b74354567db41de74746f7cf7f418a49 pmc_34072230.pdf 32d8e6b01c0550658f40d39a7450d3ec3ce0556c pmc_34072230.pdf bb1ea40935daeae7e3c914a1fdc54e3701ce89934ae138ca3690c6ce4c833f7f pmc_34072230.pdf Title: Diabetes, Albuminuria and the Kidney—Brain Axis Subject: Cognitive decline and kidney disease are significant public health problems that share similar characteristics and risk factors. The pathophysiology of the kidney–brain axis is not completely understood, and studies analysing the relationship between the biomarkers of kidney damage and cognitive impairment show different results. This article focuses on the epidemiological and clinical aspects concerning the association of albuminuria, a marker for endothelial dysfunction and microvascular disease, and cognitive impairment in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease. Most studies show a positive relationship between albuminuria and cognitive impairment in all groups, but evidence in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients is limited. We briefly discuss the mechanisms underlying these associations, such as damage to the microvascular circulation, leading to hypoperfusion and blood pressure fluctuations, as well as increased inflammation and oxidative stress, both in the brain and in the kidneys. Further clinical and epidemiological studies developed to understand the interplay between the kidneys and brain diseases will hopefully lead to a reduction in cognitive impairment in these patients. Keywords: dementia; cognitive decline; albuminuria; chronic kidney disease; diabetes Author: Diana Maria Ariton, Joan Jiménez-Balado, Olga Maisterra, Francesc Pujadas, María José Soler and Pilar Delgado Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri May 28 10:13:06 2021 CEST ModDate: Fri May 28 10:13:06 2021 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 14 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 647639 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- GTQDXU+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 115 0 JZECCH+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 116 0 YSPQJI+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 117 0 NQFCVI+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 118 0 CIQLLF+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 120 0 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