Supplementary Online Material (SOM): Cochlear morphology of Indonesian Homo erectus from Sangiran Alessandro Urciuolia*, Jülide Kubatb,c, Lisa Schisanowskic, Friedemann Schrenkc,d, Bernhard Zipfele, Mirriam Tawanef, Lunga Bamg, David M. Albaa, Ottmar Kullmerc,d a Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain b CNRS UMR 8045 Babel, Université de Paris, Faculté de chirurgie dentaire, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France c Division of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany d Department of Paleobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany e Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa f Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa g Department of Radiation Science, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), Pretoria 0001, South Africa *Corresponding author E-mail address: alessandro.urciuoli@icp.cat (A. Urciuoli) SOM Table S1 Composition of the comparative sample. Groups as used in the multivariate analyses. Specimen Group Material Provenance F01 MH 3D model from Wimmer et al. (2019) Extant F02 MH ΜCT scan from Wimmer et al. (2019) Extant F03 MH ΜCT scan from Wimmer et al. (2019) Extant F04 MH ΜCT scan from Wimmer et al. (2019) Extant F05 MH ΜCT scan from Wimmer et al. (2019) Extant F06 MH ΜCT scan from Wimmer et al. (2019) Extant F07 MH ΜCT scan from Wimmer et al. (2019) Extant F08 MH ΜCT scan from Wimmer et al. (2019) Extant F09 MH ΜCT scan from Wimmer et al. (2019) Extant F11 MH ΜCT scan from Wimmer et al. (2019) Extant Cr.3 SH Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) Sima de los Huesos (Spain) Cr.4 SH Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) Sima de los Huesos (Spain) Cr.7 SH Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) Sima de los Huesos (Spain) Cr.8 SH Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) Sima de los Huesos (Spain) Cr.12 SH Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) Sima de los Huesos (Spain) Cr.13 SH Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) Sima de los Huesos (Spain) Cr.15 SH Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) Sima de los Huesos (Spain) AT-421 SH Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) Sima de los Huesos (Spain) AT-643 SH Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) Sima de los Huesos (Spain) AT-1907 SH Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) Sima de los Huesos (Spain) La Chapelle-aux-Saints NE Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) La Chapelle-aux-Saints (France) La Ferrassie 1 NE Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) La Ferrassie (France) La Ferrassie 2 NE Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) La Ferrassie (France) La Ferrassie 8 NE Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) La Ferrassie (France) La Quina H5 NE Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) La Quina (France) Kebara 1 NE Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) Wadi Kebara (Israel) Amud 1 NE Data from Conde-Valverde et al. (2019) Wadi al-Amud (Israel) MLD 37/38 AU ΜCT scan (Pal. Centre) Makapansgat Member 4 (South Africa) StW 53 g AU ΜCT scan (Pal. Centre) Sterkfontein