ca09b79c2735d20427dc0d4aa23fc10c pmc_34066867.pdf 4f2424b8a5aae73fcea843435079660d3358a26c pmc_34066867.pdf 327475f3303d2a4a4cb5a43ba6b52ec553c6c3bb66d95df566bae5c8db8d2370 pmc_34066867.pdf Title: Social Inequalities in Changes in Diet in Adolescents during Confinement Due to COVID-19 in Spain: The DESKcohort Project Subject: Adolescence is a critical period in the consolidation of healthy lifestyles that can last into adulthood. To analyze changes in food consumption and eating behaviors in high-school adolescents during the first confinement, a cross-sectional study was conducted at the end of confinement in Spain. Changes in the frequency or quantity of consumption of different types of food and food-related behaviors were analyzed. Socioeconomic and health-related variables were also considered. To determine whether dietary changes were related to socioeconomic position (SEP), Poisson regression models with robust variance were estimated. Overall, there were some changes towards a healthier diet such as an increase in fruit consumption (38.9%) and a decrease in the consumption of soft drinks (49.8%), sweets and pastries (39.3%), and convenience foods (49.2%). Some changes, however, were related to less healthy behaviors, such as a more irregular pattern of meal distribution (39.9%) or an increase in snacking between meals (56.4%). Changes towards less healthy eating were also related to students’ SEP. The risk of worsening the diet was found to be 21% higher in adolescents from a more disadvantaged SEP. Future public policies could be adapted to avoid increasing nutritional and health inequalities. Keywords: adolescent; food habits; socioeconomic position; social inequalities; COVID-19 Author: Alicia Aguilar-Martínez, Marina Bosque-Prous, Helena González-Casals, Ester Colillas-Malet, Susanna Puigcorbé, Laura Esquius and Albert Espelt Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Sat May 8 13:07:01 2021 CEST ModDate: Mon May 10 04:28:19 2021 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1085319 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- IYDCBB+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 ASLLTF+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 ZPLNPL+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 USAZOB+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 IOJCNK+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 HGMNRX+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 36 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 58 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 62 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 66 0 WOWCNF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 81 0 URYLRZ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 91 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 103 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 107 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 111 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 131 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 135 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 139 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 143 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-10-02 03:15:46 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_34066867.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-03-31 12:14:00 CEST Size: 1085319 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 337 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Changes in Food Consumption and Eating Behaviours during the COVID-19 Confinement Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Changes in Diet and Dietary Patterns according to the Quality of the Diet before the COVID-19 Pandemic Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Changes in Diet and Dietary Patterns during the COVID-19 Pandemic Confinement according to the Perceived Socioeconomic Position Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Limitations Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Social Inequalities in Changes in Diet in Adolescents during Confinement Due to COVID-19 in Spain: The DESKcohort Project Author: Alicia Aguilar-Martínez, Marina Bosque-Prous, Helena González-Casals, Ester Colillas-Malet, Susanna Puigcorbé, Laura Esquius and Albert Espelt Subject: Adolescence is a critical period in the consolidation of healthy lifestyles that can last into adulthood. To analyze changes in food consumption and eating behaviors in high-school adolescents during the first confinement, a cross-sectional study was conducted at the end of confinement in Spain. Changes in the frequency or quantity of consumption of different types of food and food-related behaviors were analyzed. Socioeconomic and health-related variables were also considered. To determine whether dietary changes were related to socioeconomic position (SEP), Poisson regression models with robust variance were estimated. Overall, there were some changes towards a healthier diet such as an increase in fruit consumption (38.9%) and a decrease in the consumption of soft drinks (49.8%), sweets and pastries (39.3%), and convenience foods (49.2%). Some changes, however, were related to less healthy behaviors, such as a more irregular pattern of meal distribution (39.9%) or an increase in snacking between meals (56.4%). Changes towards less healthy eating were also related to students’ SEP. The risk of worsening the diet was found to be 21% higher in adolescents from a more disadvantaged SEP. Future public policies could be adapted to avoid increasing nutritional and health inequalities. Keywords: adolescent; food habits; socioeconomic position; social inequalities; COVID-19 Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Sat May 08 13:07:01 CEST 2021 ModDate: Mon May 10 04:28:19 CEST 2021 ID: 0x2393c64ab037977c973863e662b82dca, 0x2393c64ab037977c973863e662b82dca Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: WOWCNF+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 20 LastChar: 20 FontDescriptor: FontName: WOWCNF+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true Font: BaseFont: ZPLNPL+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: ZPLNPL+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: USAZOB+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: USAZOB+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: IYDCBB+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 129 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: IYDCBB+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: URYLRZ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 110 LastChar: 110 FontDescriptor: FontName: URYLRZ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: IOJCNK+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 161 LastChar: 189 FontDescriptor: FontName: IOJCNK+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: ASLLTF+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: ASLLTF+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 759, 169, 795 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 759, 560, 795 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 150, 641, 161, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 283, 641, 294, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 415, 641, 426, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 526, 641, 537, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 205, 628, 216, 642 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 628, 328, 642 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 65, 346, 154, 355 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 336, 73, 343 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 162, 97, 184 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 89, 154, 98 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 77, 147, 86 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 303, 143, 310, 152 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 105, 493, 114 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 121, 17, 255, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 402, 17, 558, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 35, 458, 87, 477 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 300, 724, 307, 733 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 310, 724, 317, 733 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 457, 674, 464, 683 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 371, 649, 378, 658 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 624, 556, 633 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 191, 586, 203, 595 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 586, 215, 595 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 353, 561, 365, 570 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 511, 556, 520 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 486, 498, 495 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 485, 510, 495 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 201, 448, 213, 457 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 214, 448, 226, 457 