ab60705a1859d7745c2fe0d2ccb48864 minerals_12_01488_v3.pdf 2a29cd87fb5efb873049108daa3950e04211e110 minerals_12_01488_v3.pdf 133ccfbe9c8e169d4781ce82d3df752d216e8f2cfe7da0ff8e3aafce7a9ea4b2 minerals_12_01488_v3.pdf Title: Static Liquefaction Causes the Flow Failure of a Tailings Dam: A Case Study of El Descargador, Cartagena–La Unión Mining Region, SE Spain (October 1963) Subject: The aim of this work is to investigate the causes of the El Descargador tailings dam failure, at the mine district Cartagena–La Unión (SE Spain), in October 1963. Dam stability back analyses have been carried out by applying a geotechnical and geophysical approach. The failure occurred in the form of several landslides in five different points along the dam structure. The rise in the pore pressure and the steeped slopes of the tails, scaling up to 40 in some sectors, were the main causal preparatory factors. Here we propose that static liquefaction is the most plausible cause of the tailings dam flow failure. The presence of sand dikes and sand volcanoes with atypical stratigraphic architecture, both in the lagoon and at the surfaces exposed in the landslide areas, as well as the evidence of conspicuous sand fraction on the surface support the occurrence of the liquefaction processes. Major landslides were located near the drainage pipe and the flow directions were controlled by its position. Our results reveal that the liquefaction processes were triggered and aggravated by the poor drainage capability of the tailings dam structure. Keywords: dam collapse; flow failure; mine tailings; electrical resistivity imaging Author: Roberto Rodríguez-Pacheco, Ana Vanesa Caparrós, Alberto Alcolea, Pedro Martínez-Pagán, Marcos A. Martínez-Segura, Cristóbal García-García, Ángel Faz, Isaac Corral, Carles Roque and Mario Zarroca Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Nov 25 13:57:17 2022 CET ModDate: Mon Nov 28 03:40:58 2022 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 20 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 7307746 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- QIZIDT+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 ZRCGJZ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 UQLZCR+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 YFFKLH+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 23 0 QATXDQ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 27 0 WIPXQR+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 32 0 OLQXYA+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 50 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi 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IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@44c8afef Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7b69c6ba Children: Item: Title: Characterization of the Tailings Dam Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@46daef40 Item: Title: Particle Size Distribution Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@12f41634 Item: Title: Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@13c27452 Item: Title: Numerical Slope Stability Modeling Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@262b2c86 Item: Title: Results Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@371a67ec Children: Item: Title: Geotechnical and Geophysical Features of the Tailings Dam Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@5ed828d Item: Title: Landslides Geometry Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@50d0686 Item: Title: Sand Dikes Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@7a3d45bd Item: Title: Discussion Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1e7c7811 Children: Item: Title: Failure of the Tailings Dam: Conceptual Model Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77ec78b9 Item: Title: Numerical Modeling Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@1a3869f4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@a38d7a3 Item: Title: References Destination: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfSimpleObject@77f99a05 Info: Title: Static Liquefaction Causes the Flow Failure of a Tailings Dam: A Case Study of El Descargador, Cartagena La Unión Mining Region, SE Spain (October 1963) Author: Roberto Rodríguez-Pacheco, Ana Vanesa Caparrós, Alberto Alcolea, Pedro Martínez-Pagán, Marcos A. Martínez-Segura, Cristóbal García-García, Ángel Faz, Isaac Corral, Carles Roque and Mario Zarroca Subject: The aim of this work is to investigate the causes of the El Descargador tailings dam failure, at the mine district Cartagena La Unión (SE Spain), in October 1963. Dam stability back analyses have been carried out by applying a geotechnical and geophysical approach. The failure occurred in the form of several landslides in five different points along the dam structure. The rise in the pore pressure and the steeped slopes of the tails, scaling up to 40 in some sectors, were the main causal preparatory factors. Here we propose that static liquefaction is the most plausible cause of the tailings dam flow failure. The presence of sand dikes and sand volcanoes with atypical stratigraphic architecture, both in the lagoon and at the surfaces exposed in the landslide areas, as well as the evidence of conspicuous sand fraction on the surface support the occurrence of the liquefaction processes. Major landslides were located near the drainage pipe and the flow directions were controlled by its position. Our results reveal that the liquefaction processes were triggered and aggravated by the poor drainage capability of the tailings dam structure. 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