4c62fb75185adac89cdea6961d482d20 pmc_33923136.pdf 1bf407cb4c9fc352b9055e651b87f4042fe6b4b6 pmc_33923136.pdf c94f5531d6e00c5787ceb23b7651a7ea25ddb551c77e45dfb8f7d56dbb392f4b pmc_33923136.pdf Title: Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles: A New Therapeutic Tool in Liver Diseases Subject: Oxidative stress induced by the overproduction of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been considered as a key pathogenic mechanism contributing to the initiation and progression of injury in liver diseases. Consequently, during the last few years antioxidant substances, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), resveratrol, colchicine, eugenol, and vitamins E and C have received increasing interest as potential therapeutic agents in chronic liver diseases. These substances have demonstrated their efficacy in equilibrating hepatic ROS metabolism and thereby improving liver functionality. However, many of these agents have not successfully passed the scrutiny of clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, mainly due to their unspecificity and consequent uncontrolled side effects, since a minimal level of ROS is needed for normal functioning. Recently, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) have emerged as a new powerful antioxidant agent with therapeutic properties in experimental liver disease. CeO2NPs have been reported to act as a ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenger and to have multi-enzyme mimetic activity, including SOD activity (deprotionation of superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide), catalase activity (conversion of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water), and peroxidase activity (reducing hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl radicals). Consequently, the beneficial effects of CeO2NPs treatment have been reported in many different medical fields other than hepatology, including neurology, ophthalmology, cardiology, and oncology. Unlike other antioxidants, CeO2NPs are only active at pathogenic levels of ROS, being inert and innocuous in healthy cells. In the current article, we review the potential of CeO2NPs in several experimental models of liver disease and their safety as a therapeutic agent in humans as well. Keywords: nanoceria; liver steatosis; liver regeneration; hepatocellular carcinoma Author: Gregori Casals, Meritxell Perramón, Eudald Casals, Irene Portolés, Guillermo Fernández-Varo, Manuel Morales-Ruiz, Victor Puntes and Wladimiro Jiménez Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Mon Apr 26 11:23:27 2021 CEST ModDate: Mon Apr 26 11:37:43 2021 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 23 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 13028747 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- HZSQIE+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 HZZMKF+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 ULHJDU+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 ZZTQUO+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 23 0 KRTUKI+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 KUDXZB+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 36 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 58 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 62 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 66 0 KESBIZ+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 84 0 SOSCBV+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 98 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-05-27 02:46:40 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_33923136.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-03-31 12:09:51 CEST Size: 13028747 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 610 FreeObjects: 9 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Antioxidant Properties of CeO2NPs Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Liver Regeneration Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Item: Title: Fatty Liver Disease Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Children: Item: Title: Lipid Peroxidation Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Liver Steatosis Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Liver Inflammation Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Children: Item: Title: Inflammation in the Development of Liver Diseases Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Hepatic Inflammation Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Hepatocellular Carcinoma Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Children: Item: Title: Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Mediate HCC Development Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Current Therapeutic Approaches in HCC Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: CeO2NPs as a New Therapeutic Tool in HCC Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Info: Title: Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles: A New Therapeutic Tool in Liver Diseases Author: Gregori Casals, Meritxell Perramón, Eudald Casals, Irene Portolés, Guillermo Fernández-Varo, Manuel Morales-Ruiz, Victor Puntes and Wladimiro Jiménez Subject: Oxidative stress induced by the overproduction of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been considered as a key pathogenic mechanism contributing to the initiation and progression of injury in liver diseases. Consequently, during the last few years antioxidant substances, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), resveratrol, colchicine, eugenol, and vitamins E and C have received increasing interest as potential therapeutic agents in chronic liver diseases. These substances have demonstrated their efficacy in equilibrating hepatic ROS metabolism and thereby improving liver functionality. However, many of these agents have not successfully passed the scrutiny of clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, mainly due to their unspecificity and consequent uncontrolled side effects, since a minimal level of ROS is needed for normal functioning. Recently, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) have emerged as a new powerful antioxidant agent with therapeutic properties in experimental liver disease. CeO2NPs have been reported to act as a ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenger and to have multi-enzyme mimetic activity, including SOD activity (deprotionation of superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide), catalase activity (conversion of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water), and peroxidase activity (reducing hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl radicals). Consequently, the beneficial effects of CeO2NPs treatment have been reported in many different medical fields other than hepatology, including neurology, ophthalmology, cardiology, and oncology. Unlike other antioxidants, CeO2NPs are only active at pathogenic levels of ROS, being inert and innocuous in healthy cells. In the current article, we review the potential of CeO2NPs in several experimental models of liver disease and their safety as a therapeutic agent in humans as well. 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Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 134, 429, 145 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 134, 471, 145 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 111, 324, 122 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 295, 65, 331, 76 Page: Sequence: 20 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 710, 97, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 103, 710, 139, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 418, 686, 455, 697 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 675, 392, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 398, 675, 434, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 284, 663, 322, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 405, 652, 442, 663 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 448, 652, 485, 663 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 629, 557, 640 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 618, 95, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 594, 369, 605 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 375, 594, 411, 605 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 318, 571, 356, 582 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 560, 557, 571 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 549, 95, 559 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 177, 525, 214, 536 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 525, 257, 536 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 209, 503, 246, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 252, 503, 289, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 480, 97, 490 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 238, 456, 275, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 281, 456, 317, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 433, 557, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 423, 95, 433 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 289, 400, 327, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 400, 369, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 377, 97, 387 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 103, 377, 139, 387 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 154, 342, 191, 352 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 342, 233, 352 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 477, 318, 515, 329 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 318, 557, 329 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 166, 285, 204, 295 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 250, 254, 260 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 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537, 372, 548 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 503, 155, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 162, 503, 198, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 469, 169, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 175, 469, 211, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 82, 434, 119, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 125, 434, 161, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 261, 411, 299, 421 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 387, 557, 398 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 377, 95, 387 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 353, 343, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 349, 353, 385, 364 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 318, 471, 329 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 477, 318, 513, 329 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 397, 295, 435, 306 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 257, 262, 294, 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 457, 238, 494, 249 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 356, 203, 394, 214 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 214, 180, 252, 191 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 258, 180, 294, 191 Annotation: Subtype: 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Subtype: Link Rect: 277, 123, 315, 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 321, 123, 357, 134 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 200, 100, 237, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 243, 100, 279, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 394, 77, 432, 88 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 77, 474, 88 Page: Sequence: 23 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 468, 709, 506, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 396, 698, 433, 709 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 425, 675, 462, 686 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 641, 97, 651 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 103, 641, 139, 651 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 617, 557, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 595, 131, 605 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 583, 557, 594 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 572, 95, 582 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 463, 560, 500, 571 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 506, 560, 542, 571 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 335, 502, 373, 513 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 456, 479, 494, 490 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 500, 479, 536, 490 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 496, 456, 533, 467 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 214, 434, 251, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 258, 434, 294, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 411, 97, 421 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 387, 490, 398 Checksum: f3cf1c96 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 4c62fb75185adac89cdea6961d482d20 Type: MD5 Checksum: 1bf407cb4c9fc352b9055e651b87f4042fe6b4b6 Type: SHA-1