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 342, 435, 354, 444 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 435, 366, 444 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 393, 259, 405, 268 ActionDest: 164 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 477, 672, 489, 681 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 446, 555, 455 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 359, 421, 371, 430 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 518, 308, 530, 317 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 233, 555, 242 ActionDest: 164 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 245, 559, 257, 568 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 257, 559, 269, 568 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 214, 431, 222, 443 ActionDest: 88 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 334, 517, 346 ActionDest: 95 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 464, 95, 471, 108 ActionDest: 117 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 493, 95, 500, 108 ActionDest: 120 Page: Sequence: 6 Page: Sequence: 7 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 88, 271, 100 ActionDest: 123 Page: Sequence: 9 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 697, 479, 706 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 468, 672, 480, 681 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 483, 672, 495, 681 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 647, 377, 656 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 343, 622, 355, 631 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 207, 597, 219, 606 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 597, 231, 606 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 509, 490, 518 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 490, 509, 502, 518 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 267, 398, 279, 407 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 494, 347, 506, 356 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 507, 348, 519, 356 ActionDest: 161 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 209, 290, 218 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 313, 197, 325, 206 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 243, 98, 255, 107 ActionDest: 164 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 367, 722, 379, 731 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 299, 685, 311, 694 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 312, 685, 323, 694 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 517, 647, 529, 656 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 319, 609, 331, 618 ActionDest: 167 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 291, 572, 303, 581 ActionDest: 167 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 383, 534, 395, 543 ActionDest: 167 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 463, 509, 475, 518 ActionDest: 167 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 509, 490, 518 ActionDest: 167 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 492, 433, 504, 443 ActionDest: 164 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 505, 433, 517, 443 ActionDest: 167 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 280, 408, 292, 417 ActionDest: 167 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 396, 329, 405 ActionDest: 167 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 405, 371, 417, 380 ActionDest: 167 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 480, 220, 492, 229 ActionDest: 167 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 255, 170, 267, 179 ActionDest: 167 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 424, 457, 560, 468 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 166, 445, 264, 456 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 464, 467, 560, 478 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 455, 322, 466 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 309, 432, 508, 443 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 220, 387, 258, 397 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 387, 300, 397 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 364, 137, 374 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 376, 340, 413, 351 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 419, 340, 455, 351 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 465, 317, 503, 328 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 509, 317, 545, 328 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 232, 295, 269, 305 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 203, 272, 241, 282 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 292, 260, 560, 271 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 140, 215, 178, 225 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 180, 133, 190 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 136, 146, 173, 156 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 426, 122, 464, 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 100, 100, 137, 110 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 243, 76, 281, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 76, 323, 87 Page: Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 709, 429, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 709, 471, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 345, 686, 382, 697 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 488, 663, 526, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 630, 97, 640 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 103, 630, 139, 640 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 184, 617, 279, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 595, 133, 605 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 548, 391, 559 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 526, 169, 536 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 175, 526, 211, 536 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 491, 515, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 491, 557, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 199, 469, 236, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 329, 433, 367, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 144, 411, 182, 421 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 387, 288, 398 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 387, 330, 398 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 364, 401, 375 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 407, 364, 443, 375 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 330, 393, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 399, 330, 435, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 190, 296, 228, 306 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 234, 296, 270, 306 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 273, 272, 310, 283 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 518, 261, 556, 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 226, 236, 237 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 181, 192, 218, 203 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 334, 169, 372, 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 239, 134, 276, 145 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 282, 134, 318, 145 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 100, 263, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 269, 100, 305, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 66, 141, 76 Page: Sequence: 15 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 710, 150, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 157, 710, 193, 720 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 686, 437, 697 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 663, 515, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 663, 557, 674 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 82, 641, 119, 651 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 378, 617, 415, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 421, 617, 457, 628 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 584, 97, 594 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 103, 584, 139, 594 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 560, 262, 571 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 161, 538, 199, 548 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 525, 561, 536 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 216, 492, 253, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 492, 296, 502 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 469, 169, 479 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 434, 155, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 162, 434, 198, 444 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 318, 422, 509, 433 Checksum: a8eab583 Type: CRC32 Checksum: ca09b79c2735d20427dc0d4aa23fc10c Type: MD5 Checksum: 4f2424b8a5aae73fcea843435079660d3358a26c Type: SHA-1 Checksum: 327475f3303d2a4a4cb5a43ba6b52ec553c6c3bb66d95df566bae5c8db8d2370 Type: SHA-256