ad9f9bbebf46db4b3212949367e92689 pmc_33802859.pdf 4cccf77d8bc51c9a12dc2298857de35c62082e3e pmc_33802859.pdf 0c92bc0f595abb158e24cc0c136c897c2a575e11f52a5c837bdf7969bb395df2 pmc_33802859.pdf Title: High Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Moderate Fat Intake Are Associated with Higher Carotenoid Concentration in Human Plasma Subject: Carotenoids are pigments contained mainly in fruit and vegetables (F&V) that have beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. Due to their lipophilic nature, co-ingestion of fat appears to increase their bioavailability via facilitating transfer to the aqueous micellar phase during digestion. However, the extent to which high fat intake may contribute to increased carotenoid plasma concentrations is still unclear. The objective was to examine the degree to which the consumption of different amounts of both carotenoid-rich foods and fats is associated with plasma carotenoid concentrations within a Mediterranean lifestyle context (subsample from the PREDIMED-Plus study baseline) where consumption of F&V and fat is high. The study population was categorized into four groups according to their self-reported consumption of F&V and fat. Carotenoids were extracted from plasma samples and analyzed by HPLC-UV-VIS-QqQ-MS/MS. Carotenoid systemic concentrations were greater in high consumers of F&V than in low consumers of these foods (+3.04 mol/L (95% CI: 0.90, 5.17), p-value = 0.005), but circulating concentrations seemed to decrease when total fat intake was very high (-2.69 mol/L (-5.54; 0.16), p-value = 0.064). High consumption of F&V is associated with greater systemic levels of total carotenoids, in particular when fat intake is low-to-moderate rather than very high. Keywords: bioactive compounds; phytochemicals; dietary fats; Mediterranean diet; PREDIMED-Plus study; plasma carotenoids; matrix effect absorption; liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry Author: María Marhuenda-Muñoz, José Fernando Rinaldi de Alvarenga, Álvaro Hernáez, Anna Tresserra-Rimbau, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Dolores Corella, Mireia Malcampo, José Alfredo Martínez, Ángel M. Alonso-Gómez, Julia Wärnberg, Jesús Vioque, Dora Romaguera, José López-Miranda, Ramón Estruch, Francisco J. Tinahones, José Lapetra, J. Lluís Serra-Majem, Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas, Josep A. Tur, Vicente Martín Sánchez, Xavier Pintó, Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez, Pilar Matía-Martín, Josep Vidal, Clotilde Vázquez, Lidia Daimiel, Emilio Ros, Mercè Serra-Mir, Zenaida Vázquez-Ruiz, Stephanie K. Nishi, Jose V. Sorlí, María Dolores Zomeño, María Angeles Zulet, Jessica Vaquero-Luna, Rosa Carabaño-Moral, Leyre Notario-Barandiaran, Marga Morey, Antonio García-Ríos, Ana M. Gómez-Pérez, José Manuel Santos-Lozano, Pilar Buil-Cosiales, Josep Basora, Olga Portolés, Helmut Schröder, Itziar Abete, Itziar Salaverria-Lete, Estefanía Toledo, Nancy Babio, Montse Fitó, Miriam Martínez-Huélamo and Rosa M Lamuela-Raventós Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed Mar 17 12:41:29 2021 CET ModDate: Wed Mar 17 13:29:51 2021 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 14 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 342089 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- DIGKIO+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 GSMTRB+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 KFOJEK+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 JFJTDF+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 WHLIZK+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 KUDXZB+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 36 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 58 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 62 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 66 0 XSVVIN+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 78 0 LKDISN+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 82 0 DUJUUF+PazoMath-Italic Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 92 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 102 0 SYVAVM+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes no 128 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-10-02 03:25:14 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_33802859.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-03-31 12:09:28 CEST Size: 342089 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 306 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Design Destination: subsection.2.1 Children: Item: Title: Ethics Statement Destination: subsubsection.2.1.1 Item: Title: Sample Selection Destination: subsubsection.2.1.2 Item: Title: Covariates Destination: subsubsection.2.1.3 Item: Title: Sample Size Calculation Destination: subsubsection.2.1.4 Item: Title: Carotenoids Extraction and Analysis Destination: subsection.2.2 Children: Item: Title: Standards and Samples Destination: subsubsection.2.2.1 Item: Title: Extraction Destination: subsubsection.2.2.2 Item: Title: HPLC-UV-VIS-MS/MS Analysis Destination: subsubsection.2.2.3 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Participant Characteristics Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Carotenoid Concentration in Plasma Destination: subsection.3.2 Children: Item: Title: High F&V vs. Low F&V Destination: subsubsection.3.2.1 Item: Title: Very High Fat vs. Low-to-Moderate Fat Intake Destination: subsubsection.3.2.2 Item: Title: Comparisons between Extreme Values Destination: subsubsection.3.2.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: High Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Moderate Fat Intake Are Associated with Higher Carotenoid Concentration in Human Plasma Author: María Marhuenda-Muñoz, José Fernando Rinaldi de Alvarenga, Álvaro Hernáez, Anna Tresserra-Rimbau, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Dolores Corella, Mireia Malcampo, José Alfredo Martínez, Ángel M. Alonso-Gómez, Julia Wärnberg, Jesús Vioque, Dora Romaguera, José López-Miranda, Ramón Estruch, Francisco J. Tinahones, José Lapetra, J. Lluís Serra-Majem, Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas, Josep A. Tur, Vicente Martín Sánchez, Xavier Pintó, Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez, Pilar Matía-Martín, Josep Vidal, Clotilde Vázquez, Lidia Daimiel, Emilio Ros, Mercè Serra-Mir, Zenaida Vázquez-Ruiz, Stephanie K. Nishi, Jose V. Sorlí, María Dolores Zomeño, María Angeles Zulet, Jessica Vaquero-Luna, Rosa Carabaño-Moral, Leyre Notario-Barandiaran, Marga Morey, Antonio García-Ríos, Ana M. Gómez-Pérez, José Manuel Santos-Lozano, Pilar Buil-Cosiales, Josep Basora, Olga Portolés, Helmut Schröder, Itziar Abete, Itziar Salaverria-Lete, Estefanía Toledo, Nancy Babio, Montse Fitó, Miriam Martínez-Huélamo and Rosa M Lamuela-Raventós Subject: Carotenoids are pigments contained mainly in fruit and vegetables (F&V) that have beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. Due to their lipophilic nature, co-ingestion of fat appears to increase their bioavailability via facilitating transfer to the aqueous micellar phase during digestion. However, the extent to which high fat intake may contribute to increased carotenoid plasma concentrations is still unclear. The objective was to examine the degree to which the consumption of different amounts of both carotenoid-rich foods and fats is associated with plasma carotenoid concentrations within a Mediterranean lifestyle context (subsample from the PREDIMED-Plus study baseline) where consumption of F&V and fat is high. The study population was categorized into four groups according to their self-reported consumption of F&V and fat. Carotenoids were extracted from plasma samples and analyzed by HPLC-UV-VIS-QqQ-MS/MS. Carotenoid systemic concentrations were greater in high consumers of F&V than in low consumers of these foods (+3.04 mol/L (95% CI: 0.90, 5.17), p-value = 0.005), but circulating concentrations seemed to decrease when total fat intake was very high (-2.69 mol/L (-5.54; 0.16), p-value = 0.064). High consumption of F&V is associated with greater systemic levels of total carotenoids, in particular when fat intake is low-to-moderate rather than very high. 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