lack of memory about past coastal ecosystems, the absence of Santa Catarina (SC) by single decades (Period), including all newspapers a historical perspective in conservation debates can result in generation for the selected decades. The keyword pesca was able to capture a di­ shifts in the acceptance of what are considered degraded systems, a versity of information related to the impact on coastal and marine phenomenon known as shifting baseline syndrome (Lovell et al., 2020; ecosystems and the affected species. A search test was carried out with Pauly, 1995). Pauly (1995) noticed that each generation of scientists the word “impacto” (impact) and, as could be expected, a variety of and/or fisheries consider as a baseline the abundance and composition subjects were found (e.g. financial, political) not directly associated with of species observed at the beginning of their careers, and use this the environmental perspective of marine ecosystems. Details of the baseline to evaluate changes through time. This condition may result in searching facilities are available through the BNDigital can be found at the misleading perception of “pristine” or “natural” marine ecosystems, https://www.bn.gov.br/en/explore/heritage/bndigital. when in reality they are historically altered (Jackson et al., 2001; Single items were screened for duplicate results and non-relevant Sáenz-Arroyo et al., 2005) and thus deserve more informed and ambi­ information (e.g. commercial advertisements) which were then tious conservation strategies. excluded. To ensure consistency in data collection, evidence of anthro­ A long-term perspective on human interaction with coastal and pogenic impact was searched in single items using two rounds of anal­ ocean ecosystems is becoming increasingly relevant in conservation and ysis. First, single items were read by two authors (SS and ACC) in order restoration debates (Bonebrake et al., 2010; Engelhard et al., 2016). to assess the content and quality of information based on two inclusion Such a perspective can be gained through the analysis of historical criteria: 1) the items focused on coastal and ocean areas, including es­ documents for time periods predating scientific observations (Ferretti tuaries and coastal lagoons, or rivers where anadromous/catadromous et al., 2015; Marzin et al., 2015; McClenachan et al., 2012; Thurstan fish were reported; and 2) the items focused on aquatic species that et al., 2015). Among historical documents, newspapers have been used spent all or part of their life in seawater/brackish water (e.g. ocean­ to gain insights into the scale of human exploitation of aquatic resources odromous, anadromous, catadromous, Frose and Pauly, 2020). An in the past, bringing the outcomes to policy and scientific arenas in order analytical framework was then created and a new round of analysis for to inform conservation actions (Friedlander et al., 2015; McClenachan, each item was performed to systematically collect the information 2009; Thurstan et al., 2017). In the last two centuries, newspapers have (Supplementary Information 1A). The newspapers published in Santa been some of the most widely distributed sources of written information, Catarina also contained information from other states (Rio Grande do with a great potential for the preservation of early editions due to the Sul, Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo), which were also relatively large number of issues released at high frequencies (daily, considered in our analysis (Fig. 1). weekly, monthly). The first newspaper in Brazil was published in 1808, and from the middle 19th century newspapers gradually became a 2.2. Identifying and quantifying evidence of impact consistent and reliable documentary source on the flow of information around public interest and commercial activities (Morel, 2005). Digiti­ Our analytical frameworks consisted of a checklist (presence/ zation has made historical newspapers readily accessible through online absence) of variables that could be contextually associated with platforms, offering a relatively cost-effective approach for historical anthropogenic impacts. The variables included: 1 - reports of illegal/ socio-ecological analysis (Allen and Sieczkiewicz, 2010; McClenachan detrimental fishing gear (fishing gear that were reported as illegal or et al., 2012; Perruci, 1978). Nevertheless, the potential of historical detrimental to aquatic organisms and environments); 2 - fishing re­ newspapers for providing information on past marine conservation is­ strictions and sanctions; 3 - reports of overfishing; 4 - reports of bycatch sues in Brazil has never been systematically addressed. (undesirable taxa accidently caught and discarded); 5 - reports of habitat The aim of this study was to investigate historical anthropogenic degradation/destruction (with the nested variables: “industrial and impacts on coastal and ocean ecosystems along the southern Atlantic urban pollution and infrastructure”, “habitat destruction by removal of Forest coast of Brazil through newspapers. In this context, we intend to mangroves”). Whenever possible, we associated evidence of impact with 2 S. Sandoval Gallardo et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 209 (2021) 105662 Fig. 1. Map showing localities (municipal­ ities) reported in the newspapers. Santa Cata­ rina: 1) Araquari, 2) Araranguá, 3) Biguaçu, 4) Blumenau, 5) Bombinhas, 6) Florianópolis, 7) Garopaba, 8) Governador Celso Ramos, 9) Itajaí, 10) Itapema, 11) Jaraguá do Sul, 12) Joinville, 13) São Francisco do Sul, 14) Laguna, 15) Palhoça, 16) Porto Belo, 17) São José. Rio Grande do Sul: 18) Mampituba, 19) Rio Grande. São Paulo: 20) Atibaia. Rio de Janeiro: 21) Rio de Janeiro. Espírito Santo: 22) Linhares. 