3b273648061e750678fbf18030ff5d32 pmc_33467545.pdf 4518b42ad3b8185df5c3e12d0595b3c459315ac1 pmc_33467545.pdf 82e345d54653b35079b852cb6bd4d21ca342204d81cf267da280e2fdb48bf4e7 pmc_33467545.pdf Title: Composition and Nutritional Value of Acid Oils and Fatty Acid Distillates Used in Animal Feeding Subject: Acid oils (AO) and fatty acid distillates (FAD) are oil refining by-products rich in free fatty acids. The objective of this study is their characterization and the identification of their sources of variability so that they can be standardized to improve their use as feed ingredients. Samples (n = 92) were collected from the Spanish market and the MIU value (sum of moisture, insoluble impurities, and unsaponifiable matter), lipid classes, fatty acid composition, and tocol content were analyzed. Their composition was highly variable even between batches from the same producer. As FAD originated from a distillation step, they showed higher free fatty acid amounts (82.5 vs 57.0 g/100 g, median values), whereas AO maintained higher proportions of moisture, polymers, tri-, di-, and monoacylglycerols. Overall, the MIU value was higher in AO (2.60–18.50 g/100 g in AO vs 0.63-10.44 g/100 g in FAD), with most of the contents of insoluble impurities being higher than those in the guidelines. Tocol and fatty acid composition were influenced by the crude oil’s botanical origin. The calculated dietary energy values were, in general, higher for AO and decreased when a MIU correction factor was applied. The analytical control and standardization of these by-products is of the outmost importance to revalorize them as feed ingredients. Keywords: fat by-products; acid oils; fatty acid distillates; animal feed; nutritional value; poultry; pig; MIU value; energy Author: Elisa Varona, Alba Tres, Magdalena Rafecas, Stefania Vichi, Ana C. Barroeta and Francesc Guardiola Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Jan 15 10:46:54 2021 CET ModDate: Wed Jan 20 10:39:13 2021 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 20 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2359198 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- NNKDOL+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 DJLJHS+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 PPBFSJ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 ZYVAFQ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 SZMRXJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 32 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 54 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 58 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes 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281 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-10-02 03:34:41 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_33467545.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-03-31 12:08:36 CEST Size: 2359198 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 560 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Samples Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Methods Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Statistics Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Variability of the Nutritional Parameters and Differences between Refining Process Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Sample Clustering According to Botanical Origin Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Differences between Botanical Groups within AO and FAD Destination: subsection.3.3 Children: Item: Title: M, I, U and MIU Values Destination: subsubsection.3.3.1 Item: Title: Fatty Acid (FA) Composition Destination: subsubsection.3.3.2 Item: Title: Lipid Classes (FFA-SE, MAG, DAG, TAG, and POL) and Acidity (FFA-AC) Destination: subsubsection.3.3.3 Item: Title: Tocopherol (T) and Tocotrienol (T3) Content Destination: subsubsection.3.3.4 Item: Title: Dietary energy of These Fat by-products Destination: subsubsection.3.3.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Influence of the Refining Process Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Influence of Crude Oil Botanical Origin Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Comparison with Fat Quality Thresholds in EU Regulations and Guidelines Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Prediction of Dietary Energy Value of These Fat by-Products Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Composition and Nutritional Value of Acid Oils and Fatty Acid Distillates Used in Animal Feeding Author: Elisa Varona, Alba Tres, Magdalena Rafecas, Stefania Vichi, Ana C. Barroeta and Francesc Guardiola Subject: Acid oils (AO) and fatty acid distillates (FAD) are oil refining by-products rich in free fatty acids. The objective of this study is their characterization and the identification of their sources of variability so that they can be standardized to improve their use as feed ingredients. Samples (n = 92) were collected from the Spanish market and the MIU value (sum of moisture, insoluble impurities, and unsaponifiable matter), lipid classes, fatty acid composition, and tocol content were analyzed. Their composition was highly variable even between batches from the same producer. As FAD originated from a distillation step, they showed higher free fatty acid amounts (82.5 vs 57.0 g/100 g, median values), whereas AO maintained higher proportions of moisture, polymers, tri-, di-, and monoacylglycerols. Overall, the MIU value was higher in AO (2.60 18.50 g/100 g in AO vs 0.63-10.44 g/100 g in FAD), with most of the contents of insoluble impurities being higher than those in the guidelines. Tocol and fatty acid composition were influenced by the crude oil’s botanical origin. The calculated dietary energy values were, in general, higher for AO and decreased when a MIU correction factor was applied. The analytical control and standardization of these by-products is of the outmost importance to revalorize them as feed ingredients. Keywords: fat by-products; acid oils; fatty acid distillates; animal feed; nutritional value; poultry; pig; MIU value; energy Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Jan 15 10:46:54 CET 2021 ModDate: Wed Jan 20 10:39:13 CET 2021 ID: 0x586c9b7578a9c0f4fd3aa84797be1038, 0x586c9b7578a9c0f4fd3aa84797be1038 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: MOSBKF+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 78 LastChar: 112 FontDescriptor: FontName: MOSBKF+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: MQRDPR+CMEX10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 16 LastChar: 19 FontDescriptor: FontName: MQRDPR+CMEX10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -24, -2960, 1454, 772 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: PPBFSJ+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: PPBFSJ+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 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