d1e04f5d927ec68c874c5c0f5443a579 479_Article_Text_5987_6_10_20220602.pdf add5f6fb87cfd572b4c80f3aef70ed23cc49cefb 479_Article_Text_5987_6_10_20220602.pdf affaa9cb2c182ff87e04554afc79b188bf6eecd17019ebf1e4335a557285db9d 479_Article_Text_5987_6_10_20220602.pdf Author: Anonymous Creator: Microsoft Word CreationDate: Thu Jun 2 15:54:09 2022 CEST ModDate: Thu Jun 2 15:54:09 2022 CEST Tagged: yes UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 21 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.25 x 842 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 423204 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- BCDEEE+Merriweather-Light TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 5 0 BCDFEE+Merriweather-Light CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 9 0 BCDGEE+Merriweather-LightItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 14 0 BCDHEE+Calibri-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 20 0 BCDIEE+MerriweatherSans-Light TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 22 0 BCDJEE+MerriweatherSans-Regular TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 24 0 BCDKEE+Merriweather-Regular TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 48 0 BCDLEE+Merriweather-LightItalic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 190 0 BCDMEE+SourceSansPro-Regular CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 205 0 BCDNEE+CambriaMath CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 218 0 BCDOEE+SourceSansPro-Regular TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 263 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.22.1, 2019-04-17) Date: 2022-07-13 02:27:16 CEST RepresentationInformation: 479_Article_Text_5987_6_10_20220602.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.1 (2019-04-17) LastModified: 2022-07-08 01:34:18 CEST Size: 423204 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 1730 FreeObjects: 1300 IncrementalUpdates: 1 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: false CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: true NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Language: en-US Outlines: Item: Title: Knowledge Co-Production in Scientific and Activist Alliances: Unsettling Coloniality Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: Abstract Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: This paper examines alliances between scientists and local groups in the context of environmental justice conflicts. We analyze the trajectories of two white male scientific experts collaborating with activist groups in mining and nuclear conflicts ar... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Keywords Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: scientific activist alliances; environmental justice; colonialism; knowledge co-production; environmental conflict Destination: 1 Item: Title: Introduction Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: Local groups around the world mobilize to defend their livelihoods, territories and health against the expansion of extractive and polluting activities. Peasant, Indigenous communities as well as other affected groups and movements lead these Environm... Destination: 1 Item: Title: This is particularly flagrant in socio-environmental conflicts where communities face different forms of social discrimination and racism, and are often treated as ignorant, antidevelopment or politically biased. In order to confront these injustices ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: There is therefore growing scholarly interest in the role of these scientists in Environmental Justice activism. Much of the work in this area has focused on scientist-community collaborations in the USA, such as Barbara Allen’s (2003) account on the ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: In this paper we examine a seemingly colonial alliance between white Western experts and local activists, that does not follow the usual patterns of unequal colonial relations. We unsettle the way these colonial relations work by examining the multi-d... Destination: 1 Item: Title: We contribute to research on scientists-local groups’ collaborations from three perspectives. From an empirical perspective, we address locally driven collaborations that emerge from the needs of local groups and are not part of research projects or i... Destination: 1 Item: Title: The paper is organized in five sections. After this introduction we outline our conceptual framework (section one) followed by a short methodological section (section two) where we introduce the two scientists that became key allies for mobilized grou... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 1. Conceptual Framework: Knowledge Co-Production Challenging Expertise and Coloniality Destination: 1 Item: Title: This paper studies activist-scientist collaborations in the context of environmental justice struggles and how different forms of co-production can emerge from these apparently unbalanced alliances. Theories of co-production converge across diverse di... Destination: 1 Item: Title: The concept “co-production” emphasizes the value of local knowledge in these scientific-activist alliances and dissects the processes through which different experts, with and without scientific training, (co)produce and politically mobilize (techno-s... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Exploring alliances emerging from academia, the field of Participatory Science has critically addressed the issue of how scientists and local groups collaborations are defined (the questions) and developed (the methodologies and power relations). Comm... Destination: 1 Item: Title: In a similar vein, STS literature exposes the risk that collaborations between scientists and local groups “scientize” dissent excluding knowledges, cultures and values of communities (Kinchy 2010, 180). It also claims that the co-creation of knowledg... Destination: 1 Item: Title: We follow this line of thought by examining seemingly colonial alliances between local groups and two white Western scientists in EJ conflicts highlighting two research contributions. Destination: 1 Item: Title: Firstly, we emphasize the importance of locally driven collaborations. In the context of environmental injustices local groups and social movements are challenging hegemonic scientific knowledge and accounts of expertise in a variety of ways; they dev... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Secondly, whilst STS studies tend to focus on “the science” or the “structures of collaboration,” this paper adopts a different approach. Examining in depth the trajectories and motivations of two scientists we offer a novel insight into how their col... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 2. Methodology and Context: Two International Scientists Allying with Impacted Local Groups Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: Data for this research is based on the authors’ in-depth analysis of three cases; the Esquel gold mine conflict in Argentina where Moran collaborated with local groups in 2003, Rössing uranium mine in Namibia where Chareyron collaborated with a local ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: The socio-environmental conflicts studied involve international companies that generally have the support of national governments to develop extraction projects (e.g. open pit mining) where there are several pre-existing uses and strong social, cultur... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Both Moran and Chareyron followed different personal trajectories that led them to engage in EJ struggles inside and outside their countries. Moran was strongly influenced by his father, who led a famous water claim in California that exposed a divers... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Bruno Chareyron studied physics in Grenoble, France. In 1986, when the Chernobyl reactor accident produced a fallout that flowed over France, Baltic Countries, and other places, he doubted his engineering school that “minimized the question of radiati... Destination: 1 Item: Title: When invited to assess a particularly contentious project or pollution event both experts usually reviewed available technical documents before visiting the field. Once in the field they tried to visit the project site and surrounding areas with the l... Destination: 1 Item: Title: There are numerous scientists from universities (e.g. Frickel 2011; Allen 2003; Wylie et al. 2017; Liboiron 2021), NGOs (e.g. Public lab, Source international) as well as consultants (e.g. Wilma Subra in USA) active in environmental struggles worldwid... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 3. Forms of Co-Production in EJ Struggles Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: Through the analysis of the collaborations between these scientists and local groups we have identified and analyzed below three forms of co-production: knowledge co-production, co-production of interpretation, and co-production of knowledge mobilizat... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Knowledge Co-Production Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: We argue co-production of knowledge takes place when the knowledge and expertise of locals and scientists enter into play. Scientists like Moran and Chareyron have the technical expertise and experience to analyze potential impacts and risks. They kno... Destination: 1 Item: Title: In Niger, Almoustapha Alhacen, director of local NGO Aghirin’man, asked CRIIRAD to help them understand the impact that the uranium mines of SOMAIR and COMINAK (run by AREVA) were having on their health and their town, Arlit. Alhacen had seen three wo... Destination: 1 Item: Title: In 2003, Robert Moran was asked to conduct an independent assessment of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prepared by a Canadian mining company that was planning to extract gold less than 7 kilometers away from the city of Esquel (Chubut, Arge... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Local activists can also increase their technical expertise. Moran and Chareyron explained in their interviews the importance of training, stressing how local groups could learn to better understand technical results, use technical equipment and ident... Destination: 1 Item: Title: It’s important to point out that in some cases scientists can produce new knowledge without engaging in co-production processes with local groups. For instance, although Chareyron generally works with local groups in France, he also visits polluted si... Destination: 1 Item: Title: The Co-Production of Interpretation Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: In order to have an impact, co-produced knowledge needs to be contextualized and interpreted technically and politically. Of all technical data available, how can local groups identify what is key for their struggle? Technical data, the result of samp... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Both scientists and local groups have different forms of knowledge and expertise that can become useful in this step. An important part of this co-production step is to understand technical results; technical knowledge allows the technical interpretat... Destination: 1 Item: Title: In order to give political meaning to these results other types of knowledge (not necessarily held by the scientists) are crucial. For example, in Niger measurements showed that scrap metal sold in the market had high radiation levels. Alhacen showed ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: This knowledge is always rooted in local knowledge and expertise. Destination: 1 Item: Title: In this step, a central aim is to co-produce a political interpretation for practical activism. We present below both two examples. In Namibia, Bertchen Kohrs, a representative of a local NGO, Earthlife Namibia, liaised with CRIIRAD in order to assess... Destination: 1 Item: Title: The second example took place in Peru, in 2012 when Moran was asked by GRUFIDES to review the EIA of one of the most contentious and violent mining conflicts in the country: the proposed Conga gold mine. GRUFIDES is a local NGO that has been supportin... Destination: 1 Item: Title: We argue that with this collaborative interpretation of results, technical knowledge is politicized through a narrative about risks and injustices—with concrete demands. In Niger, for example Aghirin’man was able to prove that workplace clothes—that w... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Interpretation can also occur without co-production. On many occasions Moran and Chareyron have revised documents such as EIAs without a visit to affected areas. In these situations they provide an opinion about the technical document (e.g. what is mi... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Co-Production of Knowledge Mobilization Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: The co-production of knowledge mobilization takes place when scientists and local groups interact to design strategies that challenge hegemonic technical knowledge, using scientific as well as other types of knowledges and demands. This usually goes b... Destination: 1 Item: Title: This form of co-production relies mainly on non-technical experiential knowledge or expertise held by all actors. We stress the co-production dynamics at stake. Each actor has key resources and social capital: Local actors have particular knowledge ab... Destination: 1 Item: Title: The co-design of strategies can have a high impact for local groups. The visit of these scientists is in most cases a deliberate strategy to strengthen and make local demands more visible. During the visit of Moran to Esquel (Argentina) and Conga (Per... Destination: 1 Item: Title: In Namibia, the main objective of the visit was to give visibility to the co-produced results and narratives; Kohrs and Chareyron decided to carry out a national-based strategy consisting of a press release and press conference inviting all major news... Destination: 1 Item: Title: When local groups have less mobilizing experience, visiting scientists’ knowledge of strategies can be useful for the design of supra-local strategies. In Niger, given the ties of AREVA with France, a dual strategy was adopted; a regional strategy in ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 4. Implications and Impacts of Co-Production Steps Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: In this paper we have identified three different forms of co-production that (can) occur in the alliances between scientists and local groups. Knowledge co-production involving scientists and EJ movements has been addressed in previous studies (e.g. O... Destination: 1 Item: Title: The three forms of co-production can empower local groups, increasing their legitimacy and visibility (ibid.). We highlight below some impacts that can result from each co-production form. During the co-production of knowledge local groups confirm or ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: This might not be the case of local organizations that are already aware of the impacts the extractive activities are causing. In this case local groups liaise with scientists to generate scientific data to prove or expand what they already know and c... Destination: 1 Item: Title: In a recent interview, Marta Sahores, a chemistry professor from Esquel that was among the first actors to raise the voice against the technical statements of the mining company, stated that Moran’s visit in 2003 was a big endorsement (“espaldarazo”) ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: In the co-production of interpretation and knowledge mobilization, emphasis is placed in the particular institutional and political contexts. These forms of co-production can improve the public legitimacy of local groups and their capacity to challeng... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Finally, the co-production of mobilization can give visibility and political leverage to the narratives, claims and the local groups themselves. Kohrs in Namibia states: Destination: 1 Item: Title: The political leverage gained can reach other political matters; Alhacen is now a public figure in Arlit and in the national nuclear debates, contributing to demands such as the need for more government decentralization (Ressortissants d’Agadez 2011) ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Moran emphasized that one of his main contributions was his role as “facilitator” of strategic alliances between affected communities and local scientists as well as government representatives. In the case of Cajarmarca, Colombia and their struggle ag... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Also in Colombia, Moran promoted meetings between local activist groups and rice farmers in order to: Destination: 1 Item: Title: A week after Moran passed away, a Colombian-Dutch organization with whom he worked in Colombia published a tribute stating, “there are many good and expert hydro-geologists but they rarely combine their expertise with their political instincts. Bob di... Destination: 1 Item: Title: 5. Unsettling Colonial Relations in EJ Struggles Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: In this paper we have analyzed the relation between science and activism in locally driven environmental justice struggles through the collaboration of two Western-educated male scientists and their work with communities in the Global South and North.... Destination: 1 Item: Title: One could argue that by promoting the expansion of techno-scientific language among local groups (through these alliances or other means) there is an exclusion or disqualification of “subjugated knowledge” (Foucault 1980 quoted by Scott 1996). Western... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Nevertheless, let’s take a step back and consider why local groups need to engage in these technical and scientific controversies in the first place. Aren’t they “playing the game” to colonization and neoliberal domination when they engage in the same... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Notwithstanding the strategic use of Western expertise to legitimize and bring attention to EJ issues, one could still ask—can these alliances with scientists backfire? Can these alliances ignore or dismiss the impacts, demands and needs local groups ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Furthermore, even if the co-production process does not neglect local needs or demands, we could ask: are local groups ultimately challenging power relations in their struggles? Could they be focusing on other more “productive” or de-colonial strategi... Destination: 1 Item: Title: We have examined the alliance between two while male scientists and local groups struggling in EJ conflicts. We highlight three key elements in the scientific/activist alliances that are relevant to understand how colonial relations were challenged: (... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Our approach makes visible how these alliances are the result of supra-local networks of support that connect local groups struggling against extractive activities with scientists. This research suggests that these networks are shaping the trajectory ... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Acknowledgements Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: We would like to thank Robert Moran and Bruno Chareyron for their generous contribution to this research. We would like this paper to be also a recognition of the invaluable work conducted by Robert Moran for EJ movements worldwide, he sadly passed aw... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Author Biographies Destination: 1 Children: Item: Title: Marta Conde works on political ecology of resource conflicts. She is currently Marie Curie Fellow at the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Autonomous University of Barcelona and the Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining, Sustaina... Destination: 1 Item: Title: Mariana Walter is an ecological economist and political ecologist based at the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain). She is a member of the Coordination and Direction team of the Environmental J... 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