23) Paraná state (unknown lo­ cality). Maps generated using ArcGIS 10.7 (https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/) on data publicly available from NASA/JPL/NIMA (South America), free spatial data from DIVA- GIS (http://www.diva-gis.org/Data), the Bra­ zilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and the National Institute for Space Research (DPI/INPE). inshore (coast or close to the coast) and offshore (several miles from the 3. Results and discussion coast, but depending on jurisdiction) environments, based on multiple contextual information (fishing gear, resources, locations). The collected 3.1. Qualitative and quantitative data distribution variables were then quantified for their absolute and relative (%) fre­ quency of occurrence over the number of items aggregated per decade. The keyword “pesca” (fishing) generated a total of 7564 matches, Whenever reported, the type of fishing gear associated with evidence representing 6120 items, covering a period of 167 years between 1849 of impact was also documented. The identification of fishing gear was and 2016 (Fig. 2). The year 1849 refers to that of the first record of aided by the list of fishing implements published by Brazil’s National newspapers in Santa Catarina, while 2016 is the year in which the series Center for Research and Conservation of Marine Biodiversity in the in question ends in the Brazilian Digital Newspapers and Periodicals Southeast and South (CEPSUL-ICMBio; https://www.icmbio.gov.br/cep Library. Items were printed in 26 newspapers representing 2.8% of the sul/artes-de-pesca.html) and the Fishing Gear Type Fact Sheets of the total newspapers available in the HBD for Santa Catarina over the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (http://www.fao. studied time period (total 931). The total number of newspapers and the org/fishery/geartype/search/en). Organisms associated with evidence number of newspapers reporting fishing were unevenly distributed, with of impact were also recorded. Taxa were predominantly reported as a high and significant positive correlation (r = 0.89; R2 = 0.80; p < vernacular names, with conversion to scientific names based on infor­ 0.001) revealing that the distribution of newspapers reporting fishing mation in Begossi et al. (2019), Ramires et al. (2018), Ramires and depended on the amount of newspapers in the HDB by decade. The Barrella (2003), and from Magda Bartz’s personal communication. The majority of articles reporting fishing were distributed between 1910 and taxonomic diversity by decade was assessed using Shannon Index (SHI) 1969 (74% of the data), and in particular from 1930 to 1939. While we in PAST 4.03 (Hammer et al., 2001). SHI varies from 0 for communities recognize that gaps in the database may influence the amount and with only a single taxon to high values for those with many taxa. We also temporal distribution of evidence of impact, we highlight that the time explored changes in trophic level of identified taxa through time. Tro­ interval covered herein is highly relevant as it predates many larger phic positions were attributed according to FishBase (Frose and Pauly, incentives for the commercial/industrial fishing sector (from the 1960s) 2020). For taxa where only genus and/or family were identified we used and the beginning of fish stock assessments, which have received the average values of the main local species in the region, or the range of cursory attention in conservation studies in Brazil. trophic level reported in the literature (Arreguín-Sánchez and Evidence of anthropogenic impact was found in 192 of the items, Manickchand-Heileman, 1998; Cortés, 1999). In order to investigate representing 3.13% of all newspaper items reporting fishing (Fig. 2). The links between historical exploitation and current conservation status, we majority of information was obtained for the state of Santa Catarina; classified the statuses of species that could be taxonomically identified however, because of the regional scope of the newspapers, other regions according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the Decrees were also sporadically documented and thus this information was also 444/2014 (Brazil, 2014a) and 445/2014 (Brazil, 2014b) of Brazil’s considered in our analysis. We documented evidence of impact in areas Ministry of the Environment (Ministério do Meio Ambiente - MMA), and currently belonging to 23 municipalities in the states of Santa Catarina, of Brazil’s updated Red List of Threatened Species (https://www.icmbio Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and Espírito .gov.br/portal/component/content/article/10187). Finally, fishing Santo. The majority of the evidence was reported for coastal areas of gear and organisms were quantified for their frequency of occurrence Santa Catarina (78%), and primarily for Florianópolis (formerly Des­ (absolute count, %) over the number of items aggregated per decade terro, 51%), the capital of Santa Catarina state. This indicates that (Supplementary Information 1B–C). For example, if the fishing gear X newspaper data is biased towards economic, administrative and tour­ (or an organism Y) were mentioned more than once in a single item (e.g. istic centers, which may give the impression that other regions were less article), its absolute frequency in the given item was counted as 1. affected by anthropogenic activities. 3 S. Sandoval Gallardo et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 209 (2021) 105662 Fig. 2. Absolute frequency distribution of data available in Hemeroteca Digital of Biblioteca Nacional, Brazil. The earliest evidence of human impact was documented in 1853 (O localized impacts are highly relevant because it is at the local scale that Correio Catharinense, 02 February 1853), and most of the information most vulnerable, small-scale coastal communities secured their liveli­ refers to items published in the first half of the 20th century. This dis­ hoods (Diegues, 1983). tribution was not correlated with the number of items reporting fishing (r = 0.38, R2 = 0.15; p = 0.12456), but significant positive correlations 3.2.1. Fishing restrictions and sanctions were found with the number of newspapers available for the region (r = Fishing restrictions and sanctions were particularly common at the 0.65, R2 = 0.42; p = 0.004). In some cases an item was published over end of the 19th (e.g. 1880–1890) and the first half of the 20th centuries several consecutive editions or by distinct newspapers, which was (e.g. 1910–1919) (Fig. 3), and indirectly indicate that some mostly the case for fishing regulations enforced by municipal, state or anthropogenic-driven environmental degradation was already occurring federal governments. more than a century ago. The earliest restrictions and sanctions were imposed through Municipal Regulation Codes (Código de Posturas da Câmara Municipal), a set of municipal laws aimed at regulating and 3.2. Trends in anthropogenic impact inspecting the function and structure of urban centers between 1822 and 1889 (Santos, 2020). We found that the earliest regulations focused on The majority of items (94%) reported evidence for impacts on relatively small and confined water ecosystems such as inland rivers; inshore organisms and environments (estuaries, lagoons, bays, coastal however over time, they became more complex, targeting habitats areas in general), while only a small fraction (6%) were associated with considered breeding grounds (bays, lagoons, rivers, estuaries) for offshore impacts. This is not surprising given the importance of coastal economically important taxa (Supplementary Information 1B–C), and a areas to emerging urban centers, and because historical small-scale range of fishing gear (trawl/gillnet [colloquially “redes”], drift nets, cast fisheries in the region operated mostly inshore (Alvarez Perez et al., nets, dynamite, toxic substances, etc.; Fig. 4) associated with the capture 2009; Diegues, 1983; Seixas and Troutt, 2003). Nevertheless, such Fig. 3. Relative frequency (%) of evidence of impact over newspaper items per decade. 4 S. Sandoval Gallardo et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 209 (2021) 105662 Fig. 4. Two-dimensional plot of the relative frequency (%) of fishing gear over newspaper items per decade. of juvenile specimens (fish and notably shrimp; Fig. 5). For example, in Florianópolis). Two decades later in 1876, the same regulation was 1854 Municipal Regulation Code 363 forbade fishing with redes extended to other rivers in the region and included new restrictions on (trawl/gillnet/seine) at Rio Ratones, in Desterro (present day fishing gear and timing (O Despertador, 28 March 1876). By 1881, Fig. 5. Two-dimensional plot of the relative frequency (%) of impacted organisms over newspaper items per decade. 