b325e1867f9b8548f4753127dc26214a pmc_33922175.pdf b69af37431dc062935356e46159c1d543bfbe848 pmc_33922175.pdf 0851ecaa21ec7547d43eac022b00501d3b794e0de7ad250c898922bc8a21a4b1 pmc_33922175.pdf Title: Interactions among Natural Active Ingredients to Improve the Efficiency of Rumen Fermentation In Vitro Subject: Twelve essential oils (EO): Anise star, cassia, geraniol, lemongrass (LEM), limonene, thyme, tea tree, coriander (COR), capsicum, black pepper, turmeric and ginger (GIN), in Experiment 1 at three doses; and different combinations of LEM, COR and GIN oils in Experiment 2, were evaluated in in vitro batch microbial fermentation using ruminal fluid from four dairy cows fed a 50:50 forage: concentrate diet. In experiment 1, LEM tended to increase the propionate proportion and tended to decrease the acetate to propionate ratio. Anise star, COR, and thyme tended to increase butyrate proportion. Capsicum, COR, and thyme decreased ammonia-N concentration. In experiment 2, a synergy was observed between LEM and COR that resulted in an increase in total volatile fatty acids and propionate proportion, and a decrease in the acetate to propionate ratio. However, the addition of high doses of GIN to the mix had an antagonistic effect on the rumen fermentation profile of the LEM + COR mix. Careful selection and combination of these EO may result in useful mixtures with synergistic interactions to modulate rumen microbial fermentation profile. Keywords: essential oils; mixtures; synergy; rumen microbial fermentation; dairy cow Author: Rokia Temmar, María Rodríguez-Prado, Gwenael Forgeard, Cécile Rougier and Sergio Calsamiglia Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Thu Apr 22 15:12:08 2021 CEST ModDate: Thu Apr 22 15:17:07 2021 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 12 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 822512 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- MWHIBA+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 ZLPFAK+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 GIPQPJ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 XEIXVY+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 YSPQJI+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 SZMRXJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 36 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 58 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 62 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 66 0 XKSBAY+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 78 0 VYVZGZ+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 85 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 98 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-10-02 03:20:28 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_33922175.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-03-31 12:09:50 CEST Size: 822512 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 298 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Experiment 1 Destination: subsection.2.1 Children: Item: Title: Experimental Procedures Destination: subsubsection.2.1.1 Item: Title: Sample Collection and Chemical Analyses Destination: subsubsection.2.1.2 Item: Title: Statistical Analyses Destination: subsubsection.2.1.3 Item: Title: Experiment 2 Destination: subsection.2.2 Children: Item: Title: Experimental Procedures Destination: subsubsection.2.2.1 Item: Title: Statistical Analyses Destination: subsubsection.2.2.2 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Experiment 1 (Individual Essential Oils) Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Experiment 2 (Mixtures of Essential Oils) Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Effect of Phenolic Compounds (Experiment 1) Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Effect of Monoterpene Compounds (Experiment 1) Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Interaction among Different Essential Oils (Experiment 2) Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Interactions among Natural Active Ingredients to Improve the Efficiency of Rumen Fermentation In Vitro Author: Rokia Temmar, María Rodríguez-Prado, Gwenael Forgeard, Cécile Rougier and Sergio Calsamiglia Subject: Twelve essential oils (EO): Anise star, cassia, geraniol, lemongrass (LEM), limonene, thyme, tea tree, coriander (COR), capsicum, black pepper, turmeric and ginger (GIN), in Experiment 1 at three doses; and different combinations of LEM, COR and GIN oils in Experiment 2, were evaluated in in vitro batch microbial fermentation using ruminal fluid from four dairy cows fed a 50:50 forage: concentrate diet. In experiment 1, LEM tended to increase the propionate proportion and tended to decrease the acetate to propionate ratio. Anise star, COR, and thyme tended to increase butyrate proportion. Capsicum, COR, and thyme decreased ammonia-N concentration. In experiment 2, a synergy was observed between LEM and COR that resulted in an increase in total volatile fatty acids and propionate proportion, and a decrease in the acetate to propionate ratio. However, the addition of high doses of GIN to the mix had an antagonistic effect on the rumen fermentation profile of the LEM + COR mix. Careful selection and combination of these EO may result in useful mixtures with synergistic interactions to modulate rumen microbial fermentation profile. 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