Member 4/5 (South Africa) StW 98 AU ΜCT scan (Pal. Centre) Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa) StW 151c AU ΜCT scan (Pal. Centre) Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa) StW 255 AU ΜCT scan (Pal. Centre) Sterkfontein Member 4/5 (South Africa) StW 329 AU ΜCT scan (Pal. Centre) Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa) STS 5 AU ΜCT scan (Pal. Centre) Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa) StW 578 AU ΜCT scan (Pal. Centre) Jacovec Cavern (South Africa) StW 573 AU ΜCT scan (Pal. Centre) Sterkfontein Member 2 (South Africa) STS19 AU ΜCT scan (NECSA) Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa) SK879 AU ΜCT scan (Max Planck) Swartkrans Member 1 (South Africa) DNH22 AU ΜCT scan (Pal. Centre) Drimolen (South Africa) SKW18 AU ΜCT scan (Max Planck) Swartkrans Member 1 (South Africa) SK27 Early Homo ΜCT scan (NECSA) Swartkrans Member 1 (South Africa) SK847 Early Homo ΜCT scan (Max Planck) Swartkrans Member 1 (South Africa) Aroeira 3 Middle Pleistocene Homo 3D model from Conde-Valverde et al. (2018b) Gruta da Aroeira (Portugal) Abbreviations: AU = Australopithecus + Paranthropus; NE = Neanderthals; SH = Sima de los Huesos; MH = modern humans. SOM Table S2 Raw data used in the regressions and multivariate analyses, as well as the aspect ratio of the cross-section (Sw/Sh). Specimens CL L1 L3 Vol Sw Sh R1 R3 CTh NT Sw/Sh F01 40.17 21.65 6.50 79.99 1.77 2.66 3.92 1.49 2.95 2.70 0.67 F02 42.24 23.55 6.41 107.33 2.20 2.95 4.24 1.53 2.58 2.67 0.75 F03 45.47 24.74 7.26 111.26 2.03 2.72 4.48 2.18 3.01 2.58 0.75 F04 41.47 22.40 6.90 88.20 1.77 2.63 3.97 1.75 2.48 2.67 0.67 F05 39.99 23.82 4.12 94.12 2.01 2.91 4.28 1.48 2.11 2.43 0.69 F06 40.32 21.95 5.95 96.38 1.84 2.77 4.05 1.85 2.71 2.60 0.66 F07 42.23 22.15 7.61 88.97 1.75 2.33 4.07 1.93 2.41 2.70 0.75 F08 44.19 24.12 6.84 105.51 2.05 2.65 4.24 1.81 2.67 2.63 0.77 F09 43.37 23.15 7.11 101.65 1.72 2.70 4.21 1.93 2.69 2.61 0.64 F11 38.63 21.61 5.92 69.07 1.65 2.49 3.86 1.56 2.32 2.62 0.66 Cr.3 39.90 21.10 6.60 54.50 1.60 2.30 3.60 1.40 2.30 2.76 0.70 Cr.4 42.10 23.20 5.90 61.60 1.70 2.30 3.80 1.50 2.30 2.49 0.74 Cr.7 41.10 22.60 5.30 71.60 1.80 2.50 3.80 1.40 2.00 2.50 0.72 Cr.8 39.50 22.00 5.30 63.20 1.70 2.40 3.80 1.80 1.70 2.51 0.71 Cr.12 41.00 22.10 6.20 68.00 1.80 2.40 3.90 1.40 2.40 2.81 0.75 Cr.13 40.60 23.60 4.60 69.20 1.90 2.50 3.80 1.50 1.90 2.44 0.76 Cr.15 35.30 20.50 3.90 44.90 1.40 1.80 3.50 1.30 1.90 2.41 0.78 AT-421 39.10 22.80 4.60 52.60 1.70 2.40 3.70 1.30 2.20 2.53 0.71 AT-643 38.60 21.00 5.70 49.50 1.60 2.20 3.60 1.60 1.90 2.55 0.73 AT-1907 36.90 22.10 2.90 68.00 1.90 2.50 3.80 1.30 1.70 2.25 0.76 La Chapelle-aux-Saints 38.10 22.90 2.00 76.90 1.80 2.70 3.90 2.10 2.30 2.18 0.67 La Ferrassie 1 45.00 24.90 6.80 82.80 1.90 2.90 4.10 1.80 2.80 2.59 0.66 La Ferrassie 2 42.80 24.80 5.30 79.80 1.70 2.60 4.10 1.60 2.50 2.50 0.65 La Ferrassie 8 36.30 21.60 3.30 54.70 1.70 2.30 3.50 1.40 1.70 2.31 0.74 La Quina H5 43.30 26.80 2.20 102.00 2.10 2.90 4.30 1.30 2.60 2.34 0.72 Kebara 1 42.50 24.30 4.00 83.40 1.90 2.90 4.10 1.70 2.00 2.31 0.66 Amud 1 39.80 23.60 3.70 70.30 1.80 2.60 3.90 1.40 2.20 2.36 0.69 MLD 