5 S. Sandoval Gallardo et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 209 (2021) 105662 newspapers reported a number of regulations prohibiting nets, but also an article in O Dia argued that regulations were of extraordinary cast nets in many of the state’s lagoons (e.g. Barra da Lagoa) and rivers importance to avoid declining fish populations due to the “constant (e.g. Rio Itajahy-Assú and Rio Mirim). The high frequency of these devastation of our seas and rivers”, citing as an example the lack of regulations suggests that by the end of the 19th century several inshore bluefish-enchova (anchova, P. saltatrix) blamed on capture outside the environments were under some level of anthropogenic pressure and that season (possibly spawning season) with detrimental techniques (O Dia, local ecosystem users (fishers, communities) were perceiving declining 15 April 1904). Some techniques such as redes cae-cae (possibly Picaré, catches. beach seine) were often associated with the destruction of “criação Conflicts between local fisheries due to illegal/detrimental fishing miúda” or young individuals (recruits). The first such mention was gear (e.g. beach trawls [arrastão]) also became more frequent at the end documented in 1905 (O Dia, 01 June 1905), and was attributed to of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, coinciding with bycatch and overfishing (recruitment overfishing). increased nationalization and institutionalization of fishing (Filho, It is worth noting the increasing number of items dated to the 2016a,b). For example, Decree 876 of 10 September 1856, authorized beginning of the 20th century reporting population declines due to the the incorporation of companies for catching, salting and drying fish captured juvenile individuals. In 1909, an article in O Dia (28 July 1909) along the coast and rivers of the Brazilian Empire. Later on, Decree 9672 reported declining fish abundance at Porto Bello compared to the pre­ of 17 July 1912, created the Fisheries Agency (Inspetoria da Pesca, vious 30 years due to overfishing and bycatching through the use of drift implemented between 1913 and 1915), aimed at organizing and pro­ nets (redes de malha) and trawls (redes de arrasto). Impacted species moting commercial fishing in Brazil. From June to September 1915, the included bluefish-enchova (anchova, P. saltatrix), serra Spanish mackerel newspaper O Estado reported nine items on illegal fishing and the ac­ (sororoca, Scomberomorus brasiliensis), lebranche mullet (tainha, M. liza), tions taken by local authorities following complaints by fishing com­ white mullet (paraty, M. curema), smooth weakfish (pescadinha branca, munities at several localities in Florianópolis (Praia do Ingleses, possibly Cynoscion leiarchus), whitemouth croaker (corvina, Micro­ Ribeirão, Pantano do Sul, Cannarvieras, Lagoinha, and Ponta das Canas) pogonias furnieri), barracuda (bicuda, possibly Sphyraena guachancho), and Porto Bello (present day Porto Belo). Most actions were against American harvestfish (gordinho, possibly Peprilus paru), and Atlantic fishing with driftnets (redes de malha), in some cases operated by moonfish (gallo, Selene sp.). In 1916, an article in O Dia revealed that non-local residents (O Estado, 22 July 1915). The most affected re­ public institutions (Ministry of Agriculture) were concerned about the sources were the winter schools of lebranche mullet (tainha, Mugil liza), decline of shrimp stocks due to the use of puçá (hand net) and tarrafa white mullet (pataty, Mugil curema) and bluefish-enchova (anchova, (cast net) with a mesh size of 3 mm, which impacted mostly juvenile Pomatomus saltatrix). individuals (O Dia, 3 August 1916). Reports of illegal fishing practices gradually increased from 1900 to By the 1940’s, fish was reportedly a scarce item in several urban 1959, coinciding with increasing fishing efficiency (Diegues, 1983) and markets, including Rio de Janeiro. The causes of fish shortages seemed large state incentives for the commercial sector (Filho, 2016a,b), such as multifactorial, and possibly involved overfishing according to a member the establishment of fish landing, processing and commercialization of the Executive Fishing Commission (Comissão Executiva da Pesca): sites (entreposto de pesca, Decree 23348 of 14 November 1933). A rela­ “The main reason [for the scarcity of fish at the market in Rio de tive spike in regulations and sanctions were detected in the 1960s and Janeiro], however, is the lack of fish and, in my opinion, the devastation that 1970s, coinciding with increased volumes of commercial catches (O has been taking place. The presence of fine fish on our coastline, at least from Estado, 22 February 1963, but see also Freire and Pauly (2010); Hai­ Maricá to Tijucas, is insignificant. There was a time that good fish was movici and Cardoso (2017)) and considerable political and financial abundant, such as robalos [Centropomus spp.], garoupas [Epinephelus support to the industry (Abdallah and Sumaila, 2007). During this time, spp.], and badejo [Mycteroperca spp.], cavala [Scombridae], vermelho several coastal communities intensified fishing in response to the verdadeiros [possibly Lutjanidae], etc. Today with the devastation that has expansion of the local market and the incipient development of tourism happened and is still happening, but will not continue, there is little fish in our (Seixas and Troutt, 2003), facilitated by technological improvements in waters. It is pure illusion to assume that the seafront of this city is full of fish” the sector such as monofilament nylon or polyamide nets, motorized (A Noticia, 03 September 1943). vessels, and butane gas lamps (Diegues, 1983; Seixas and Troutt, 