eb569279d92f0b1ba1de4dbfc616013b pmc_34442342.pdf 88fd8c2983a8016bfcf21b6537e3487e0153973e pmc_34442342.pdf 1b0739b9cadf9838afeec17c23e1b20d572d18474169b9c5056cf490111fcc02 pmc_34442342.pdf Title: The Gaze Fixation Assessed by Microperimetry: A Useful Tool for the Monitoring of the Cognitive Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Subject: Current guidelines recommend annual screening for cognitive impairment in patients > 65 years with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The most used tool is the mini-mental state evaluation (MMSE). Retinal microperimetry is useful for detecting cognitive impairment in these patients, but there is no information regarding its usefulness as a monitoring tool. We aimed to explore the role of retinal microperimetry in the annual follow-up of the cognitive function of patients with T2D older than 65 years. Materials and Methods: Prospective observational study, comprising patients > 65 years with T2D, attended at our center between March–October 2019. A complete neuropsychological evaluation assessed the baseline cognitive status (mild cognitive impairment, MCI, or normal, NC). Retinal microperimetry (sensitivity, gaze fixation) and MMSE were performed at baseline and after 12 months. Results: Fifty-nine patients with MCI and 22 NC were identified. A significant decline in the MMSE score was observed after 12 months in the MCI group (25.74 0.9 vs. 24.71 1.4; p = 0.001). While no significant changes in retinal sensitivity were seen, all gaze-fixation parameters worsened at 12 months and significantly correlated with a decrease in the MMSE scores. Conclusion: Retinal microperimetry is useful for the monitoring of cognitive decline in patients > 65 years with T2D. Gaze fixation seems a more sensitive parameter for follow-up after 12 months than retinal sensitivity. Keywords: type 2 diabetes; retinal microperimetry; cognitive impairment Author: Ángel Michael Ortiz-Zúñiga, Olga Simó-Servat, Alba Rojano-Toimil, Julia Vázquez-de Sebastian, Carmina Castellano-Tejedor, Cristina Hernández, Rafael Simó and Andreea Ciudin Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Jul 30 02:57:11 2021 CEST ModDate: Fri Jul 30 03:01:17 2021 CEST Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 9 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 631366 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- QVSAGW+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 NUCZHH+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 EGTZQC+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 QBOGLW+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 GQWIGS+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 28 0 TMLEUV+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 32 0 OTPTOE+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 36 0 UIJACC+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 44 0 BSDWLC+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 47 0 MCBCCI+SourceSansRoman-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 69 0 MCBCCM+SourceSansRoman.613wght Type 1C Custom yes yes no 73 0 MCBCCO+SourceSansRoman-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes no 77 0 ASSBYR+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 95 0 EPHGIM+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 105 0 EPHGIO+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 108 0 EPHGJA+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 111 0 EPHIEI+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 114 0 MPUDFL+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 121 0 WABLSD+SFRM1000 Type 1 Custom yes yes no 128 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2023-05-27 02:41:12 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_34442342.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2023-03-31 12:14:56 CEST Size: 631366 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 230 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Info: Title: The Gaze Fixation Assessed by Microperimetry: A Useful Tool for the Monitoring of the Cognitive Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Author: Ángel Michael Ortiz-Zúñiga, Olga Simó-Servat, Alba Rojano-Toimil, Julia Vázquez-de Sebastian, Carmina Castellano-Tejedor, Cristina Hernández, Rafael Simó and Andreea Ciudin Subject: Current guidelines recommend annual screening for cognitive impairment in patients > 65 years with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The most used tool is the mini-mental state evaluation (MMSE). Retinal microperimetry is useful for detecting cognitive impairment in these patients, but there is no information regarding its usefulness as a monitoring tool. We aimed to explore the role of retinal microperimetry in the annual follow-up of the cognitive function of patients with T2D older than 65 years. Materials and Methods: Prospective observational study, comprising patients > 65 years with T2D, attended at our center between March October 2019. A complete neuropsychological evaluation assessed the baseline cognitive status (mild cognitive impairment, MCI, or normal, NC). Retinal microperimetry (sensitivity, gaze fixation) and MMSE were performed at baseline and after 12 months. Results: Fifty-nine patients with MCI and 22 NC were identified. A significant decline in the MMSE score was observed after 12 months in the MCI group (25.74 0.9 vs. 24.71 1.4; p = 0.001). While no significant changes in retinal sensitivity were seen, all gaze-fixation parameters worsened at 12 months and significantly correlated with a decrease in the MMSE scores. Conclusion: Retinal microperimetry is useful for the monitoring of cognitive decline in patients > 65 years with T2D. Gaze fixation seems a more sensitive parameter for follow-up after 12 months than retinal sensitivity. 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