5be66dba472827a1d139eeaba60437d1 ispintjou_a2021m8d12v10n8e540iENG.pdf c3b0c9c0f4a6383de4b30610a3a9fd5f7872c295 ispintjou_a2021m8d12v10n8e540iENG.pdf fd39b79a8bb19bef85280100e9e57de37fb5e42e89b7b090ef1b5c2b8b58c036 ispintjou_a2021m8d12v10n8e540iENG.pdf Title: Spatial Analysis of Gunshot Reports on Twitter in Mexico City Subject: The quarantine and stay-at-home measures implemented by most governments significantly impacted the volume and distribution of crime, and already, a body of literature exists that focuses on the effects of lockdown on crime. However, the effects of lockdown on firearm violence have yet to be studied. Within this context, this study analyzes reports of gunshots in Mexico City registered on Twitter from October 2018 to 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and from October 2019 to 2020 (during COVID-19), using a combination of spatial (nearest neighbor ratio, Ripley’s K function and kernel estimation) and non-spatial (Fisher’s exact test) methods. The results indicate a spatial concentration of gunshot reports in Mexico City and a reduction in frequency of reports during the pandemic. While they show no change in the overall concentration of gunshots during lockdown, they do indicate an expansion in the patterns of spatial intensity (moving from the west to the center of the city). One possible explanation is the capacity of possible victims of firearm crimes in certain municipalities to comply with lockdown measures and thus avoid exposure to such crimes. Keywords: gunshots; Twitter; point pattern analysis; Mexico City; COVID-19; lockdown Author: Enrique García-Tejeda, Gustavo Fondevila and Oscar S. Siordia Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Aug 12 03:08:07 2021 CEST ModDate: Thu Aug 12 03:21:14 2021 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 19 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 18354650 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- TFVXLK+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 XGYCSD+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 OSXJUK+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 WLENKM+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 23 0 IRWHZX+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 32 0 EHEDSU+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 35 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 58 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 62 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 66 0 QODWNV+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 81 0 SOSCBV+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 105 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-04-19 02:46:20 CEST RepresentationInformation: ispintjou_a2021m8d12v10n8e540iENG.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-02-08 01:37:12 CET Size: 18354650 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 423 FreeObjects: 19 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Children: Item: Title: Crime during the Pandemic Destination: subsection.1.1 Item: Title: Data Destination: subsection.1.2 Item: Title: The Area of Study of Mexico City (Municipalities) Destination: subsection.1.3 Item: Title: Limitations of the Data Destination: subsection.1.4 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Clusters of Tweets about Gunshots in Mexico City Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Spatial Clustering at All Distances Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Location of Spatial Intensity in Mexico City Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Prevalence by City Municipalities Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Tweets per Mmonth, Day of the Week and Hour of the Day Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Destination: section.A. Item: Title: References Destination: figure.caption.13 Info: Title: Spatial Analysis of Gunshot Reports on Twitter in Mexico City Author: Enrique García-Tejeda, Gustavo Fondevila and Oscar S. Siordia Subject: The quarantine and stay-at-home measures implemented by most governments significantly impacted the volume and distribution of crime, and already, a body of literature exists that focuses on the effects of lockdown on crime. However, the effects of lockdown on firearm violence have yet to be studied. Within this context, this study analyzes reports of gunshots in Mexico City registered on Twitter from October 2018 to 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and from October 2019 to 2020 (during COVID-19), using a combination of spatial (nearest neighbor ratio, Ripley’s K function and kernel estimation) and non-spatial (Fisher’s exact test) methods. The results indicate a spatial concentration of gunshot reports in Mexico City and a reduction in frequency of reports during the pandemic. While they show no change in the overall concentration of gunshots during lockdown, they do indicate an expansion in the patterns of spatial intensity (moving from the west to the center of the city). One possible explanation is the capacity of possible victims of firearm crimes in certain municipalities to comply with lockdown measures and thus avoid exposure to such crimes. 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