fe1d92bedd23fb01be4789d4dac7f7f9 pmc_34064270.pdf e16da0714e4c101c85e77e912254b4e5e4a35e35 pmc_34064270.pdf 7d3ea3618b0b957f492be240358197c791ca8f48b360a81d3abbbd613200a0b0 pmc_34064270.pdf Title: Stages of Granulomatous Response Against Histozoic Metazoan Parasites in Mullets (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) Subject: Histozoic parasite–fish host interaction is a dynamic process that leads to the formation of a granuloma, a specific chronic inflammatory response with discernible histological features. Mullets (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) represent a suitable model concerning the development of such lesions in the host–parasite interface. The present work aimed to identify granuloma developmental stages from the early to the late phase of the infection and to characterize the immune cells and non-inflammatory components of the granuloma in different stages. For this purpose, 239 mullets were collected from 4 Sardinian lagoons, and several organs were examined by combining histopathological, bacteriological, and immunohistochemical methods. Granulomas associated with trematode metacercariae and myxozoan parasites were classified into three developmental stages: (1) pre-granuloma stage, characterized by intact encysted parasite and with no or mild tissue reaction; (2) intermediate stage, with partially degenerated parasites, necrosis, and a moderate number of epithelioid cells (ECs); and (3) late stage, with a necrotic core and no detectable parasite with a high number of ECs and fibroblasts. The three-tier staging and the proposed morphological diagnosis make it conceivable that histopathology could be an essential tool to evaluate the granulomas associated with histozoic parasitic infection in fish. Keywords: disease staging; wild fish; immunohistochemistry; protozoan; Trematoda Author: Marta Polinas, Francesc Padrós, Paolo Merella, Marino Prearo, Marina Antonella Sanna, Fabio Marino, Giovanni Pietro Burrai and Elisabetta Antuofermo Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Mon May 24 12:55:23 2021 CEST ModDate: Mon May 24 12:55:23 2021 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 18 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 4185622 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- UEKMQU+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 142 0 ASIQKG+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 143 0 SOZKOC+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 144 0 KLZOGZ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 145 0 FQMMHE+VnURWPalladioL 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