2003). Bycatching was the most reported cause of population decline be­ tween 1920 and 1959, and largely attributed to non-local fishing com­ 3.2.2. Overfishing, bycatch and habitat degradation/destruction panies (e.g. from Santos, São Paulo state) operating along the coast of Overfishing, bycatch and habitat degradation/destruction are the Santa Catarina. For example, according to O Estado (13 January 1944), most common threats to marine organisms today and in the past (Harnik thousands of small palometas (Carangidae) and sardines (Sardinella et al., 2012). Bycatching (prevalently juvenile specimens and small fish) brasiliensis/Ophistonema oglinum/Harengula clupeola) were found dis­ and notably overfishing were commonly documented throughout the carded everyday on the beaches of Florianópolis due to the extensive use 20th century (Fig. 3). Habitat degradation was more consistently re­ of trawls. Few decades later, an item published in Correio do Norte in ported only from the 1970’s, as a result of increased urbanization 1976 reported that: (including tourism) and industrialization in coastal areas. “Otair Becker [senator, ARE-NA/SC] pointed out that large fishing boats The earliest evidence of impact was documented in a series of articles invade the area of these fishermen [in Santa Catarina], causing the extinc­ published by Pedro Soares Caldera in 1889 (entitled “Health Degener­ tion of juvenile fish and shrimp. And he pointed out as the ideal formula to ation”), where the author attributed the “notorious declining of fish solve the serious problem, the indispensable help of the Brazilian Navy, which abundance and increase in fish diseases” to the widespread destruction of would also protect the fauna and the marine flora of our country” (Correio mangroves and the use of “rudimentary” fishing methods (O Con­ do Norte, 17 January 1976). servador, 25 June to 14 August 1889). At roughly the same time (1899), Overall, conflicts among users due to invasion of fishing areas by the first complaint of fishing during spawning season was documented, distinct actors (local and non-local fishers) were documented over a in this case of lebranche mullet (tainha, Mugil liza) and catfish (bagre, century by newspapers, from 1915 (O Estado, 22 July 1915) to 2013 (O Ariidae). According to the news item, this catching of breeding in­ Municipio, 10 May 2013). Other than overfishing and bycatching, non- dividuals could have been responsible for the decline in numbers of local fishing companies were also accused of persuasively acquiring lebranche mullet (tainha, M. liza) that was seen at that time compared to the catches from local fishers and diverting the product to markets previous years (Republica, 19 February 1899). We considered this as outside the region of origin, inflating local prices and affecting local potential evidence for recruitment (catching of parent stock during livelihoods (e.g. O Estado, 09 July 1925; 13 September 1928, 06 October breeding individuals) and growth overfishing (recruits are captured 1946, 25 June 1951, 25 August 1951; A Noticia, 23 February 1931). before they can replenish population; Pauly 1983). Similarly, in 1904, These continue to be ongoing issues in local small-scale fisheries in 6 S. Sandoval Gallardo et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 209 (2021) 105662 Brazil (Begossi, 1995), and newspaper items reveal that they are almost completely disappeared between 1970 and 1990, although the strongly rooted in the past. population apparently recovered later on due to the eventual easing of From the 1970’s to 2010’s, the nature of human impact in newspaper fishing pressure (A Ponta, July 1993). items was dominated by habitat degradation in the context of urban Several taxa identified here are currently threatened or vulnerable development and industrialization, and by the growing tourism industry (Supplementary information 1C) and were subject to intensive capture (Zero, February 1983, September–October 1986). Domestic and urban over the last two to four decades (Haimovici, 1998; Vasconcellos and sewage (Zero, May–June 1988), industrial pollutants (Correio do Povo, Haimovici, 2006). Their historical decline has been perceived by local 06 May 1978), along with public infrastructure works involving dams, communities in more recent times. Martins et al. (2018) have docu­ bridges and landfills (Correio do Povo, 27 October 1979; Zero, April mented that modern fishers from the north Santa Catarina coast (Tiju­ 1990) were some of the most reported drivers of stock declines along the cas) perceived decreasing catches of catfish (Genidens barbus, Ariidae), coast, as documented by others (Seixas and Troutt, 2003). mullet (M. liza/M. curema) and whitemouth croaker (M. furnieri) in relation to industrial fishing, shrimp trawling bycatch, and the overall 3.2.3. Species affected increase in fishing efforts over the last five decades. Bender et al. (2014) A total of 31 types of fish, molluscs, crustaceans and reptiles were has shown that fishers from the state of Rio de Janeiro (Arraial