9a1ec3542774cfccd1def03c9fbc3f76 pmc_34441912.pdf 0707f5233178d23f199103e9102afc6d7c2af329 pmc_34441912.pdf afdca4d9cb7a63d91352bfb21c1fd626c3ee4990b63bb44195530c829f1ed1e1 pmc_34441912.pdf Title: Arterial Stiffness in Type 1 Diabetes: The Case for the Arterial Wall Itself as a Target Organ Subject: Arterial stiffness (AS) integrates the cumulative burden of known and unknown cardiovascular risk factors on the elastic wall of large arteries along the lifespan of an individual. As a marker of vascular aging, AS is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and improves cardiovascular risk prediction when added to the Framingham Risk Score. In addition, AS may affect the microvasculature and promote the development of microvascular complications. Its impact on both the macro- and microvasculature has led to the concept that the arterial wall itself should be considered as a target organ. Here, we review the biological and clinical consequences of AS on the macro- and microvasculature and the measurement of AS in routine clinical practice. We also discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning AS development using diabetes and, in particular, type 1 diabetes, as a disease model with a high risk of cardiovascular events and microvascular complications that are accelerated by AS. Keywords: arterial stiffness; pulse wave velocity; cardiovascular risk; microvascular complications; type 1 diabetes; lipoprotein particles; insulin resistance; double diabetes Author: José-Miguel González-Clemente, Albert Cano, Lara Albert, Olga Giménez-Palop, Ana Romero, Eugenio Berlanga, Joan Vendrell and Gemma Llauradó Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed Aug 18 12:11:23 2021 CEST ModDate: Wed Aug 18 12:44:03 2021 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1277553 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- RMQGTH+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 EUVBNZ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 KDKZUQ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 ZZTQUO+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 23 0 KORLVE+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 XPUSBJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 36 0 BSDWLC+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 39 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 61 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 65 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 69 0 ZYGMNY+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 90 0 CKBPVA+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 128 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-10-02 03:06:07 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_34441912.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2023-03-31 12:14:55 CEST Size: 1277553 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 358 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Pathophysiological and Clinical Consequences of Arterial Stiffness Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Measuring Aortic Stiffness in Daily Clinical Practice Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Pathophysiological Mechanisms Implicated in Stiffening of Large Elastic Arteries Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Arterial Stiffness in Diabetes Mellitus. The Case of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Arterial Stiffness in Diabetes: Future Directions Destination: section.6 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.7 Item: Title: References Destination: section.7 Info: Title: Arterial Stiffness in Type 1 Diabetes: The Case for the Arterial Wall Itself as a Target Organ Author: José-Miguel González-Clemente, Albert Cano, Lara Albert, Olga Giménez-Palop, Ana Romero, Eugenio Berlanga, Joan Vendrell and Gemma Llauradó Subject: Arterial stiffness (AS) integrates the cumulative burden of known and unknown cardiovascular risk factors on the elastic wall of large arteries along the lifespan of an individual. As a marker of vascular aging, AS is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and improves cardiovascular risk prediction when added to the Framingham Risk Score. In addition, AS may affect the microvasculature and promote the development of microvascular complications. Its impact on both the macro- and microvasculature has led to the concept that the arterial wall itself should be considered as a target organ. Here, we review the biological and clinical consequences of AS on the macro- and microvasculature and the measurement of AS in routine clinical practice. We also discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning AS development using diabetes and, in particular, type 1 diabetes, as a disease model with a high risk of cardiovascular events and microvascular complications that are accelerated by AS. 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