54e29a2793e77e69fadf2e3a4ec6fc69 pmc_33806987.pdf dd16c23c43cc7c0b96bd898f384d266c734a5526 pmc_33806987.pdf 95a2226f0e16f5d61ec4d0edefe9f6915b38763d76dd9bfe2a12aed027fc083e pmc_33806987.pdf Title: Associations between Greenspace and Gentrification-Related Sociodemographic and Housing Cost Changes in Major Metropolitan Areas across the United States Subject: Neighborhood greenspace may attract new residents and lead to sociodemographic or housing cost changes. We estimated relationships between greenspace and gentrification-related changes in the 43 largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) of the United States (US). We used the US National Land Cover and Brown University Longitudinal Tracts databases, as well as spatial lag models, to estimate census tract-level associations between percentage greenspace (years 1990, 2000) and subsequent changes (1990–2000, 2000–2010) in percentage college-educated, percentage working professional jobs, race/ethnic composition, household income, percentage living in poverty, household rent, and home value. We also investigated effect modification by racial/ethnic composition. We ran models for each MSA and time period and used random-effects meta-analyses to derive summary estimates for each period. Estimates were modest in magnitude and heterogeneous across MSAs. After adjusting for census-tract level population density in 1990, compared to tracts with low percentage greenspace in 1992 (defined as 50th percentile of the MSA-specific distribution in 1992), those with high percentage greenspace (defined as >75th percentile of the MSA-specific distribution) experienced higher 1990–2000 increases in percentage of the employed civilian aged 16+ population working professional jobs (: 0.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11, 0.26) and in median household income (: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.31). Adjusted estimates for the 2000–2010 period were near the null. We did not observe evidence of effect modification by race/ethnic composition. We observed evidence of modest associations between greenspace and gentrification trends. Further research is needed to explore reasons for heterogeneity and to quantify health implications. Keywords: gentrification; green; greenspace; spatial; socioeconomic position; income; race; poverty; urban Author: Leah H. Schinasi, Helen V. S. Cole, Jana A. Hirsch, Ghassan B. Hamra, Pedro Gullon, Felicia Bayer, Steven J. Melly, Kathryn M. Neckerman, Jane E. Clougherty and Gina S. Lovasi Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Tue Mar 23 12:46:26 2021 CET ModDate: Tue Mar 23 13:19:47 2021 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 24 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 7452203 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- DNNUWA+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 LWLIVD+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 15 0 MGXLUG+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 KPDOCA+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 ZXSMXY+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 ICRTVP+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 32 0 LWQXII+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 40 0 IRWHZX+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 43 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 65 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 69 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 73 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2021-09-11 03:32:36 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_33806987.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2021-04-12 07:53:28 CEST Size: 7452203 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 399 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Children: Item: Title: Study Design Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Data Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Children: Item: Title: Greenspace Measure Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Gentrification Measure Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Statistical Analyses Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Children: Item: Title: Overview Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: Preliminary Analyses Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: Main Analyses Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Item: Title: Adjustment for Population Density Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Item: Title: Effect Measure Modification Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@63440df3 Item: Title: Sensitivity Analyses Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@3aeaafa6 Item: Title: Reporting Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@76a3e297 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4d3167f4 Children: Item: Title: Descriptive Analyses Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@ed9d034 Item: Title: Preliminary Analyses: Associations between Percentage Greenspace and Any Gentrification (Categorical) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@6121c9d6 Item: Title: Spatial Lag Models of Association between Greenspace and Sociodemographic or Housing Cost Changes Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@87f383f Item: Title: Heterogeneity Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4eb7f003 Item: Title: Effect Measure Modification by Racial/Ethnic Composition Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@eafc191 Item: Title: Sensitivity Analyses Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@612fc6eb Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1060b431 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@612679d6 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@11758f2a Info: Title: Associations between Greenspace and Gentrification-Related Sociodemographic and Housing Cost Changes in Major Metropolitan Areas across the United States Author: Leah H. Schinasi, Helen V. S. Cole, Jana A. Hirsch, Ghassan B. Hamra, Pedro Gullon, Felicia Bayer, Steven J. Melly, Kathryn M. Neckerman, Jane E. Clougherty and Gina S. Lovasi Subject: Neighborhood greenspace may attract new residents and lead to sociodemographic or housing cost changes. We estimated relationships between greenspace and gentrification-related changes in the 43 largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) of the United States (US). We used the US National Land Cover and Brown University Longitudinal Tracts databases, as well as spatial lag models, to estimate census tract-level associations between percentage greenspace (years 1990, 2000) and subsequent changes (1990 2000, 2000 2010) in percentage college-educated, percentage working professional jobs, race/ethnic composition, household income, percentage living in poverty, household rent, and home value. We also investigated effect modification by racial/ethnic composition. We ran models for each MSA and time period and used random-effects meta-analyses to derive summary estimates for each period. Estimates were modest in magnitude and heterogeneous across MSAs. After adjusting for census-tract level population density in 1990, compared to tracts with low percentage greenspace in 1992 (defined as 50th percentile of the MSA-specific distribution in 1992), those with high percentage greenspace (defined as >75th percentile of the MSA-specific distribution) experienced higher 1990 2000 increases in percentage of the employed civilian aged 16+ population working professional jobs (: 0.