37/38 40.30 22.03 4.83 94.82 1.98 2.22 3.96 1.89 2.23 2.41 0.89 StW 53g 36.76 19.22 6.36 57.00 1.63 2.09 3.38 1.54 2.39 2.90 0.78 StW 98 34.02 19.23 4.41 54.41 1.90 2.05 3.52 1.41 2.02 2.55 0.93 StW 151c 31.31 17.88 3.59 36.02 1.38 1.81 3.21 1.15 1.39 2.41 0.76 StW 255 37.19 19.74 6.25 63.40 1.69 2.37 3.63 1.69 2.08 2.67 0.71 StW 329 33.59 18.29 5.47 47.20 1.56 1.94 3.29 1.47 1.78 2.62 0.80 STS 5 38.49 20.89 5.69 70.22 1.96 2.36 3.67 1.46 2.03 2.69 0.83 StW 578 36.89 20.40 5.81 61.16 1.89 2.21 3.62 1.48 1.92 2.72 0.86 StW 573 37.00 20.87 5.50 64.51 1.70 2.41 3.77 1.21 2.77 2.77 0.71 STS 19 33.07 18.46 4.41 40.97 1.31 1.51 3.30 1.33 1.49 2.56 0.87 SK 879 38.48 21.37 5.30 72.17 1.97 2.57 3.80 1.53 1.96 2.60 0.77 DNH 22 35.01 20.90 3.16 60.59 1.82 2.19 3.71 2.03 1.64 2.36 0.83 SKW 18 35.88 21.23 3.23 58.11 1.91 2.17 3.67 1.70 1.35 2.45 0.88 SK27 32.11 19.65 2.02 41.34 1.40 1.81 3.22 1.26 1.54 2.15 0.77 SK847 35.73 20.70 3.52 63.74 1.75 2.39 3.72 1.69 2.06 2.33 0.73 Aroeira 3 40.94 21.47 7.01 76.46 1.72 2.20 3.84 1.94 2.54 2.64 0.78 Abbreviations: CL = cochlear length (mm); L1 = length of the first turn (mm); L3 = length of the third turn (mm); Vol = cochlear volume (mm3); Sw = width of the first turn cross-section (mm); Sh = height of the first turn cross-section (mm); R1 = radius of the 1st (basal) turn (mm); R3 = radius of the 3rd (apical) turn (mm); CTh = cochlear thickness (mm); NT = number of turns. SOM Figure S1. Three-dimensional rendering of a modern human cochlea in posterior (a), lateral (b, c) and posterior view (d) showing the measurements employed in the present study and derived from protocol established by Conde-Valverde et al. (2019). Landmarks: 1 = most lateral point of the round window; 2 = inferior-most point on the external edge of the basal turn relative to landmark 1; 3 = midpoint between landmarks 1 and 2 identified on the external edge of the basal turn; 4 = center point of the cochlea; 5 = cochlear apex. Black lines correspond to reference planes as defined in Conde-Valverde et al. (2019). Abbreviations: L1 = first cochlear turn; L2 = second cochlear turn; L3 = third cochlear turn; A3 = angle of the third turn; R3 = radius of the third turn; R1h = height of the first turn radius; R1w = width of the first turn radius; ABT = cochlear cross-sectional area measured on the first turn; Sh = height of the first cochlear turn cross section; Sw= width of the first cochlear turn cross-section. SOM References Conde-Valverde, M., Quam, R., Martínez, I., Arsuaga, J.L., Daura, J., Sanz, M., Zilhão, J., 2018. The bony labyrinth in the Aroeira 3 Middle Pleistocene cranium. J. Hum. Evol. 124, 105–116. Conde-Valverde, M., Martínez, I., Quam, R., Bonmatí, A., Lorenzo, C., Velez, A.D., Martínez-Calvo, C., Arsuaga, J.L., 2019. The cochlea of the Sima de los Huesos hominins (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain): New insights into cochlear evolution in the genus Homo J. Hum. Evol. 136, 102641. Wimmer, W., Anschuetz, L., Weder, S., Wagner, F., Delingett, H., Caversaccio, M., 2019. Human bony labyrinth dataset: Co-registered CT and micro-CT images, surface models and anatomical landmarks. Data Brief 27, 104782.