f43f7b4a49bd4f933f85df5be184708d Sifuentes_et_al._2021.pdf 6f994b87d000adc5a29c7715ec3b912666a3440d Sifuentes_et_al._2021.pdf caa5ac21e239e6455aa657ff1361b3a1027921835aa8ddc75a2763fac6d1fea1 Sifuentes_et_al._2021.pdf Author: Dayanne Creator: Microsoft® Word 2016 Producer: www.ilovepdf.com CreationDate: Sat Jan 9 13:30:23 2021 CET ModDate: Sat Jan 9 13:30:23 2021 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: yes UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 8 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.2 x 841.92 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1054762 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- ABCDEE+Calibri TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 13 0 ABCDEE+Calibri,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 17 0 ABCDEE+Calibri,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 21 0 ABCDEE+Calibri,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 25 0 Arial,Bold TrueType WinAnsi no no no 29 0 Times New Roman TrueType WinAnsi no no no 125 0 ABCDEE+Calibri CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 128 0 Times New Roman,Bold TrueType WinAnsi no no no 202 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-01-14 02:49:16 CET RepresentationInformation: Sifuentes_et_al._2021.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-12-24 01:35:17 CET Size: 1054762 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf Profile: Tagged PDF PDFMetadata: Objects: 404 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Language: en-US Outlines: Item: Title: 1. Introduction Destination: 1 Item: Title: Small ruminants such as sheep and goats display a seasonal breeding pattern. Reproductive seasonality is regulated by the photoperiod (Delgadillo et al 1999; Rosa and Bryant 2003; Bronson 2009). In bucks, testosterone secretion and sexual behavior var... Destination: 1 Item: Title: In the revised literature, sexual behavior of photo-stimulated bucks has been recorded only in two intervals of one hour during the day (from 08:00-09:00 and 18:00-19:00) and for the first three or four days of contact between bucks and anestrous fema... Destination: 1 Item: Title: On the other hand, climate change caused by anthropogenic emissions in the atmosphere increases the risks from droughts, precipitation deficits, and the highest temperature. These activities are related to population development and animal production ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: The hypothesis of this study states that the sexual behavior of photo-stimulated bucks varies during the day and that some environmental descriptors such as the temperature and the relative humidity could affect these behaviors. Therefore, the objecti... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 2. Materials and Methods Destination: 1 Item: Title: 2.1. General conditions of the study Destination: 1 Item: Title: The experiment was performed in the Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico (25 23′N, 104 47′W, 1200 m above sea level), situated in the Chihuahuan Desert. The climat... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 2.2. Animals Destination: 1 Item: Title: Eight females underwent ovariectomies of 3.5 years old were used with a body weight (BW) of 34.7 ± 3.01 kg (± SEM) and a body condition score (BCS) of 2.08 ± 0.08. The females were housed in group and were fed with alfalfa hay ad libitum (21% crude pr... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Sexually experienced goat bucks (n = 6) of approximately 3 years old were used. The bucks registered a BW of 67.7 ± 3.01 kg and BCS of 2.8 ± 0.10. The bucks were housed in group and were fed with alfalfa hay ad libitum (21% crude protein, 2.0 Mcal/kg ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 2.3. Photoperiodic treatment of goat bucks Destination: 1 Item: Title: A photoperiod treatment of artificial long days was applied to bucks to induce an increase of testosterone secretion, sexual behavior, odor, and vocalizations during the natural sexual rest (March-April; Delgadillo et al 2002). During the photoperiodi... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 2.4. Blood samples and testosterone assay Destination: 1 Item: Title: The bucks were subjected to a blood sampling by jugular venipuncture to determine plasma testosterone concentrations. Each sample was put in a 5 mL tube containing 30 µL of sodium heparin (5000 I.U./mL) as an anticoagulant. Blood samples were taken at... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 2.5. Goat buck sexual behavior Destination: 1 Item: Title: Sexual behavior of six bucks was recorded once a week in March and April (Figure 1), for 15 min at 2 h intervals along 24 h/day starting on Friday at 08:00 h and finishing Saturday at 06:00 h. During the darkness period of behavior assessment, artific... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Figure 1 Experimental design depicting the dates when the photoperiodic treatment was applied to bucks, behavior tests and sampling of plasma testosterone. Bucks were exposed to ovariectomized females during non-breeding period. Bucks were submitted t... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 2.6. Environmental temperature, relative humidity, and temperature humidity index Destination: 1 Item: Title: At the time of entering each buck into the female pen, the environmental temperature ( C) and the relative humidity (%) were recorded using a thermo hygrometer (Steren) in each behavior test. The body temperature of each buck was taken rectally (each ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: The THI was calculated using the following equation (Ravangnolo et al 2000): Destination: 1 Item: Title: THI = (1.8 × T + 32) - (0.55 - RH × 0.0055) × (1.8 × T - 26) Destination: 1 Item: Title: where T is the environmental temperature ( C) recorded during each behavior test and RH is the relative humidity (%) recorded during each behavior test. Destination: 1 Item: Title: 2.7. Ethical note Destination: 1 Item: Title: The protocol of the Official Mexican Rule that provides technical specifications for the production, care and use of laboratory animals (SAGARPA 2001) was followed. Destination: 1 Item: Title: 2.8. Statistical analyses Destination: 1 Item: Title: Plasma testosterone concentration, anogenital sniffing, nudging, flehmen, penis unsheathed, and body temperature were carried out using the routines of Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE) implemented in the Generalized Linear Models procedure of SP... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 3. Results Destination: 1 Item: Title: 3.1. Plasma testosterone profile Destination: 1 Item: Title: Plasma testosterone concentrations differed significantly over the analyzed experimental period (P < 0.001; Figure 2). A significant increase of testosterone level was observed the week 4 of February, after six weeks from the end of the photoperiodic ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 3.2. Response of bucks to females Destination: 1 Item: Title: The highest frequency for nudging was at 08:00 but decreased along the day; from 20:00 decreased significantly compared to the first measurement (P < 0.001; Figure 3A). Although at 06:00 the frequency of this sexual behavior increased, the analysis de... Destination: 1 Item: Title: The results showed that the highest frequency of anogenital sniffing was expressed at 08:00, but decreased along the day from noon until 06:00 (P < 0.001; Figure 3B). Furthermore, the analysis detected that the frequency of anogenital sniffing showed ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: The frequency of flehmen was low and did not differ along the day (P > 0.05; Figure 3C), although it was not observed at 20:00 (P < 0.001; Figure 3C). However, when this behavior was analyzed weekly, the results showed a tendency to increase its inten... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Figure 2 Plasma testosterone profiles (mean ± SEM) in sexually experienced photo-stimulated bucks. The arrows (↓↑) indicate when the bucks were exposed to ovariectomized females weekly during March and April. Bucks were submitted to a treatment of art... Destination: 1 Item: Title: The frequency of penis unsheathed along the day was variable, although it was significantly lowest at 20:00 and 02:00 (P < 0.05; Figure 3D). During the measurement period, the results showed a tendency to increase over time, but on April 19 this sexua... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 3.3. Environmental temperature and relative humidity Destination: 1 Item: Title: Along the day the environmental temperature recorded a bell-like profile (Figure 4 top), the same was observed with the relative humidity but with an inverted profile (Figure 4 middle). Figure 4 (top) shows that at 06:00 the lowest environmental tempe... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Besides, when the environmental temperature was analyzed weekly, the lowest value was recorded on March 15 (P < 0.001); the environmental temperature dropped drastically due to a cold front compared to the previous week, increasing again the following... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Figure 4 Environmental temperature ( C top), relative humidity (% middle), and body temperature of photo-stimulated bucks ( C bottom) along the day and weekly during March and April. Bucks were submitted to artificial long days (16 h of light and 8 h ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 3.4. Body temperature from bucks and THI Destination: 1 Item: Title: The body temperature was similar from 08:00-16:00, although at 18:00 the highest value was registered (38.9 ± 0.09 C; Figure 4 bottom). Figure 4 shows that the environmental temperature (top), the body temperature (bottom), and THI (Figure 5) decrease... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 4. Discussion Destination: 1 Item: Title: Our results indicate that photo-stimulated bucks increased plasma testosterone secretion during the natural sexual rest, showing a high variation of sexual behavior through 24 h/day when exposed to ovariectomized females, as well as, throughout the pe... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Our results show that photo-stimulated bucks increased plasma testosterone concentration during March and April as was previously reported by Delgadillo et al (2002), in contrast to untreated bucks which do not present high testosterone secretion duri... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Our results show that photo-stimulated bucks displayed the highest frequency of nudging and anogenital sniffing during the mornings at 08:00 as mentioned above when the environmental temperature was lower than 18 C, and the THI is around 59-66 units.... Destination: 1 Item: Title: In the present study, the highest body temperature was 38.9 ± 0.09 C, which was recorded at 18:00 h, when the environmental temperature also was the highest 32.0 ± 0.06 C showing that both THI 71-77 units and high body temperature affected sexual be... Destination: 1 Item: Title: In goats, previous studies indicate that they show tolerance to heat when they are in environmental temperatures from 20 to 35 C (Lu 1989). In addition, in small ruminants such as sheep and goats, previous studies indicate that the high temperatures ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: In the present study, when the environmental temperature decreased in the evening, the body temperature decreased, and the sexual activity of the photo-stimulated bucks also decreased. Then, this fact can be the response of two causes: firstly, goats ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Even though goats are heat tolerant as mentioned above, our results show that photo-stimulated bucks males experienced sudden changes in ambient temperature and ambient humidity in March and April, during the transition from Winter to Spring. Then, th... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Figure 5 Temperature humidity index (THI) along the day and weekly during March and April. The environmental temperature and relative humidity were recorded in each behavior test in photo-stimulated bucks. Bucks were submitted to a treatment of artifi... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 5. Conclusions Destination: 1 Info: Author: Dayanne Creator: Microsoft® Word 2016 Producer: www.ilovepdf.com CreationDate: Sat Jan 09 13:30:23 CET 2021 ModDate: Sat Jan 09 13:30:23 CET 2021 ID: 0x2b4e3f55cf64e91ea870f60b5b166d78, 0xe44b252c6364d9355503fb03a57a0751 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Images: Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 110 ImageHeight: 110 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Interpolate: false Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 667 ImageHeight: 95 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Interpolate: false Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 154 ImageHeight: 68 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Interpolate: false Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 154 ImageHeight: 68 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: 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