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11, 0.26) and in median household income (: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.31). Adjusted estimates for the 2000 2010 period were near the null. We did not observe evidence of effect modification by race/ethnic composition. We observed evidence of modest associations between greenspace and gentrification trends. Further research is needed to explore reasons for heterogeneity and to quantify health implications. Keywords: gentrification; green; greenspace; spatial; socioeconomic position; income; race; poverty; urban Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Tue Mar 23 12:46:26 CET 2021 ModDate: Tue Mar 23 13:19:47 CET 2021 ID: 0xc9888d4df2624ceeb38e380566c5faa2, 0xc9888d4df2624ceeb38e380566c5faa2 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: ICRTVP+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 20 FontDescriptor: FontName: ICRTVP+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: MGXLUG+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: MGXLUG+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: KPDOCA+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 150 FontDescriptor: FontName: KPDOCA+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: DNNUWA+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: DNNUWA+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: ZXSMXY+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 246 FontDescriptor: FontName: ZXSMXY+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: LWLIVD+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 12 LastChar: 12 FontDescriptor: FontName: LWLIVD+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 759, 181, 795 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 759, 560, 795 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 484, 641, 495, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 628, 111, 642 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 514, 628, 526, 642 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 55, 346, 154, 355 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 334, 82, 343 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 162, 97, 184 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 89, 154, 98 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 77, 147, 86 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 201, 17, 346, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 414, 17, 558, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 482, 87, 501 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 249, 709, 256, 718 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 424, 709, 431, 718 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 495, 708, 502, 718 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 696, 211, 705 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 268, 696, 275, 705 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 256, 683, 263, 692 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 683, 361, 692 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 671, 294, 680 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 371, 671, 377, 680 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 495, 671, 507, 680 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 289, 658, 301, 667 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 360, 633, 372, 642 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 275, 558, 287, 567 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 508, 443, 517 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 508, 456, 517 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 322, 470, 334, 479 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 470, 349, 479 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 500, 457, 512, 466 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 407, 231, 416 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 490, 370, 502, 379 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 505, 369, 517, 379 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 397, 345, 409, 353 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 156, 463, 165 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 414, 93, 426, 102 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 426, 94, 438, 102 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 439, 93, 451, 102 ActionDest: 174 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 366, 495, 378, 504 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 394, 215, 403 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 206, 306, 218, 315 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 306, 231, 315 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 339, 243, 351, 252 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 238, 155, 250, 165 ActionDest: 174 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 466, 634, 478, 643 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 255, 596, 267, 605 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 267, 596, 279, 605 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 280, 596, 292, 605 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 571, 210, 580 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 194, 546, 206, 555 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 309, 546, 321, 555 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 476, 534, 488, 543 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 488, 534, 500, 543 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 521, 421, 530 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 422, 521, 434, 530 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 408, 543, 417 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 408, 555, 417 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 358, 486, 367 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 232, 320, 244, 329 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 245, 320, 257, 329 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 257, 320, 269, 329 ActionDest: 174 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 464, 659, 476, 669 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 476, 659, 488, 669 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 106, 227, 115 ActionDest: 174 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 268, 631, 280, 640 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 502, 581, 514, 590 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 153, 556, 163 ActionDest: 174 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 424, 656, 436, 666 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 477, 644, 489, 653 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 338, 631, 350, 640 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 194, 552, 201, 564 ActionDest: 97 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 184, 222, 196 ActionDest: 100 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 232, 335, 239, 347 ActionDest: 103 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 310, 458, 322 ActionDest: 103 Page: Sequence: 9 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 329, 707, 336, 719 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 194, 405, 201, 417 ActionDest: 100 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 192, 229, 204 ActionDest: 128 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 232, 192, 239, 204 ActionDest: 152 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 499, 180, 506, 192 ActionDest: 128 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 321, 167, 328, 179 ActionDest: 140 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 321, 154, 328, 166 ActionDest: 152 Page: Sequence: 11 Page: Sequence: 12 Page: Sequence: 13 Page: Sequence: 14 Page: Sequence: 15 Page: Sequence: 16 Page: Sequence: 17 Page: Sequence: 18 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 91, 227, 100 