do Cabo) reported in newspaper items in relation to anthropogenic impacts. We noticed a sharp decline in abundance of bluefish-enchova (P. saltatrix) identified 11 fish and two molluscs to species level, and several fish to and several grouper species (Epinephelinae) over the last six decades. the levels of genus and/or family (Fig. 4, Supplementary Information The data collected from newspapers suggest that local fishers’ baselines 1C). The most commonly reported taxa was shrimp (camarão, crusta­ for perceiving population decline may have already been affected by cean), followed by lebranche mullet (tainha, M. liza), bluefish-enchova long-term anthropogenic impacts, even before the intensive commercial (anchova, P. saltatrix), catfish (bagre, Ariidae), whitemouth croaker fishing of the last decades. (corvina, M. furnieri), and others. While this is a limited number of Moreover, the declines in the weighted average trophic levels and in species when compared to the variety of marine resources currently the overall diversity of impacted organisms might reflect the phenomena exploited by local communities in this region (Bastos and Petrere, 2010; of fishing down the marine food web, whereby large predators are Begossi et al, 2017, 2019; Castro et al., 2016; Herbst and Hanazaki, preferentially removed from the system (Christensen, 1996; Pauly et al., 2014; Martins et al, 2018, 2019; Ramires and Barrella, 2003), their 1998). Fishing down the food web has been proposed for the Brazilian frequency suggests these taxa were historically of primary importance in coast at the end of the 20th century (1978–2000), where a high rate of market and household consumption. Shrimp and lebranche mullet are trophic level decline has been documented (Freire and Pauly, 2010). We prime examples of this, as they featured almost continuously in news suspect that newspapers indirectly captured expressions of fishing down items from the 19th and 20th centuries, and are currently cultural the marine food web along the coast and among small-scale coastal keystone seafoods in Santa Catarina (Berkström et al., 2019; Diegues, fisheries of Santa Catarina due to the increased fishing efforts of the last 2004; Machado et al., 2019). decades. However, because the data in hand is too small to lead to The diversity of impacted organisms fluctuated over the time interval conclusive interpretations, further research is necessary to confirm this covered, with the highest diversity between 1900 and 1969 (SHI 2.25 to hypothesis. 1.44) and the lowest from 1970 to 2016 (SHI 1.33 to 0.69). Similarly, the weighted average trophic level of impacted organisms declined from 4.1 3.3. Invoking the past to inform conservation debates in the 1880s, through 3.1 in the 1970s, to 2 in the 1990s and in the 2010s. Taxa reported from 1900 to 1969 included species of high trophic Coastal and ocean ecosystems have been affected by anthropogenic levels, such as bluefish-enchova (anchova, P. saltatrix), barracuda activities over long time scales (Jackson et al., 2001). As a response, (bicuda, possibly S. guachancho), American harvestfish (gordinho, scholars are highlighting the importance of historical information in possibly P. paru), Atlantic moonfish (galo, Selene sp.), leatherjacket order to establish accurate reference baselines for conservation and (Guaiviras, possibly Oligoplites saurus), as well as species feeding at lower restoration targets (Bonebrake et al., 2010; Engelhard et al., 2016; trophic positions, including whitemouth croaker (corvina, M. furnieri), Ferretti et al., 2015; Lotze et al, 2006, 2015; McClenachan et al., 2012). smooth weakfish (pescadinha branca, C. leiarchus), serra Spanish mack­ This is particularly the case of regions where long-term fishing statistics erel (sororoca, S. brasiliensis), lebranche mullet (tainha, M. liza), white are missing and resources for monitoring programmes are limited, such mullet (paraty, M. curema), and shrimp (Supplementary Information as the Atlantic Forest coast of Brazil. Despite the inherent challenges in 1C). They were reported as being affected by overfishing and bycatch­ extracting and interpreting ecological data from historical archives ing, through the use of arrastão and redes de arrasto (trawl), redes in (Bonebrake et al., 2010; Ferretti et al., 2015; Pooley, 2018), documents general (trawl/gillnet), redes de malha (drift net), tarrafa (cast net), but such as newspapers are valuable sources of information for conservation also dynamite and poisoning substances such as the Timbó, plant-based studies yet to be explored in Brazil. Gaps in digital databases are com­ toxins widely used by indigenous groups in tropical South America mon and may introduce uncertainties in statistical analyses. However, as (Soentgen and Hilbert, 2016) (Fig. 5). digital archives grow, their use becomes more attractive and their in­ Taxonomic diversity and trophic levels attained the minimum values formation more easily integrated with other historical and environ­ from 1980 onward, represented by lebranche mullet (tainha, M. liza), mental sources (historical, archaeological, palaeontological, molecular, carib pointed venus clam (berbigão, Anomalocardia flexuosa), shrimp and etc). crab (siri, Brachyura) associated with overfishing and habitat degrada­ From an ecological perspective, our study demonstrates that histor­ tion. This coincided with accelerated urban development and tourism ical newspapers from Santa Catarina documented evidence of anthro­ along the coast from the 1970s (Jouffray et al., 2020; Pereira, 2011). pogenic impacts on coastal environments and organisms in southern Newspaper items expressed growing concerns over the potential loss of Brazil at least since the end of the 19th century. Some items provided legitimacy and identity of small-scale coastal communities in the face of more explicit accounts of the nature and effects of anthropogenic im­ these new drivers of change (Zero, February 1983; 6 October 1995; pacts, for example by attributing the decline in abundance of some September 2013) which were affecting organisms of high cultural and species to overfishing, bycatching, and habitat degradation. Others nutritional importance in the region (de Abreu-Mota et al., 2018; Gaspar instead alluded to the existence of degraded environments, without et al., 2011; Herbst and Hanazaki, 2014; Reis-Filho, 2020; Seixas and providing specific details of the nature and effects of anthropogenic Troutt, 2003). For example, shrimp (possibly Atlantic seabob, Xiphope­ activities. This was the case of fishing regulations (restrictions and naeus kroyeri), one of the most exported fish products in Brazil (Lopes, sanctions), which can be interpreted as attempts by local authorities to 2008), was progressively overexploited to the point that coastal stocks avoid, mitigate, control and/or restore existing environmental 7 S. Sandoval Gallardo et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 209 (2021) 105662 degradation (McManus, 2009). capitalized and less politically influential players, such as small-scale A large portion of information on stock fluctuations derived from fishers. local community and stakeholder perceptions of environmental and resource changes, emphasizing the potential of historical newspapers for 4. Conclusion expanding fish stock assessment to periods not covered by landing data (Haimovici, 1998; Haimovici and Cardoso, 2017; Vasconcellos and The newspapers published in Santa Catarina captured evidence of Haimovici, 2006), scientific observations (Barbosa-Filho et al., 2020; human impact on coastal environments and organisms as early as the Cergole et al., 2002; Haimovici et al., 2006; Matsuura, 1977, 1996; end of the 19th century. These were mainly documented for inshore Sunye and Morisson, 2006), and deliberative-participatory approaches environments which are areas of ecological importance for the feeding, (Begossi et al, 2016, 2019; Castro et al., 2016; Gerhardinger et al., 2006; reproduction and nursery of many coastal species, and where most Herbst and Hanazaki, 2014; Martins et al, 2014, 2018). The latter is small-scale coastal communities (both past and present day) secure their particularly important because this work confirms that local ecological livelihoods. Since the end of the 19th century, the reported human- knowledge held by users (e.g. fishers) and stakeholders (e.g. commu­ induced environmental changes mostly took the form of overfishing nities) was produced and transmitted in environmental contexts that and bycatching, with urban and industrial development and tourism were historically modified by human actions. As a consequence, there is later heavily influencing habitat degradation. Reference baselines for a potential for long standing and pervasive generational shifts on the conservation and restoration targets must consider the drivers of perceptions of the conservation status of organisms and ecosystems in anthropogenic impact, and their antiquity, on coastal and ocean eco­ this region. systems, and on the populations that depended on them. This study also The information contained in historical newspapers also offered highlights the utility of local newspapers in attempting to understand clues to the socio-economic and political circumstances of past anthro­ changes in local traditional-citizen knowledge in relation to public pogenic impacts on coastal ecosystems and communities, which must be policy, the development of institutions, and other drivers of change (e.g. acknowledged in inclusive and participatory management strategies. market, tourism). In particular, newspapers revealed that some drivers Detrimental processes during the late 19th century and most of the 20th of socio-ecological stress were resilient in historical contexts governed century responded to increasing market demand, nationalization and by top-down centralized management strategies. Adaptive co- institutionalization of fishing, and were seemingly facilitated by management of small-scale fisheries in Brazil should consider the leg­ centralized top-down management approaches and incentives that acy of