5433885970637321a9f0d37154771268 pmc_34207083.pdf c2772926f519ad7d3df41e348462f62746522fe9 pmc_34207083.pdf d7cac49d66b8149c686101a6436975b869c3c828257234b4b02af3a259732782 pmc_34207083.pdf Title: Prevalence of Salmonella in Free-Range Pigs: Risk Factors and Intestinal Microbiota Composition Subject: Extensive pig systems are gaining importance as quality production systems and as the standard for sustainable rural development and animal welfare. However, the effects of natural foods on Salmonella epidemiology remain unknown. Herein, we assessed the presence of Salmonella and the composition of the gut microbiota in pigs from both Salmonella-free and high Salmonella prevalence farms. In addition, risk factors associated with the presence of Salmonella were investigated. The pathogen was found in 32.2% of animals and 83.3% of farms, showing large differences in prevalence between farms. Most isolates were serovars Typhimurium monophasic (79.3%) and Bovismorbificans (10.3%), and exhibited a multi-drug resistance profile (58.6%). Risk factor analysis identified feed composition, type/variety of vegetation available, and silos’ cleaning/disinfection as the main factors associated with Salmonella prevalence. Clear differences in the intestinal microbiota were found between Salmonella-positive and Salmonella-negative populations, showing the former with increasing Proteobacteria and decreasing Bacteroides populations. Butyrate and propionate producers including Clostridium, Turicibacter, Bacteroidaceae_uc, and Lactobacillus were more abundant in the Salmonella-negative group, whereas acetate producers like Sporobacter, Escherichia or Enterobacter were more abundant in the Salmonella-positive group. Overall, our results suggest that the presence of Salmonella in free-range pigs is directly related to the natural vegetation accessible, determining the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Keywords: Salmonella; microbiota; free-range pigs; risk factors; antimicrobial resistance Author: Victoria Garrido, Lourdes Migura-García, Inés Gaitán, Ainhoa Arrieta-Gisasola, Ilargi Martínez-Ballesteros, Lorenzo Fraile and María Jesús Grilló Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Mon Jun 21 12:21:21 2021 CEST ModDate: Mon Jun 21 12:24:13 2021 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1003276 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- SAEOJZ+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 GKBBCF+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 HGGHNS+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 AJHMFH+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 23 0 DGBDNV+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 27 0 PSUYZB+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 32 0 XBNVAE+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 40 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 62 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 66 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 70 0 WABASP+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 82 0 QQOSDQ+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 89 0 NPJFOP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 112 0 NPJGAA+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 115 0 NPJGAC+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 118 0 NPJHGM+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 121 0 NPJFOP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 138 0 NPJGAA+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 141 0 NPJGAC+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 144 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2021-09-11 03:05:19 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_34207083.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2021-07-05 03:35:40 CEST Size: 1003276 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 325 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Children: Item: Title: Study Design Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Item: Title: Isolation of Salmonella Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Epidemiological Study and Risk Factors Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Microbiota Analyses of Cecum Content Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Item: Title: Intestinal Content DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification and Microbiota Analyses Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: Quality Control, Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTUs), Diversity and Composition Analyses Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Children: Item: Title: Prevalence of Salmonella in the Extensive System Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Item: Title: Serotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@63440df3 Item: Title: Risk Factors Associated with the Presence of Salmonella in IC Samples Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@3aeaafa6 Item: Title: Microbiota Analysis in Two Pig Populations Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@76a3e297 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@4d3167f4 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@ed9d034 Info: Title: Prevalence of Salmonella in Free-Range Pigs: Risk Factors and Intestinal Microbiota Composition Author: Victoria Garrido, Lourdes Migura-García, Inés Gaitán, Ainhoa Arrieta-Gisasola, Ilargi Martínez-Ballesteros, Lorenzo Fraile and María Jesús Grilló Subject: Extensive pig systems are gaining importance as quality production systems and as the standard for sustainable rural development and animal welfare. However, the effects of natural foods on Salmonella epidemiology remain unknown. Herein, we assessed the presence of Salmonella and the composition of the gut microbiota in pigs from both Salmonella-free and high Salmonella prevalence farms. In addition, risk factors associated with the presence of Salmonella were investigated. The pathogen was found in 32.2% of animals and 83.3% of farms, showing large differences in prevalence between farms. Most isolates were serovars Typhimurium monophasic (79.3%) and Bovismorbificans (10.3%), and exhibited a multi-drug resistance profile (58.6%). Risk factor analysis identified feed composition, type/variety of vegetation available, and silos’ cleaning/disinfection as the main factors associated with Salmonella prevalence. Clear differences in the intestinal microbiota were found between Salmonella-positive and Salmonella-negative populations, showing the former with increasing Proteobacteria and decreasing Bacteroides populations. Butyrate and propionate producers including Clostridium, Turicibacter, Bacteroidaceae_uc, and Lactobacillus were more abundant in the Salmonella-negative group, whereas acetate producers like Sporobacter, Escherichia or Enterobacter were more abundant in the Salmonella-positive group. Overall, our results suggest that the presence of Salmonella in free-range pigs is directly related to the natural vegetation accessible, determining the composition of the intestinal microbiota. 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