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 247, 66, 259, 75 ActionDest: 174 Page: Sequence: 19 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 497, 722, 509, 731 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 482, 697, 494, 706 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 685, 456, 694 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 459, 685, 471, 694 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 232, 647, 244, 656 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 245, 647, 257, 656 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 257, 647, 269, 656 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 270, 647, 282, 656 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 408, 634, 420, 643 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 469, 597, 481, 606 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 193, 509, 205, 518 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 304, 320, 316, 330 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 320, 328, 330 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 425, 82, 437, 91 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 82, 450, 91 ActionDest: 177 Page: Sequence: 20 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 358, 622, 370, 631 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 296, 609, 308, 618 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 445, 496, 457, 505 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 371, 531, 380 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 371, 543, 380 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 371, 556, 380 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 308, 333, 320, 342 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 508, 320, 520, 330 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 263, 296, 275, 304 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 530, 295, 542, 304 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 368, 258, 380, 267 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 220, 208, 229 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 464, 183, 476, 192 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 312, 157, 324, 166 ActionDest: 171 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 346, 120, 358, 129 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 457, 107, 469, 116 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 470, 107, 482, 116 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 255, 69, 266, 79 ActionDest: 174 Page: Sequence: 21 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 584, 450, 593 ActionDest: 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 421, 432, 560, 443 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 166, 420, 234, 431 Page: Sequence: 22 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 414, 97, 425 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 272, 391, 310, 401 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 316, 391, 352, 401 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 344, 367, 382, 378 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 388, 367, 424, 378 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 171, 345, 208, 355 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 322, 133, 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 139, 322, 175, 332 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 288, 97, 298 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 103, 288, 139, 298 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 253, 191, 263 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 147, 219, 185, 229 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 191, 219, 227, 229 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 249, 196, 287, 206 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 412, 172, 450, 183 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 456, 172, 492, 183 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 190, 150, 228, 160 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 234, 150, 270, 160 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 205, 126, 242, 137 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 249, 126, 285, 137 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 446, 103, 484, 114 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 194, 81, 231, 91 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 238, 81, 274, 91 Page: Sequence: 23 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 167, 686, 204, 697 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 663, 480, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 205, 640, 243, 651 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 618, 97, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 103, 618, 139, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 594, 331, 605 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 572, 133, 582 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 139, 572, 175, 582 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 560, 557, 571 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 549, 95, 559 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 526, 155, 536 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 492, 151, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 431, 479, 560, 490 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 468, 221, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 445, 257, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 263, 445, 299, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 257, 387, 294, 398 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 342, 97, 352 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 86, 319, 124, 329 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 507, 295, 545, 306 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 262, 249, 299, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 424, 226, 462, 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 204, 402, 214 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 204, 445, 214 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 181, 97, 191 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 487, 157, 525, 168 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 135, 97, 145 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 112, 133, 122 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 100, 505, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 249, 77, 287, 88 Page: Sequence: 24 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 722, 259, 732 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 306, 698, 344, 709 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 675, 278, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 422, 652, 460, 663 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 323, 629, 360, 640 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 218, 606, 256, 617 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 584, 97, 594 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 103, 584, 139, 594 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 560, 253, 571 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 537, 254, 548 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 177, 514, 215, 525 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 359, 492, 396, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 492, 439, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 457, 97, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 274, 434, 312, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 318, 434, 354, 444 Checksum: acbc3bf3 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 54e29a2793e77e69fadf2e3a4ec6fc69 Type: MD5 Checksum: dd16c23c43cc7c0b96bd898f384d266c734a5526 Type: SHA-1