these processes on user-stakeholder-manager interactions. benefited actors with greater capital investment and regional market strategies (see also Diegues, 1983). The appropriation and deterioration Funding of resources that were crucial for the food security and livelihood of local coastal communities by non-local actors (often referred to as “in­ This work was funded by the ERC Consolidator project TRADITION, vaders”) are examples of resilient drivers of socio-ecological stress that which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) persisted throughout most of the 20th century (Diegues, 1983; Herbst under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation et al., 2020). Increased fishing efficiency and the large incentivising programme under grant agreement N. 817911. This work contributes to policies of the last 60 years (Abdallah and Sumaila, 2007; Filho, 2016a, the “María de Maeztu” Programme for Units of Excellence of the Spanish b) exacerbated ecological impacts and extended them to offshore envi­ Ministry of Science and Innovation (CEX2019-000940-M). AB thanks ronments, while urbanization (including industry and infrastructures; the productivity scholarship from CNPq (grant N. 301592/2017-9). Lacerda and Molisani, 2006) and tourism accounted for most of the detriment of marine ecosystem along the coast (da Silveira and Rodri­ gues, 2015; Pereira, 2011; Widmer and Hennemann, 2010). Contributors Top-down regulations are still the subject of conflicts with local populations and function as barriers for the advancement of integrated ACC and SS conceived and designed the study, acquired data, systems of governance, management, and conservation (Lopes et al., analyzed and interpreted the data; ACC and SS drafted the article; TF, 2013). Governance, management, and conservation are, among others, DFH, AB, LGS revised it critically for important intellectual content; all part of an integrated system that encompasses culture, gender, authors approved the final version to be submitted. co-production and exchange, autonomy, and include recognition of territorial rights and respect for local forms of tenure (Lopes et al., Declaration of competing interest 2021). However, for most of the 20th century these elements developed in a landscape of conflict and relative marginalization. Scholars and The authors declare the following financial interests/personal re­ managers must be familiar with these historical processes to compre­ lationships which may be considered as potential competing interests. hend their impact on the collective memories of fisheries and the chal­ Andre Colonese reports financial support was provided by European lenges contemporary communities face when interacting with Research Council (ERC-CoG TRADITION, N. 817911). Alpina Begossi institutions. reports financial support was provided by CNPq. The role of newspapers in shaping public opinion and the willingness of fisheries authorities to adopt much needed (and often unpopular) fisheries governance reforms during the 20th century remained unclear. Acknowledgements Our analysis detected changes in narratives around issues affecting fisheries, notably during decades of incentivising policies such as in the The authors are grateful to Magda Bartz for helping with fish iden­ 1960s and 1970s. In several cases local small-scale fisheries were asso­ tification. This work is part of Sandoval’s master dissertation in the MSc ciated with backwardness, poverty, and destitution, and accountable for in Interdisciplinary Studies in Environmental, Economic and Social negative impacts on local stocks (e.g. O Estado, 14 August 1964). Ste­ Sustainability (Ecological Economics) in UAB. We would like to thank reotypes of this kind have certainly affected the capacity of local com­ the reviewers for their helpful comments on the manuscript. munities to raise their voices around issues such as the legitimacy of property rights and power asymmetry. Future research should investi­ Appendix A. Supplementary data gate to what extent the public opinion around fisheries and the shifting ecological baselines syndrome can be politically manipulated over time Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi. to benefit historically privileged actors to the detriment of less org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105662. 8 S. Sandoval Gallardo et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 209 (2021) 105662 References Ferretti, F., Crowder, L.B., Micheli, F., Blight, L.K., Pauly, D., 2015. Using disparate datasets to reconstruct historical baselines of Animal populations. In: Blight, L.K., Kittinger, J.N., Mcclenachan, L., Gedan, K.B. (Eds.), Marine Historical Ecology in Abdallah, P.R., Sumaila, U.R., 2007. An historical account of Brazilian public policy on Conservation, Applying the Past to Manage for the Future. University of California fisheries subsidies. Mar. Pol. 31, 444–450. Press, pp. 63–86. Allen, R.B., Sieczkiewicz, R., 2010. How historians use historical newspapers. 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